{"id":163590,"date":"2026-09-05T11:24:39","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T11:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=163590"},"modified":"2026-09-05T11:44:52","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T11:44:52","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/zh-hant\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f5b\u9640\uff08\u55ac\u9054\u6469\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"163590\" class=\"elementor elementor-163590 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" 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975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-165179\" alt=\"\u55ac\u9054\u6469\u4f5b\u9640\uff08Buddha Gautama\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4f86\u81ea\u4f5b\u6559\uff08Buddhismus\uff09\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u795e\u660e\uff0c\u6b77\u53f2\u793a\u610f\u5716\" 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u6b77\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u8207\u5e74\u4ee3\u8003\u8b49<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u9577\u5e74\u4ee3\u8aaa\u300d\u4ee5\u897f\u5143\u524d563\u5e74\u81f3483\u5e74\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/p><p>\u6d77\u56e0\u8328\u00b7\u8c9d\u5e0c\u7279\uff08Heinz Bechert\uff09\u81ea1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\u5728\u591a\u5377\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff08\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u8003\u8b49\u300b\uff08Die Datierung des historischen Buddha\uff09\uff0c\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\uff0c1991\u5e74\u81f31997\u5e74\uff09\u5c0d\u53f2\u6599\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8a55\u4f30\uff0c\u5f37\u5316\u4e86\u300c\u77ed\u5e74\u4ee3\u8aaa\u300d\u7684\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u5c07\u751f\u5352\u5e74\u63a8\u5b9a\u70ba\u897f\u5143\u524d\u7d04480\u5e74\u81f3400\u5e74\u3002<\/p><p>\u6b64\u5f8c\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u7814\u7a76\u50be\u5411\u5c07\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u901d\u4e16\u65e5\u671f\u5b9a\u65bc\u897f\u5143\u524d410\u5e74\u81f3380\u5e74\u4e4b\u9593\u3002\u6f22\u65af\u00b7\u6c83\u723e\u592b\u5ca1\u00b7\u8212\u66fc\uff08Hans Wolfgang Schumann\uff09\uff08\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u4f5b\u9640\u300b\uff08Der historische Buddha\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u9686\uff0c1982\u5e74\uff09\u6b64\u524d\u66fe\u70ba\u8f03\u9577\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u8aaa\u8faf\u8b77\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u5834\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c1a\u672a\u6709\u5b9a\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u986f\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u63a8\u5b9a\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u8af8\u738b\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u963f\u80b2\u738b\uff09\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u800c\u975e\u7d55\u5c0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u70ba\u50b3\u8a18\u6838\u5fc3\u53ef\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u6089\u9054\u591a\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u91cb\u8fe6\u65cf\uff08Shakya\uff09\u7684\u9818\u5730\u85cd\u6bd7\u5c3c\uff08Lumbini\uff09\uff0c\u4f4d\u65bc\u559c\u99ac\u62c9\u96c5\u5c71\u5357\u9e93\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u6de8\u98ef\u738b\uff08Suddhodana\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8cb4\u65cf\u6216\u7d93\u9078\u8209\u7684\u90e8\u65cf\u9818\u8896\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u5f8c\u4e16\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u4e16\u8972\u738b\u6b0a\u3002\u85cd\u6bd7\u5c3c\u4f4d\u65bc\u4eca\u65e5\u5c3c\u6cca\u723e\u9760\u8fd1\u5370\u5ea6\u908a\u5883\u4e4b\u8655\u3002<\/p><p>\u6b64\u5730\u7684\u78ba\u8a8d\u6e90\u81ea\u85cd\u6bd7\u5c3c\u7684\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u77f3\u67f1\uff0c\u8a72\u77f3\u67f1\u5efa\u65bc\u897f\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u4ee5\u6587\u5b57\u660e\u78ba\u6a19\u793a\u4e86\u8a95\u751f\u5730\u3002\u514b\u52de\u65af\uff0d\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u8afe\u8328\uff08Klaus-Josef Notz\uff09\uff08\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u300b\uff08Buddhismus\uff09\uff0c\u65af\u5716\u52a0\u7279\uff0c2002\u5e74\uff09\u5c07\u6b64<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u523b\u9444\u6216\u96d5\u523b\u65bc\u56fa\u5b9a\u8f09\u9ad4\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7891\u6587<\/span>\u8996\u70ba\u5c07\u4f5b\u9640\u8207\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u9ede\u806f\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8003\u53e4\u8b49\u64da\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5df4\u5229\u85cf\u7d93\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u8a18\u8ff0<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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Kalama\uff09\u548c\u9b31\u9640\u7f85\u00b7\u7f85\u6469\u5b50\uff08Uddaka