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Z\u00fcrcher)\u5728\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u5f81\u670d\u4e2d\u570b\u300b(\u00abThe Buddhist Conquest of China\u00bb,\u840a\u9813,1959\u5e74)\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa,\u4e2d\u570b\u5b98\u65b9\u4e00\u5ea6\u591a\u6b21\u58d3\u5236\u5f4c\u52d2<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5c0d\u67d0\u795e\u7947\u6216\u8056\u8005\u6240\u9032\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5b97\u6559\u5d07\u5949\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7e3d\u7a31\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5d07\u62dc<\/span>,\u56e0\u5176\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u793e\u6703\u9769\u547d\u6027\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ea47af e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ea47af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b67abd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b67abd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5370\u5ea6\u8207\u4e2d\u4e9e\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35502f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35502f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5728\u5370\u5ea6,\u728d\u9640\u7f85(1\u81f34\u4e16\u7d00)\u8207\u7b08\u591a\u738b\u671d\u6642\u671f(4\u81f36\u4e16\u7d00)\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2\u9020\u50cf\u5927\u91cf\u7559\u5b58\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u5df4\u7c73\u63da\u7684\u5de8\u578b\u5f4c\u52d2\u77f3\u96d5,\u57282001\u5e74\u88ab\u6467\u6bc0\u4e4b\u524d,\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5169\u5ea7\u7acb\u4f5b\u50cf\u4e4b\u4e00,\u5b78\u754c\u5927\u591a\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u662f\u5f4c\u52d2,\u5118\u7ba1\u6b64\u8eab\u4efd\u8a8d\u5b9a\u4ecd\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u4e2d\u4e9e\u7684\u77f3\u7a9f\u5bfa\u9662\u4e2d,\u5f9e\u9f9c\u8332\u3001\u5410\u9b6f\u756a\u5230\u6566\u714c,\u5f4c\u52d2\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u5716\u50cf\u984c\u6750;\u4ed6\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u4f5b\u6559<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u70ba\u524d\u5f80\u8056\u5730\u800c\u9032\u884c\u5e36\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u52d5\u6a5f\u4e4b\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u671d\u8056\u8005<\/span>\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u8f49\u751f\u65bc\u515c\u7387\u5929\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c6de72 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c6de72\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-074efa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"074efa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u7121\u8457\u8207\u5f4c\u52d2\u6559\u7fa9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eff46de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eff46de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u50b3\u7d71,\u5c07\u5370\u5ea6\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e(Yogacara)\u5c0e\u5e2b\u7121\u8457(Asanga,\u897f\u51434\u4e16\u7d00)\u8207\u5f4c\u52d2\u76f4\u63a5\u9023\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u6839\u64da\u5e36\u6709\u8056\u50b3\u6027\u8cea\u7684<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6558\u4e8b\u8de8\u4ee3\u50b3\u627f\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u50b3\u627f<\/span>,\u7121\u8457\u64da\u8aaa\u900f\u904e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u79aa\u4fee\u62b5\u9054\u515c\u7387\u5929(Tushita),\u4e26\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u89aa\u81ea\u5f9e\u5f4c\u52d2\u9818\u53d7\u4e86\u4e94\u90e8\u6839\u672c\u8ad6\u5178\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u300c\u5f4c\u52d2\u4e94\u8ad6\u300d(\u300a\u73fe\u89c0\u838a\u56b4\u8ad6\u300b(Abhisamayalamkara)\u3001\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u838a\u56b4\u7d93\u8ad6\u300b(Mahayanasutralamkara)\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u908a\u5206\u5225\u8ad6\u300b(Madhyantavibhaga)\u3001\u300a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u5206\u5225\u8ad6\u300b(Dharmadharmatavibhaga)\u3001\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b(Ratnagotravibhaga))\u69cb\u6210\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u88ab\u8a8d\u5b9a\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5b97\u6559\u8056\u5178\u96c6\u5408\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93\u5178<\/span>,\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u897f\u85cf\u5bfa\u9662\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6559\u6750\u3002<\/p><p>\u5b78\u8853\u4e0a,\u9019\u4e00\u6b78\u5c6c\u5b58\u5728\u722d\u8b70,\u897f\u65b9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u6b78\u65bc\u7121\u8457\u672c\u4eba,\u6216\u6b78\u65bc\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u70ba\u5f4c\u52d2\u90a3\u4ed6(Maitreyanatha)\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5c0e\u5e2b\u3002\u5927\u885b\u30fb\u585e\u798f\u7279\u30fb\u9b6f\u57c3\u683c(David