Ramaputta\uff09\u6c7a\u88c2\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u3002<\/p><p>\u300a\u65b9\u5ee3\u5927\u838a\u56b4\u7d93\u300b\uff08Lalitavistara\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u6210\u66f8\u65bc\u897f\u51433\u81f34\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u68b5\u6587\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u8a18\u8ff0\u64f4\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u90e8\u5e36\u6709\u5b87\u5b99\u5947\u8e5f\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u83ef\u9e97\u8056\u50b3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u56db\u6b21\u51fa\u904a\u300d\uff0c\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u6089\u9054\u591a\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u898b\u5230\u8001\u8005\u3001\u75c5\u8005\u3001\u6b7b\u8005\u8207\u904a\u884c\u7684\u82e6\u884c\u50e7\uff0c\u5728\u6b63\u5178\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6587\u737b\u5c64\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u4ee5\u9019\u7a2e\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p><p>\u5b83\u5011\u6fc3\u7e2e\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u795e\u5b78<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u85dd\u8853\u6216\u6558\u4e8b\u4e2d\u53cd\u8986\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u5143\u7d20\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u6bcd\u984c<\/span>\uff0c\u5c07\u8207\u7121\u5e38\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u906d\u9047\u89e3\u8b80\u70ba\u51fa\u5bb6\u7684\u89f8\u767c\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u611b\u5fb7\u83ef\u00b7\u5b54\u8328\uff08Edward Conze\uff09\uff08\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u300b\uff08Der Buddhismus\uff09\uff0c\u65af\u5716\u52a0\u7279\uff0c1953\u5e74\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6558\u4e8b\u6027\u7684\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u627f\u63a5\u4e86\u4f5b\u6559\u4e4b\u524d\u82e6\u884c\u6587\u5b78\u4e2d\u66f4\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6558\u4e8b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u6559\u7fa9\u8207\u56db\u8056\u8ae6<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u9e7f\u91ce\u82d1\uff08Sarnath\uff09\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u300a\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93\u300b\uff08Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta\uff0c\u76f8\u61c9\u90e856.11\uff09\uff0c\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86\u56db\u9805\u300c\u8056\u8ae6\u300d\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\u662f\u82e6\uff08dukkha\uff09\uff0c\u82e6\u6709\u5176\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u65bc\u6e34\u611b\uff08tanha\uff09\uff0c\u82e6\u7684\u6b62\u606f\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff08nirodha\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u901a\u5f80\u6b62\u606f\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u5373\u516b\u6b63\u9053\uff08atthangika-magga\uff09\u3002<\/p><p>\u516b\u500b\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6b63\u898b\u3001\u6b63\u601d\u60df\u3001\u6b63\u8a9e\u3001\u6b63\u696d\u3001\u6b63\u547d\u3001\u6b63\u7cbe\u9032\u3001\u6b63\u5ff5\u8207\u6b63\u5b9a\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u5206\u985e\u5728<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" 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tabindex=\"0\">\u6b63\u5178<\/span>\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u660e\u78ba\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4f5b\u9640\u81ea\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u91ab\u8005\u300d\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u6559\u7fa9\u4e26\u975e\u4ee5\u601d\u8fa8\u70ba\u5c0e\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u5411\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u89e3\u812b\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u50e7\u5718\u8207\u8aaa\u6cd5\u6d3b\u52d5<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget 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e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u8c61\u5fb5\u3001\u5716\u50cf\u8207\u8056\u7269<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u6700\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u85dd\u8853,\u4f8b\u5982\u6851\u5947(Sanchi)\u8207\u5df4\u723e\u80e1\u7279(Bharhut)\u7684\u6d6e\u96d5(\u7d04\u516c\u5143\u524d2\u4e16\u7d00\u81f31\u4e16\u7d00),\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u64ec\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u4f5b\u9640\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4f4d\u5c0e\u5e2b\u662f\u4ee5\u7a7a\u738b\u5ea7\u3001\u8db3\u5370\u3001\u6cd5\u8f2a(dharmacakra)\u3001\u83e9\u63d0\u6a39\u548c\u4f5b\u5854\u4f86\u8c61\u5fb5\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u516c\u51431\u81f33\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u728d\u9640\u7f85(Gandhara)\u85dd\u8853\u6d41\u6d3e,\u53d7\u5230\u5e0c\u81d8\u5316\u96d5\u523b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff,\u624d\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4eba\u5f62\u5316\u7684\u5716\u50cf\u50b3\u7d71\u3002<\/p><p>\u5f8c\u4e16\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u6240\u8a18\u8f09\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u7a2e\u300c\u76f8\u597d\u300d(mahapurusalaksana),\u5305\u62ec\u8089\u9afb(ushnisha,\u982d\u9802\u9686\u8d77)\u3001\u767d\u6beb(urna,\u7709\u9593\u6beb\u6bdb)\u3001\u5782\u9577\u7684\u8033\u5782,\u4ee5\u53ca\u8db3\u5e95\u7684\u84ee\u82b1\u5370,\u5c07\u4f5b\u9640\u5f62\u8c61\u52a0\u4ee5\u898f\u7bc4\u5316\u3002\u624b\u5370(mudra)\u5247\u7528\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u60c5\u5883:\u89f8\u5730\u5370(bhumisparsha)\u3001\u65bd\u7121\u754f\u5370(abhaya)\u3001\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5370(dharmacakra)\u4ee5\u53ca\u79aa\u5b9a\u5370(dhyana)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5b\u9640\u822c\u6d85\u69c3(Parinirvana)\u5f8c,\u907a\u9ab8\u8207\u9aa8\u7070\u88ab\u5206\u7d66\u516b\u500b\u738b\u570b,\u5206\u5225\u5b89\u7f6e\u65bc\u4f5b\u5854\u4e2d\u3002\u64da\u50b3\u963f\u80b2\u738b(Ashoka)\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7d00\u91cd\u65b0\u958b\u555f\u9019\u4e9b\u4f5b\u5854,\u4e26\u5c07\u820d\u5229\u5206\u914d\u5230\u516b\u842c\u56db\u5343\u5ea7\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u5efa\u7bc9\u7269\u4e2d\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u500b\u6578\u5b57\u5e36\u6709\u8c61\u5fb5\u610f\u7fa9,\u4f46\u8003\u53e4\u8b49\u64da\u78ba\u5be6\u986f\u793a,\u5728\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d(Maurya)\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b,\u4f5b\u5854\u5d07\u62dc\u6709\u986f\u8457\u7684\u64f4\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5f71\u97ff\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u518d\u8a6e\u91cb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d1\u4e16\u7d00\u5de6\u53f3\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d,\u9664\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4f5b\u9640\u4e4b\u5916,\u9084\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u300c\u4e09\u8eab\u300d\u5b78\u8aaa(trikaya):\u5316\u8eab(nirmanakaya),\u5373\u6089\u9054\u591a\u4ee5\u6b77\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u986f\u73fe;\u5831\u8eab(sambhogakaya);\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u70ba\u6c38\u6046\u771f\u7406\u7684<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u6307\u6559\u6cd5\u8207\u6b63\u7576\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u6cd5<\/span>\u8eab(dharmakaya)\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u300a\u5999\u6cd5\u84ee\u83ef<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c21\u7df4\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u7d93\u5178\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93<\/span>\u300b(Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c21\u7df4\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u7d93\u5178\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>,\u5373\u300a\u6cd5\u83ef\u7d93\u300b,\u7d04\u516c\u51431\u4e16\u7d00)\u4e2d,\u91cb\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u65e9\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a08\u91cf\u7684\u4e45\u9060\u6642\u9593\u4e4b\u524d\u4fbf\u5df2\u6210\u9053\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u986f\u73fe\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u5510\u7d0d\u5fb7\u00b7\u6d1b\u4f69\u8332(Donald Lopez,\u300aThe Story of Buddhism\u300b,San Francisco 2001)\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u8f49\u8b8a\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u666e\u904d\u5316\u904e\u7a0b,\u500b\u5225\u4eba\u7269\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b87\u5b99\u6027\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\u7dad\u723e(Robert Buswell)\u8207\u5510\u7d0d\u5fb7\u00b7\u6d1b\u4f69\u8332(Donald Lopez,\u300aPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u300b,Princeton 2014)\u6307\u51fa,\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e9e\u6d32\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d,\u6b77\u53f2\u8003\u64da\u5f0f\u7684\u4f5b\u9640\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u4f5b\u9640\u5d07\u62dc\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u4e26\u884c\u4e0d\u6096\u7684\u3002<\/p><p>\u8af8\u5982\u8c9d\u6b47\u7279(Bechert)\u7b49\u897f\u65b9\u5b78\u754c\u95dc\u65bc\u5e74\u4ee3\u8003\u8b49\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6,\u81f3\u4eca\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u862d\u5361\u3001\u6cf0\u570b\u6216\u897f\u85cf\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u5bfa\u9662\u4e2d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u5f15\u8d77\u5171\u9cf4\u3002\u5f9e\u5b78\u8853\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00,\u9019\u7a2e