Seyfort Ruegg)\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u89c0\u5b78\u6d3e\u6587\u737b\u300b(The Literature of the Madhyamaka School,\u5a01\u65af\u5df4\u767b,1981\u5e74)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d,\u5c0d\u6b64\u554f\u984c\u505a\u4e86\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf8cf39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cf8cf39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98211f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98211f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u73fe\u4ee3\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86b75d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86b75d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>19\u4e16\u7d00\u548c20\u4e16\u7d00,\u5f4c\u52d2\u5728\u591a\u500b\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65b0\u8208\u5b97\u6559\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u6d77\u502b\u5a1c\u30fb\u5e03\u62c9\u74e6\u8328\u57fa(Helena Blavatsky)\u7684\u795e\u667a\u5b78\u6703(Theosophische Gesellschaft)\u8072\u7a31\u8207\u4e00\u4f4d\u300c\u5f4c\u52d2\u5927\u5e2b\u300d\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u806f\u7e6b,\u4f46\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d,\u9019\u7a2e\u632a\u7528\u4e26\u4e0d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4f5b\u6559\u50b3\u627f\u7684\u5ef6\u7e8c\u3002<\/p><p>\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u9ad8\u53f0\u6559(Cao Dai)<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5c07\u4e0d\u540c\u5b97\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u6216\u795e\u660e\u52a0\u4ee5\u878d\u5408\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u878d\u5408\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/span>\u5c07\u5f4c\u52d2\u7d0d\u5165\u5176\u65b0\u8208\u5b97\u6559\u7684<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u4e00\u500b\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u795e\u660e\u7684\u7e3d\u7a31\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u795e\u7cfb<\/span>\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u897f\u65b9,\u9019\u4e00\u5f62\u8c61\u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\u56e0\u73ed\u5091\u660e\u30fb\u514b\u91cc\u59c6(Benjamin Creme)\u800c\u5ee3\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5,\u4ed6\u5ba3\u7a31\u5f4c\u52d2\u5373\u5c07\u986f\u73fe;\u7136\u800c\u5b78\u8853\u6027\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u540c\u6a23\u4e0d\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u4e00\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5177\u6709<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5c6c\u65bc\u67d0\u5b97\u6559\u88ab\u516c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u8056\u5178\u7bc4\u7587\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93\u5178<\/span>\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa5692e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aa5692e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c95f55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c95f55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5b97\u6559\u5b78\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0adad83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0adad83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5f4c\u52d2\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u5169\u7a2e\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5206\u958b\u7684\u529f\u80fd:\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u5f0f\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u8005,\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fdd\u8b49\u6559\u6cd5\u5ef6\u7e8c\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u64d4\u4fdd\u8005\u3002\u5b89\u59ae\u30fb\u52d2\u79d1\u723e\u52aa(Anne Lecornu)\u5728\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u7684\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u300b(Eschatology in the Buddhist Tradition,\u5df4\u9ece,2007\u5e74)\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa,\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u671f\u671b\u4e26\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u500b\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\u7d42\u672b\u4e8b\u4ef6,\u800c\u662f\u5d4c\u5165\u5728\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6642\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p><p>\u56e0\u6b64,\u5f4c\u52d2\u4e26\u975e\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\u300d,\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u958b\u7aef\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8207\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u8af8\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6027\u5dee\u7570,\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u73fe\u8c61\u5b78\u4e0a\u9817\u5177\u610f\u7fa9,\u5b83\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u7a2e\u5faa\u74b0<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u67d0\u6587\u5316\u5167\u90e8\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u7d50\u69cb\u8207\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u69cb\u60f3\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u5b87\u5b99\u89c0<\/span>\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b89\u6392\u6551\u8d16\u7684\u671f\u671b\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5d2984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5d2984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88353a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"88353a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\u8207\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a021c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a021c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u737b:\u300a\u8f49\u8f2a\u738b\u5e2b\u5b50\u543c\u7d93\u300b(Cakkavatti-Sihanada-Sutta,\u9577\u90e826\u7d93,Digha Nikaya 26);\u300a\u672a\u4f86\u53f2\u300b(Anagatavamsa);\u300a\u5f4c\u52d2\u6388\u8a18\u7d93\u300b(Maitreyavyakarana);\u300a\u5999\u6cd5\u84ee\u83ef<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c21\u6f41\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u6587\u672c\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93<\/span>\u300b(Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c21\u6f41\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u6587\u672c\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93<\/span>,\u5373\u6cd5\u83ef\u7d93);\u300a\u5f4c\u52d2\u6703\u898b\u8a18\u300b(Maitreyasamiti);\u300c\u5f4c\u52d2\u4e94\u8ad6\u300d(\u300a\u73fe\u89c0\u838a\u56b4\u8ad6\u300bAbhisamayalamkara\u3001\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u838a\u56b4\u7d93\u8ad6\u300bMahayanasutralamkara\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u908a\u5206\u5225\u8ad6\u300bMadhyantavibhaga\u3001\u300a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u5206\u5225\u8ad6\u300bDharmadharmatavibhaga\u3001\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300bRatnagotravibhaga)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b:Edward Conze,\u300aDer Buddhismus\u300b,\u65af\u5716\u52a0\u7279,1953\u5e74;Klaus-Josef Notz,\u300aBuddhismus\u300b,\u65af\u5716\u52a0\u7279,2002\u5e74;Erik Z\u00fcrcher,\u300aThe Buddhist Conquest of China\u300b,\u840a\u767b,1959\u5e74;David Seyfort Ruegg,\u300aThe Literature of the Madhyamaka School\u300b,\u5a01\u65af\u5df4\u767b,1981\u5e74;Anne Lecornu,\u300aEschatology in the Buddhist Tradition\u300b,\u5df4\u9ece,2007\u5e74;Robert Buswell \u548c Donald Lopez,\u300aPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u300b,\u666e\u6797\u65af\u9813,2014\u5e74\u3002<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc9c3fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc9c3fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-430353f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"430353f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u85dd\u8853\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a09f95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a09f95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5f4c\u52d2\u50cf\u5c6c\u65bc\u4f5b\u6559\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5716\u50cf\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u728d\u9640\u7f85(Gandhara,\u897f\u51431\u81f33\u4e16\u7d00)\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u4e2d,\u5f4c\u52d2\u4fbf\u53ef\u6e05\u695a\u8fa8\u8b58,\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u900f\u