\u5f35\u529b\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u6210\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61,\u4e26\u5f15\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c:\u5728\u50b3\u627f\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d,\u50b3\u8a18\u6027\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4f55\u7a2e\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5728\u6b50\u6d32\u7684\u63a5\u53d7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u6b50\u6d32\u5c0d\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u59cb\u65bc19\u4e16\u7d00\u5c0d\u5df4\u5229\u6587\u8207\u68b5\u6587\u6587\u737b\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u6b50\u4ec1\u00b7\u5e03\u723e\u52aa\u592b(Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf)\u4ee5\u300aIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u300b(Paris 1844)\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u8d6b\u723e\u66fc\u00b7\u5967\u767b\u4f2f\u683c(Hermann Oldenberg)\u5247\u5728\u300aBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u300b(Berlin 1881)\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d,\u5c07\u8a9e\u6587\u5b78\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u3002<\/p><p>\u53d4\u672c\u83ef(Schopenhauer)\u900f\u904e\u9593\u63a5\u9014\u5f91\u63a5\u89f8\u4e26\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5143\u7d20,\u5176\u5f71\u97ff\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u5b78\u8853\u6027\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u5b78\u7bc4\u7587\u300220\u4e16\u7d00\u6642,\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u50e7\u4fb6\u90a3\u90a3\u63d0\u6d1b\u8fe6(Nyanatiloka,\u539f\u540d\u5b89\u6771\u00b7\u53e4\u7279Anton Gueth)\u900f\u904e\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u5df4\u5229\u6587\u7ffb\u8b6f,\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u5fb7\u8a9e\u4e16\u754c\u5c0d\u4f5b\u9640\u6559\u6cd5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7e8c\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u79aa\u4fee\u5be6\u8e10\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\u8207\u5ef6\u4f38\u95b1\u8b80<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>\u539f\u59cb\u6587\u737b:\u300a\u5927\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u7d93\u300b(Mahaparinibbana-Sutta,\u300a\u9577\u90e8\u300b\u7b2c16\u7d93);\u300a\u8056\u6c42\u7d93\u300b(Ariyapariyesana-Sutta,\u300a\u4e2d\u90e8\u300b\u7b2c26\u7d93);\u300a\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7d93\u300b(Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta,\u300a\u76f8\u61c9\u90e8\u300b56.11);\u300a\u5f8b\u85cf\u300b(Vinaya-Pitaka)\u3008\u5c0f\u54c1\u3009(Cullavagga);\u300a\u65b9\u5ee3\u5927\u838a\u56b4\u7d93\u300b(Lalitavistara);\u300a\u5999\u6cd5\u84ee\u83ef<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c21\u7df4\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u7d93\u5178\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u7d93<\/span>\u300b(Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u8207\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u7c21\u7df4\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u7d93\u5178\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u624b\u6587\u737b:<\/p><ul><li>\u6d77\u56e0\u8328\u00b7\u8c9d\u6b47\u7279(Heinz Bechert)\u7de8,\u300aDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u300b,\u51713\u5377,G\u00f6ttingen 1991\u5e74\u81f31997\u5e74\u3002<\/li><li>\u6f22\u65af\u00b7\u6c83\u723e\u592b\u5ca1\u00b7\u8212\u66fc(Hans Wolfgang Schumann),\u300aDer historische Buddha\u300b,K\u00f6ln 1982\u5e74\u3002<\/li><li>\u514b\u52de\u65af-\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u8afe\u8328(Klaus-Josef Notz),\u300aBuddhismus\u300b,Stuttgart 2002\u5e74\u3002<\/li><li>\u798f\u723e\u514b\u00b7\u4f50\u8328(Volker Zotz),\u300aGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u300b,Reinbek 1996\u5e74\u3002<\/li><li>\u611b\u5fb7\u83ef\u00b7\u5b54\u8328(Edward Conze),\u300aDer Buddhismus\u300b,Stuttgart 1953\u5e74\u3002<\/li><li>\u5510\u7d0d\u5fb7\u00b7\u6d1b\u4f69\u8332(Donald Lopez),\u300aThe Story of Buddhism\u300b,San Francisco 2001\u5e74\u3002<\/li><li>\u7f85\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5df4\u65af\u7dad\u723e(Robert Buswell)\u8207\u5510\u7d0d\u5fb7\u00b7\u6d1b\u4f69\u8332(Donald Lopez),\u300aPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u300b,Princeton 2014\u5e74\u3002<\/li><li>\u8d6b\u723e\u66fc\u00b7\u5967\u767b\u4f2f\u683c(Hermann Oldenberg),\u300aBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u300b,Berlin 