904e\u9aee\u9afb\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u5854(stupa)<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u4ee3\u8868\u67d0\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\u6216\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u8c61\u5fb5<\/span>,\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u8af8\u4f5b\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u6240\u8655\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f86\u8b58\u5225\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u8cb4\u971c(Kushana)\u6642\u671f\u7684\u99ac\u5716\u62c9(Mathura)\u85dd\u8853\u4e2d,\u4ed6\u4ee5\u6301\u6c34\u74f6(kundika)\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u51fa\u73fe,\u9019\u4e00\u5c6c\u6027\u6307\u5411\u4ed6\u5728\u6210\u4f5b\u4e4b\u524d\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u5a46\u7f85\u9580\u6559\u80b2\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u5317\u9b4f(\u897f\u5143386\u5e74\u81f3534\u5e74)\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u96d5\u5851\u4e2d,\u96f2\u5ca1\u77f3\u7a9f\u4e2d\u7684\u5de8\u578b\u5f4c\u52d2\u9020\u50cf\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u984c\u6750\u4e4b\u4e00,\u5448\u73fe\u5178\u578b\u7684\u300c\u601d\u60df\u300d\u59ff\u614b,\u4ee5\u624b\u652f\u982d,\u9019\u7a2e\u59ff\u614b\u5f8c\u4f86,\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u671d\u9bae\u548c\u65e5\u672c,\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u70ba\u5f4c\u52d2\u83e9\u85a9\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u9020\u578b\u3002<\/p><p>\u8457\u540d\u7684\u671d\u9bae\u5f4c\u52d2\u96d5\u50cf,\u5373\u88ab\u5217\u70ba\u570b\u5bf6\u7b2c78\u865f(6\u81f37\u4e16\u7d00)\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1,\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6771\u4e9e\u4f5b\u6559\u85dd\u8853\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-386949e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"386949e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25380c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25380c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5e03\u888b\u548c\u5c1a\u8207\u6771\u4e9e\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5f62\u614b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4899fe9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4899fe9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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Hotei)\u3002\u9019\u4f4d\u5e03\u888b\u548c\u5c1a\u539f\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4eba\u7269,\u662f9\u4e16\u7d00\u81f310\u4e16\u7d00\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u4e00\u5e36\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u904a\u65b9\u50e7\u4eba\u3002\u5f4c\u52d2\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u8a8d\u540c\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u4e4b\u5f8c\u624d\u9644\u52a0\u4e0a\u53bb\u7684\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u7a2e\u8eab\u5206\u8a8d\u540c\u5728\u5b8b\u4ee3\u79aa\u5b97\u4e2d\u5df2\u7136\u7a69\u56fa\u78ba\u7acb,\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e4\u5178\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u5247\u4e26\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u5728\u6771\u4e9e,\u5e03\u888b\u50cf\u5e38\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u65bc\u8a31\u591a<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u4e00\u7a2e\u7528\u65bc\u4f9b\u5949\u4e00\u4f4d\u6216\u591a\u4f4d\u795e\u660e\u7684\u5efa\u7bc9\u7269\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u5bfa\u5edf<\/span>\u7684\u5165\u53e3\u8655,\u4ed6\u7684\u7b11\u5bb9\u548c\u958b\u653e\u7684\u59ff\u614b\u610f\u5728\u8fce\u63a5\u4f86\u8a2a\u7684\u4fe1\u773e\u3002\u5c07\u4ed6\u8207\u91cb\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c(Shakyamuni)\u6df7\u70ba\u4e00\u8ac7\u7684\u73fe\u8c61,\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\u5341\u5206\u5e38\u898b,\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u5728\u5716\u50cf\u5b78\u4e0a\u4e26\u7121\u6839\u64da,\u4f46\u5728\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u4e0a\u537b\u5341\u5206\u666e\u904d\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4a2143 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4a2143\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531c348 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"531c348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u570b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baf6c7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"baf6c7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5f4c\u52d2\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u968e\u6bb5\u662f\u5143\u4ee3(1271\u5e74\u81f31368\u5e74)\u3002\u8499\u53e4\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u5927\u591a\u5c0d\u85cf\u50b3\u91d1\u525b\u4e58(Vajrayana)\u5341\u5206\u63a5\u7d0d,\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ef\u6c57\u751a\u81f3\u81ea\u7a31\u662f\u5f4c\u52d2\u7684\u5316\u8eab\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300a\u5c01\u795e\u6f14\u7fa9\u300b\u4ecd\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u9019\u4e00\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u75d5\u8de1,\u5176\u4e2d\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u529b\u900f\u904e\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u4f5b\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u8a8d\u540c\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u8499\u53e4\u672c\u5730,\u5f4c\u52d2\u5d07\u62dc\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4e0d\u8870\u3002\u590f\u5b63\u8209\u884c\u7684\u9081\u9054\u91cc\u5edf\u6703(Maidari Khural,\u5f4c\u52d2\u7bc0)\u662f\u8499\u53e4\u4f5b\u6559\u5f92\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7bc0\u65e5\u4e4b\u4e00,\u4f34\u96a8\u904a\u884c\u5100\u5f0f,\u4fe1\u773e\u5c07\u5f4c\u52d2\u50cf\u62ac\u7e5e\u5bfa\u9662\u4e00\u5708\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-626fe9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"626fe9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c5670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9c5670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa9483a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa9483a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5728\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d,\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u862d\u5361\u3001\u7dec\u7538\u8207\u6cf0\u570b,\u5f4c\u52d2(Metteyya)\u96d6\u7136\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5982\u5927\u4e58\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u90a3\u822c\u986f\u8457,\u537b\u4ecd\u4f54\u6709\u7a69\u56fa\u7684\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u7372\u5f97\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u83e9\u85a9\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5c07\u5728\u7576\u524d\u6559\u6cd5\u9031\u671f\u7d50\u675f\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u671f\u5f85,\u8a18\u8f09\u65bc\u300a\u8f49\u8f2a\u738b\u5e2b\u5b50\u543c\u7d93\u300b(Cakkavatti-Sihanada-Sutta)\u4e2d,\u4e26\u5728\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u63d0\u53ca\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d,\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fee\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f:\u900f\u904e\u7a4d\u7d2f\u7279\u5225\u826f\u5584\u7684\u696d\u8207\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u529f\u5fb7,\u671f\u671b\u80fd\u5728\u5f4c\u52d2\u51fa\u4e16\u4e4b\u6642\u7372\u5f97\u8f49\u751f,\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u6642\u8b49\u609f\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u5c07\u9054\u5230\u6700\u4f73\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4f5b\u6559\u5f0f\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u671f\u671b,\u5728\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u7684\u8a9e\u5883\u4e2d\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u4ee4\u4eba\u610f\u5916\u7684\u3001\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5927\u4e58\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-405a617 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"405a617\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-173e195 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"173e195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u7121\u8457\u8207\u5f4c\u52d2\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u5178\u7c4d<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2779511 