1881\u5e74\u3002<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u65e9\u671f\u50e7\u5718\u8207\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u4f5b\u9640\u5728\u4e16\u6642\u7684\u6559\u5316\u6d3b\u52d5,\u4fbf\u5df2\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u5c0d\u591a\u5143\u7684\u6559\u5718\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u5f8c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5167,\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fbf\u5df2\u986f\u73fe\u51fa\u5206\u6b67,\u9019\u5728\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7d50\u96c6(\u6bd8\u820d\u96e2\u7d50\u96c6,\u7d04\u5728\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u5f8c100\u5e74\u8209\u884c)\u4e2d,\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p><p>\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8(Theravadins,\u300c\u9577\u8001\u4e4b\u6559\u300d)\u8207\u5927\u773e\u90e8(Mahasanghikas,\u300c\u5927\u773e\u5718\u9ad4\u300d)\u7531\u6b64\u5206\u9053\u800c\u884c,\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u6d89\u53ca\u5341\u9805\u6212\u5f8b\u554f\u984c,\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u91d1\u9322\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5f8b\u85cf\u898f\u5247\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p><p>\u5927\u773e\u90e8\u7d93\u904e\u6578\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u767c\u5c55,\u9010\u6f38\u5b55\u80b2\u51fa\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5f62\u614b,\u800c\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u4e00\u8108\u5247\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u862d\u5361\u5f97\u4ee5\u978f\u56fa\u3002\u6d77\u56e0\u8328\u00b7\u8c9d\u6b47\u7279(Heinz Bechert)\u5728\u591a\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa,\u9019\u6b21\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\u5206\u88c2,\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u89f8\u53ca\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u4f5b\u6559\u53f2\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u8003\u8b49\u554f\u984c,\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u70ba\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u5e74\u4ee3\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u53c3\u7167\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u77f3\u67f1\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b77\u53f2\u6a19\u8a8c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5b54\u96c0\u738b\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u963f\u80b2\u738b(Ashoka,\u7d04\u516c\u5143\u524d268\u5e74\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d232\u5e74\u5728\u4f4d)\u7684\u7891\u9298,\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u4e14\u7121\u53ef\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u898b\u8b49\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e9b\u7891\u9298\u63d0\u53ca\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u540d\u5b57,\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u524d\u5f80\u5176\u8a95\u751f\u5730\u8207\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5730\u7684\u671d\u8056\u4e4b\u65c5,\u4e26\u8a18\u9304\u4e86\u7687\u5ba4\u5c0d\u50e7\u4f3d(Sangha)\u7684\u6276\u6301\u3002\u502b\u660e\u5c3c(Lumbini)\u77f3\u67f1(\u9b6f\u660e\u5fb7\u7891<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u523b\u65bc\u6216\u947f\u65bc\u5805\u56fa\u8f09\u9ad4\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u9298\u6587<\/span>,\u516c\u5143\u524d250\u5e74)\u6a19\u793a\u51fa\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u8a95\u751f\u5730\u3002<\/p><p>\u5c3c\u52a0\u5229\u85a9\u52a0\u723e(Nigali Sagar)\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5247<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u523b\u65bc\u6216\u947f\u65bc\u5805\u56fa\u8f09\u9ad4\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u9298\u6587<\/span>\u63d0\u5230\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u70ba\u62d8\u90a3\u542b\u725f\u5c3c(Konagamana)\u7684\u524d\u4e16\u4f5b,\u986f\u793a\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u7576\u6642\u5df2\u95dc\u6ce8\u4f5b\u9640\u7cfb\u8b5c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5,\u800c\u91cb\u8fe6\u725f\u5c3c\u5373\u88ab\u7d0d\u5165\u6b64\u7cfb\u8b5c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e9b\u7891\u9298\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u6838\u5fc3\u610f\u7fa9,\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u78ba\u5207\u8b49\u660e\u4e86\u516c\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7d00\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\u50e7\u5718\u8207\u4e00\u5957\u4f5b\u9640\u5730\u7406\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4e5f\u78ba\u8a8d\u4e86\u4f5b\u9640\u6b64\u4eba\u65e9\u65bc\u6b64\u6642\u671f\u5df2\u5b58\u5728,\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u672a\u78ba\u5b9a\u5176\u78ba\u5207\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u4f5b\u9640\u5c0d\u8af8\u795e\u7684\u6559\u5c0e<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u73fe\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5e38\u88ab\u4f4e\u4f30\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c,\u662f\u4f5b\u9640\u5c0d\u5420\u9640\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u8af8\u795e(deva)\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u5df4\u5229\u8a9e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u88ab\u67d0\u5b97\u6559\u627f\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