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2779511\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u7121\u8457(Asanga,\u7d04\u516c\u51434\u81f35\u4e16\u7d00)\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e(Yogacara)\u7684\u5275\u7acb\u8005\u3002\u6839\u64da\u8056\u50b3\u50b3\u7d71,\u4ed6\u662f\u5728\u515c\u7387\u5929(Tushita)\u4e2d\u900f\u904e\u7570\u8c61\u9818\u53d7\u4e86\u4e94\u90e8\u5f4c\u52d2\u6559\u6cd5\u5178\u7c4d(\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u5f4c\u52d2\u4e94\u8ad6\u300d)\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e94\u90e8\u5178\u7c4d\u5206\u5225\u662f:\u300a\u73fe\u89c0\u838a\u56b4\u8ad6\u300b(Abhisamayalankara,\u610f\u70ba\u300c\u6e05\u6670\u8b49\u609f\u4e4b\u838a\u56b4\u300d)\u3001\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u838a\u56b4\u7d93\u8ad6\u300b(Mahayanasutralankara,\u610f\u70ba\u300c\u5927\u4e58\u7d93\u4e4b\u838a\u56b4\u300d)\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u908a\u5206\u5225\u8ad6\u300b(Madhyantavibhaga,\u610f\u70ba\u300c\u4e2d\u9053\u8207\u6975\u7aef\u4e4b\u8fa8\u300d)\u3001\u300a\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u5206\u5225\u8ad6\u300b(Dharmadharmatavibhaga,\u610f\u70ba\u300c\u8af8\u6cd5\u8207\u6cd5\u6027\u4e4b\u8fa8\u300d),\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b(Ratnagotravibhaga,\u610f\u70ba\u300c\u73e0\u5bf6\u7a2e\u59d3\u4e4b\u8fa8\u300d,\u4ea6\u7a31\u300a\u7a76\u7adf\u4e00\u4e58\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300bUttaratantra)\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e9b\u5178\u7c4d\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4f5c\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u4ecd\u5b58\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u3002\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5f17\u52de\u74e6\u723e\u7d0d(Erich Frauwallner,\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u54f2\u5b78\u300b\u3014Die Philosophie des Buddhismus\u3015,\u67cf\u6797,1956\u5e74)\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u8ad6\u8b49,\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u4e09\u90e8\u78ba\u5be6\u51fa\u81ea\u7121\u8457\u672c\u4eba\u6216\u5176\u5f1f\u4e16\u89aa(Vasubandhu)\u4e4b\u624b,\u800c\u300a\u73fe\u89c0\u838a\u56b4\u8ad6\u300b\u5247\u61c9\u6b78\u65bc\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u70ba\u5f4c\u52d2\u90a3\u4ed6(Maitreyanatha)\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002<\/p><p>\u85cf\u50b3\u4f5b\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u5247\u5c07\u9019\u4e94\u90e8\u5178\u7c4d\u5168\u6578\u8996\u70ba\u5f4c\u52d2\u6559\u6cd5\u7684\u6b63\u7d71\u7d93\u5178,\u4e26\u5c07\u5176\u4f5c\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u8ab2\u7a0b\u5728\u5404\u5927\u5bfa\u9662\u5927\u5b78\u4e2d\u8b1b\u6388\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac47ed1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ac47ed1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94b048 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b94b048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u8207\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9a183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc9a183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b(Ratnagotravibhaga)\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u4e0a\u5c24\u70ba\u91cd\u8981,\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86\u300c\u4f5b\u6027\u300d(\u5982\u4f86\u85cf,tathagatagarbha)\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u3002\u6b64\u6559\u7fa9\u4e3b\u5f35,\u4e00\u5207\u773e\u751f\u5167\u5728\u7686\u860a\u542b\u8457\u6210\u4f5b\u7684\u300c\u7a2e\u5b50\u300d\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u5728\u6771\u4e9e\u6210\u70ba\u5929\u53f0\u5b97\u3001\u79aa\u5b97\u8207\u83ef\u56b4\u5b97\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5927\u885b\u00b7\u8cfd\u798f\u7279\u00b7\u9b6f\u57c3\u683c(David Seyfort Ruegg,\u300a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8207\u7a2e\u59d3\u7406\u8ad6\u300b\u3014La th\u00e9orie du tathagatagarbha et du gotra\u3015,\u5df4\u9ece,1969\u5e74)\u6240\u8457\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6b0a\u5a01\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p><p>\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a,\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u66f4\u70ba\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5c64\u6b21,\u5f8c\u4f86\u624d\u88ab\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u552f\u8b58(Cittamatra)\u7d9c\u5408\u9ad4\u7cfb\u52a0\u4ee5\u6539\u9020\u3002\u800c\u5c07\u6b64\u6559\u6cd5\u6b78\u65bc\u5f4c\u52d2\u7684\u505a\u6cd5,\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u795e\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u529f\u80fd:\u5b83\u900f\u904e\u5f9e\u515c\u7387\u5929\u76f4\u63a5\u50b3\u6388\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f,\u8ce6\u4e88\u8a72\u6559\u6cd5\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9092f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9092f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea1560 