u8056\u5178\u5f59\u7de8\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u8056\u5178<\/span>\u4e26\u672a\u5c07\u8af8\u795e\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728,\u800c\u662f\u5c07\u7942\u5011\u5b89\u7f6e\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u968e\u5c64\u5206\u660e\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e4b\u4e2d,\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5b87\u5b99\u88e1,\u8af8\u795e\u540c\u6a23\u53d7\u8f2a\u8ff4\u8207\u75db\u82e6\u6240\u652f\u914d\u3002<\/p><p>\u56e0\u9640\u7f85(Indra,\u5df4\u5229\u8a9e\u4f5cSakka)\u3001\u68b5\u5929(Brahma)\u3001\u8f03\u4f4e\u968e\u7684\u795e\u660e\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f03\u9ad8\u754c\u57df\u7684\u773e\u751f,\u5728<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u88ab\u67d0\u5b97\u6559\u627f\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u8056\u5178\u5f59\u7de8\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u8056\u5178<\/span>\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u4ee5\u4f5b\u9640\u5c0d\u8a71\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p><p>\u7942\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u9ad8\u65bc\u4f5b\u9640,\u53cd\u800c\u627f\u8a8d\u4f5b\u9640\u70ba\u5176\u5e2b\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u73fe\u8c61\u5b78\u4e0a\u9817\u70ba\u7279\u6b8a:\u4f5b\u6559\u65e2\u975e\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6,\u4e5f\u975e\u6709\u795e\u8ad6\u3002\u514b\u52de\u65af\u7d04\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u8afe\u8328(Klaus-Josef Notz)\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u300b(Buddhismus)\u4e2d\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u683c\u5c40\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u300c\u6709\u795e\u754c\u7684\u7121\u795e\u8ad6\u5b97\u6559\u300d\u3002\u8af8\u795e\u6709\u5176\u529f\u80fd,\u4f46\u4e26\u975e\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u4f9d\u6b78\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5f8b\u85cf\u8207\u50e7\u5718\u6212\u5f8b<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u898f\u7bc4\u50e7\u5c3c\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4(\u5f8b\u85cf,Vinaya)\u88ab\u6b78\u65bc\u4f5b\u9640\u672c\u4eba\u6240\u7acb\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a,\u5f8b\u85cf(Vinaya-Pitaka)\u662f\u5c64\u5c64\u7a4d\u7d2f\u800c\u6210\u7684\u5f59\u7de8,\u5176\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u6642\u671f\u3002\u6bd4\u4e18\u9808\u9075\u5b88227\u689d\u6ce2\u7f85\u63d0\u6728\u53c9(Patimokkha)\u6212\u5f8b(\u6bd4\u4e18\u5c3c\u5247\u70ba311\u689d),\u898f\u7bc4\u8863\u8457\u3001\u98f2\u98df\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u6027\u7981\u6b32\u4ee5\u53ca\u8207\u5728\u5bb6\u4fe1\u773e\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e9b\u6212\u5f8b\u6bcf\u6708\u5169\u6b21\u65bc\u5e03\u85a9(Uposatha)\u96c6\u6703\u4e0a\u8aa6\u8b80,\u78ba\u4fdd\u5c0d\u6212\u5f8b\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u81ea\u89ba\u8207\u50b3\u627f\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u5be6\u8e10\u81ea\u516c\u5143\u524d3\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u6301\u7e8c\u6709\u64da\u53ef\u8003,\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6212\u5f8b\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u6700\u521d\u7684\u7d50\u96c6\u8207\u6559\u6cd5\u7684\u7de8\u8a02<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u4f9d\u64da<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u4e16\u4ee3\u76f8\u50b3\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6558\u4e8b\u7684\u50b3\u627f\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u50b3\u627f<\/span>\u6240\u8ff0,\u4f5b\u9640\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u5f8c\u4e0d\u4e45,\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4f5b\u6559\u7d50\u96c6\u5728\u738b\u820d\u57ce(Rajagriha)\u8209\u884c,\u7531\u6469\u8a36\u8fe6\u8449(Mahakassapa)\u53ec\u96c6\u3002\u963f\u96e3(Ananda)\u8aa6\u51fa\u7d93\u85cf(Sutta-Pitaka),\u512a\u6ce2\u96e2(Upali)\u8aa6\u51fa\u5f8b\u85cf(Vinaya-Pitaka)\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e00\u50b3\u7d71\u8a18\u8f09\u65bc\u300a\u5c0f\u54c1\u300b(Cullavagga)\u4e2d\u3002\u827e\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u62c9\u83ab\u7279(\u00c9tienne Lamotte,\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u6559\u53f2\u300b(Histoire du bouddhisme indien),\u9b6f\u6c76,1958\u5e74)\u5c07\u7d50\u96c6\u50b3\u7d71\u8a55\u50f9\u70ba\u5f8c\u4f86\u6dfb\u52a0\u7684\u6b63\u7d71\u5316\u6558\u4e8b,\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u4ecd\u542b\u6709\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3:\u5373\u900f\u904e\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u8aa6\u8b80\u4f86\u4fdd\u5b58\u53e3\u50b3\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u3002<\/p><p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7d50\u96c6\u65bc\u6bd8\u820d\u96e2(Vaishali,\u7d04\u516c\u5143\u524d380\u5e74)\u8209\u884c,\u8655\u7406\u4e86\u5341\u9805\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u963f\u80b2\u738b\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u7d50\u96c6\u5728\u83ef\u6c0f\u57ce(Pataliputra,\u7d04\u516c\u5143\u524d250\u5e74)\u8209\u884c,\u5728\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4e09\u85cf(Tipitaka)\u7de8\u5b9a\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p><p>\u5927\u773e\u90e8(Mahasanghika)\u4e00\u7cfb\u4e26\u4e0d\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u96c6\u6703\u4ee5\u6b64\u5f62\u5f0f\u5b58\u5728,\u9019\u5df2\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u5404\u90e8\u6d3e\u53f2\u89c0\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u968e\u6bb5\u4fbf\u5df2\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u5229\u8a9e\u8056\u5178\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u5b9a\u578b,\u662f\u5728\u65af\u91cc\u862d\u5361\u74e6\u5854\u52a0\u99ac\u5c3c\u00b7\u963f\u5df4\u4e9e\u738b(Vattagamani Abhaya)\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u516c\u5143\u524d1\u4e16\u7d00\u624d\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5728\u963f\u76e7\u7dad\u54c8\u62c9(Aluvihara)\u8209\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u6b21\u7d50\u96c6\u4e2d,\u7d93\u6587\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u66f8\u5beb\u65bc\u68d5\u6ac3\u8449\u4e0a\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u4e00\u8f49\u6298\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u610f\u7fa9\u91cd\u5927,\u5b83\u6a19\u8a8c\u8457\u5f9e\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u8a18\u8aa6\u6587\u5316\u8f49\u5411\u66f8\u5beb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u904e\u6e21\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d,\u5c08\u9580\u7684\u8aa6\u7d93\u50e7\u5718(bhanaka)\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u53e3\u50b3\u65b9\u5f0f\u627f\u8972\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7d93\u6587\u7d44\u5225\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u4f5b\u9640\u8207\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u8af8\u5e2b\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u4f5b\u9640\u751f\u6d3b\u8207\u5f18\u6cd5\u7684\u6642\u4ee3,\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5b97\u6559\u591a\u5143\u7684\u968e\u6bb5,\u5df4\u5229\u8a9e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u88ab\u67d0\u5b97\u6559\u627f\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u8056\u5178\u5f59\u7de8\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u8056\u5178<\/span>\u5c07\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u300c\u516d\u5e2b\u5916\u9053\u300d\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u5305\u62ec\u8006\u90a3\u6559\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u5927\u96c4(Mahavira)\u3001\u672b\u4f3d\u68a8\u00b7\u77bf\u820d\u7f85(Makkhali Gosala,\u90aa\u547d\u5916\u9053)\u3001\u5bcc\u862d\u90a3\u00b7\u8fe6\u8449(Purana Kassapa)\u3001\u5df4\u6d6e\u9640\u00b7\u8fe6\u65c3\u90a3(Pakudha Kaccayana)\u3001\u963f\u8006\u591a\u00b7\u7fc5\u820d\u6b3d\u5a46\u7f85(Ajita Kesakambali)\u4ee5\u53ca\u6563\u82e5\u8036\u00b7\u6bd7\u7f85\u80ce\u5b50(Sanjaya Belatthiputta)\u3002\u300a\u6c99\u9580\u679c\u7d93\u300b(Samannaphala-Sutta,\u300a\u9577\u90e8\u300b\u7b2c2\u7d93)\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u4f5c\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f03\u6027\u7684\u5448\u73fe\u3002<\/p><p>\u5b78\u754c\u5df2\u904b\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6599,\u91cd\u5efa\u5370\u5ea6\u8ef8\u5fc3\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u9762\u8c8c\u3002\u5361\u723e\u00b7\u96c5\u65af\u57f9(Karl Jaspers)\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u8207\u76ee\u6a19\u300b(Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte,1949\u5e74)\u4e2d,\u5c07\u9019\u4e00\u683c\u5c40\u6b78\u5165\u5168\u7403\u6027\u7684\u8ef8\u5fc3\u6642\u4ee3,\u5373\u4e2d\u570b\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u4f0a\u6717\u8207\u5e0c\u81d8\u540c\u6642\u6e67\u73fe\u65b0\u8208\u54f2\u5b78\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u6642\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5b\u9640\u8207\u5927\u96c4\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u8fd1\u4e4b\u8655\u683c\u5916\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u3002\u5169\u4eba\u7686\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u5340\u50b3\u6cd5,\u7686\u5f9e\u524e\u5e1d\u5229\u8cb4\u65cf\u968e\u5c64\u62db\u52df\u4fe1\u773e,\u7686\u6279\u5224\u5420\u9640\u796d\u7940\u4e4b\u5100\u3002\u5e15\u5fb7\u99ac\u7d0d\u5e03\u00b7\u8cc8\u4f0a\u5c3c(Padmanabh Jaini,\u300a\u8006\u90a3\u6559\u7684\u6de8\u5316\u4e4b\u9053\u300b(The Jaina Path of