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ea1560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2\u8d77\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd0b1d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd0b1d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5c0d\u5f4c\u52d2\u5373\u5c07\u964d\u81e8\u7684\u671f\u5f85,\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u591a\u6b21\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u516d\u3001\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u671f\u9593,\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6559\u6d3e\u8208\u8d77,\u5176\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\u81ea\u7a31\u70ba\u5f4c\u52d2\u7684\u5316\u8eab\u3002<\/p><p>\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u6cd5\u6176(\u516c\u5143515\u5e74)\u767c\u52d5\u7684\u8d77\u7fa9,\u4ed6\u81ea\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u65b0\u4f5b\u51fa\u4e16\u300d,\u4e26\u8207\u5317\u9b4f\u738b\u671d\u5c0d\u6297\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u5143\u4ee3\u8499\u53e4\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u671f(13\u81f314\u4e16\u7d00),\u767d\u84ee\u6559\u8208\u8d77,\u5c07\u5f4c\u52d2\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u6297\u7d50\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p><p>\u6b63\u662f\u5f9e\u9019\u4e00\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d,\u7206\u767c\u4e86\u7d05\u5dfe\u8ecd\u8d77\u7fa9,\u6700\u7d42\u65bc1368\u5e74\u5c07\u660e\u671d\u63a8\u4e0a\u4e86\u7d71\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p><p>\u80e1\u535a\u00b7\u8cfd\u7dad\u7279(Hubert Seiwert,\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u5b97\u6559\u904b\u52d5\u8207\u7570\u7aef\u6559\u6d3e\u300b\u3014Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History\u3015,\u840a\u9813,2003\u5e74)\u8ffd\u6eaf\u4e86\u5f4c\u52d2\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u4e2d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u3002\u800c\u660e\u671d\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e4b\u5f8c,\u537b\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u93ae\u58d3\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u66fe\u52a9\u5176\u596a\u6b0a\u7684\u904b\u52d5,\u56e0\u70ba\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u6df1\u77e5\u5176\u6f5b\u85cf\u7684\u7834\u58de\u529b\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39be5cb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39be5cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95ef9b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95ef9b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u97d3\u570b\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2\u4fe1\u4ef0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cf188c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0cf188c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5728\u97d3\u570b,\u5f4c\u52d2(\u5f4c\u52d2,\u97d3\u8a9e\u7a31Miruk)\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7368\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u65b0\u7f85\u6642\u4ee3(4\u81f310\u4e16\u7d00)\u7684\u82b1\u90ce\u6b66\u58eb\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5f4c\u52d2\u7684\u5316\u8eab\u3002\u50b3\u8aaa\u4e2d,\u82b1\u90ce\u5c11\u5e74\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u83e9\u85a9\u5728\u4eba\u9593\u7684\u986f\u73fe\u3002\u6cd5\u4f4f\u5bfa(Beopju-sa)\u7684\u5de8\u578b\u77f3\u9020\u5f4c\u52d2\u4f5b\u50cf(\u5f4c\u52d2\u4f5b,\u9ad833\u516c\u5c3a,\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u91cd\u5efa,\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u8f03\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u539f\u50cf)\u7b49<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u4f9b\u5949\u4e00\u4f4d\u6216\u591a\u4f4d\u795e\u660e\u7684\u5efa\u7bc9\u7269\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u5bfa\u9662<\/span>\u5efa\u7bc9,\u898b\u8b49\u4e86\u5f4c\u52d2\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6b77\u4e45\u4e0d\u8870\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p><p>\u671d\u9bae\u738b\u671d\u6642\u671f(1392\u5e74\u81f31910\u5e74),\u5f4c\u52d2\u4fe1\u4ef0\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u5e73\u6c11\u767e\u59d3\u4e4b\u9593,\u8207\u652f\u6490\u738b\u671d\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u7cbe\u82f1\u968e\u5c64\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u30fb\u5df4\u65af\u5a01\u723e(Robert