Purification),\u67cf\u514b\u840a,1979\u5e74)\u5df2\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u95e1\u660e\u4e86\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u7570\u540c\u3002<\/p><p>\u8006\u90a3\u6559\u4e3b\u5f35\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u82e6\u884c\u8207\u8fd1\u4e4e\u7269\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u696d\u529b\u7406\u8ad6,\u800c\u4f5b\u9640\u5247\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ecb\u65bc\u7e31\u617e\u8207\u81ea\u6211\u6298\u78e8\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u300c\u4e2d\u9053\u300d,\u4e26\u4ee5\u7121\u6211(anatta)\u539f\u5247\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5be6\u9ad4\u6027\u7684\u9748\u9b42\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u4f5b\u9640\u8056\u50b3\u7684\u5341\u4e8c\u5927\u4e3b\u984c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5f8c\u4e16\u7684\u8056\u50b3\u6587\u5b78\u5c07\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u6fc3\u7e2e\u70ba\u5341\u4e8c\u500b\u5177\u6709\u898f\u7bc4\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u4ef6,\u5373\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u5341\u4e8c\u884c\u8abc\u300d(mdzad pa bcu gnyis),\u6b64\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5728\u85cf\u50b3\u4f5b\u6559\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u5c24\u70ba\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u5341\u4e8c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec\u5f9e\u515c\u7387\u5929\u4e0b\u964d\u3001\u5165\u80ce\u3001\u51fa\u751f\u3001\u5e7c\u5e74\u7fd2\u85dd\u3001\u6210\u5a5a\u8207\u64c1\u6709\u8ca1\u5bcc\u3001\u51fa\u5bb6\u3001\u4fee\u7fd2\u82e6\u884c\u3001\u964d\u9b54\u3001\u6210\u9053\u3001\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5ea6\u773e,\u4ee5\u53ca\u822c\u6d85\u69c3\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u7a2e\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u662f\u5728\u5927\u4e58\u8207\u91d1\u525b\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u4e2d,\u7d04\u516c\u51437\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u5f8c\u624d\u9010\u6f38\u78ba\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u300a\u65b9\u5ee3\u5927\u838a\u56b4\u7d93\u300b(Lalitavistara)\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u7bc4\u672c\u3002\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u67ef\u6797\u65af(Steven Collins,\u300a\u7121\u6211\u4e4b\u4eba\u300b(Selfless Persons),\u528d\u6a4b,1982\u5e74)\u6307\u51fa,\u9019\u7a2e\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\u5177\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u529f\u80fd:\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u5728<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u67d0\u5b97\u6559\u5718\u9ad4\u6240\u898f\u5b9a\u7684\u56fa\u5b9a\u79ae\u62dc\u5100\u5f0f\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u79ae\u5100<\/span>\u8207\u5bfa\u9662\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u91cd\u8907\u518d\u73fe\u7684\u51a5\u60f3\u89c0\u60f3\u67b6\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u4f5c\u70ba\u5929\u4eba\u5e2b\u7684\u4f5b\u9640<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u5728\u5df4\u5229<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u67d0\u5b97\u6559\u88ab\u516c\u8a8d\u5177\u6709\u7d04\u675f\u529b\u7684\u8056\u5178\u5f59\u7de8\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u8056\u5178<\/span>\u4e2d,\u4f5b\u9640\u88ab\u5c0a\u7a31\u70ba\u300csatthadevamanussanam\u300d,\u5373\u300c\u5929\u4eba\u5e2b\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u7a31\u865f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u89ba\u8005\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u516d\u9053\u6a21\u578b(\u5929\u3001\u963f\u4fee\u7f85\u3001\u4eba\u3001\u755c\u751f\u3001\u9913\u9b3c\u3001\u5730\u7344)\u4e2d\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u56e0\u9640\u7f85(\u5e1d\u91cb\u5929,Sakka)\u3001\u5a11\u5a46\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u68b5\u5929(Brahma Sahampati)\u4ee5\u53ca\u8af8\u4f4e\u4f4d\u795e\u7947\u7686\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u3002<\/p><p>\u9019\u7a2e\u7b49\u7d1a\u5316\u4e26\u975e\u70ba\u4e86\u8207\u5420\u9640\u795e\u7cfb\u9032\u884c\u8ad6\u6230,\u800c\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5c07\u5176\u7d0d\u5165\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u862d\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u8c6a\u68ee(Lambert Schmithausen,\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u300b(Buddhism and Nature),\u6771\u4eac,1991\u5e74)\u6307\u51fa,\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u5370\u5ea6\u5b97\u6559\u7af6\u722d\u4e2d\u5178\u578b\u7684\u300c\u5305\u5bb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p><p>\u81f3\u65bc\u5728\u83e9\u63d0\u6a39\u4e0b\u8a98\u60d1\u4f5b\u9640\u7684\u5c0d\u624b\u9b54\u7f85(Mara),\u5b78\u754c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c07\u5176\u89e3\u8b80\u70ba\u672c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u90aa\u60e1\u5b58\u5728,\u800c\u662f\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u8f2a\u8ff4\u6d41\u8f49\u4e4b\u57f7\u8457\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8207\u5b87\u5b99\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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