Buswell)\u5728\u591a\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d,\u5c0d\u7167\u4e2d\u570b\u8207\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u50b3\u7d71,\u51f8\u986f\u4e86\u97d3\u570b\u5f4c\u52d2\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6240\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u7368\u7279\u5f62\u614b\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d4006f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d4006f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d88ac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d88ac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5b\u6559\u5927\u85cf\u7d93\u4e2d\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2\u7d93\u5178<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6736be7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6736be7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5b\u6559<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u67d0\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u88ab\u516c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\u7684\u8056\u5178\u5f59\u7de8\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u5927\u85cf\u7d93<\/span>(\u300a\u5927\u6b63\u65b0\u8129\u5927\u85cf\u7d93\u300b)\u4e2d,\u6536\u9304\u6709\u516d\u90e8\u8207\u5f4c\u52d2\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e09\u90e8\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f4c\u52d2\u4f5c\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u4f5b\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u8207\u8b49\u609f(\u5f4c\u52d2\u6388\u8a18\u7d93),\u53e6\u5916\u4e09\u90e8\u5247\u63cf\u8ff0\u5176\u5728\u515c\u7387\u5929\u4e2d\u7684\u8f49\u751f\u3002\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6587\u672c\u662f\u300a<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u4ee5\u7c21\u7df4\u5f62\u5f0f\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u7d93\u6587\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93<\/span>\u300b\u3008\u89c0\u5f4c\u52d2\u83e9\u85a9\u4e0a\u751f\u515c\u7387\u5929\u7d93\u3009(\u5f4c\u52d2\u4e0a\u751f\u7d93),\u7531\u6cae\u6e20\u4eac\u8072\u65bc5\u4e16\u7d00\u8b6f\u51fa\u3002<\/p><p>\u8207\u4e4b\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u59ca\u59b9\u6587\u672c\u300a<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u4ee5\u7c21\u7df4\u5f62\u5f0f\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u7d93\u6587\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93<\/span>\u300b\u3008\u5f4c\u52d2\u4e0b\u751f\u7d93\u3009\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u91cd\u8fd4\u6b64\u4e16\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u3002\u9019\u5169\u90e8\u7d93\u6587\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u7d44\u5100\u8ecc\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0d\u61c9\u6587\u672c,\u5bfa\u9662\u6703\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2\u7bc0\u65e5\u4e2d\u4e00\u540c\u8aa6\u8b80\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u6bb5\u8b6f\u7d93\u53f2\u5df2\u7531\u7c21\u00b7\u7d0d\u8482\u723e(Jan Nattier,\u300a\u6614\u6642\u672a\u4f86\u300b\u3014Once Upon a Future Time\u3015,\u4f2f\u514b\u5229,1991\u5e74)\u8a73\u76e1\u5730\u91cd\u65b0\u68b3\u7406\u3002\u5979\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u9019\u4e00\u671f\u5f85\u795e\u5b78\u4e2d\u65b0\u820a\u5c64\u6b21\u4ea4\u7e54\u4e26\u5b58\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c640ddd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c640ddd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2848919 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2848919\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5df4\u7c73\u63da\u7684\u5f4c\u52d2\u7acb\u50cf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df6e691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df6e691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>2001\u5e743\u6708\u88ab\u5854\u5229\u73ed\u70b8\u6bc0\u7684\u5df4\u7c73\u63da\u5927\u4f5b(\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57,\u516c\u51436\u4e16\u7d00)\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u88ab\u8a8d\u5b9a\u70ba\u91cb\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c\u4f5b\u7684\u9020\u50cf\u3002\u7136\u800c,\u8f03\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c,\u4f8b\u5982\u9edb\u535a\u62c9\u00b7\u514b\u6797\u5821-\u85a9\u723e\u7279(Deborah Klimburg-Salter,\u300a\u5df4\u7c73\u63da\u738b\u570b\u300b\u3014The Kingdom of 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