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Elisch\uff09\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4eba\u60e7\u6015\u7684\u51b0\u51b7\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p><p>\u4f5b\u6559\u5728\u90a3\u843d\u8fe6\uff08Naraka\uff09\u754c\u57df\u4e2d\u6709\u5404\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\uff1a<em>\u90a3\u843d\u8fe6\u5b88\u536b\u8005<\/em>\u6267\u884c\u81ea\u52a8\u56e0\u679c\u62a5\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u7acb\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u5ba1\u5224\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u673a\u5236&#8211;\u5176\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u5e76\u975e\u6e90\u4e8e\u6076\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e1a\u529b\u7f6a\u5b7d\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u5965\u5229\u91d1\uff08Origenes\uff09\u4e0e\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08Augustinus\uff09\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5730\u72f1\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u6076\u9b54\u3001\u9b54\u9b3c\u3001\u6492\u65e6\u7b49\u7ea7\u4f53\u7cfb\uff09\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5815\u843d\u7684<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" 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tabindex=\"0\">\u4e07\u795e\u6bbf<\/span>\u4e2d\u6709<em>\u7c73\u514b\u7279\u5170\u7279\u5e93\u7279\u5229<\/em>\uff08Mictlantecuhtli\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u7c73\u514b\u7279\u5170\uff08Mictlan\uff09\u51a5\u754c\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u5e76\u975e\u9b54\u9b3c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f9b\u4ea1\u8005\u6816\u5c45\u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u7531\u8d85\u8d8a\u5584\u6076\u3001\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u795e\u5723\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u795e\u7075<\/span>\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u8bd7\u4eba\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ece\u5854\u5c14\u5854\u7f57\u65af\uff08Tartaros\uff09\u65bd\u5c55\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6076\u9b54\uff0c\u5982<em>\u590d\u4ec7\u5973\u795e\u5384\u91cc\u502a\u5384\u65af<\/em>\uff08Erinyen\uff09\u4e0e<em>\u514b\u96f7\u65af<\/em>\uff08Keres\uff09\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u8840\u4ec7\u6216\u547d\u8fd0\u88c1\u51b3\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u6587\u732e\u72b6\u51b5<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt3-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt3-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u6587\u732e\u89c1\u4e8e\u300a\u57c3\u52aa\u739b\u00b7\u57c3\u5229\u4ec0\u300b\u53ca\u82cf\u7f8e\u5c14\u51a5\u754c\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p><p>\u4f5b\u6559<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u67d0\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u6784\u6210\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u5b87\u5b99\u89c2<\/span>\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e8e\u300a\u963f\u6bd7\u8fbe\u78e8\u4ff1\u820d\u8bba\u300b\uff08Abhidharmakosa\uff09\u53ca\u85cf\u4f20\u5730\u72f1\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c24\u89c1\u4e8e\u300a\u4e2d\u9634\u5f97\u5ea6\u300b\uff08Bardo Th\u00f6dol\uff09\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f9d\u636e\u542f\u793a\u6587\u5b66\uff08\u300a\u542f\u793a\u5f55\u300b\uff09\u3001\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u3001\u6559\u7236\u8457\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u4f46\u4e01\u00b7\u963f\u5229\u5409\u8036\u91cc\uff08Dante Alighieri\uff09\u7684\u300a\u795e\u66f2\u300b\uff08Divina Commedia\uff09\u3002\u963f\u5179\u7279\u514b\u6587\u732e\u4e3a\u300a\u535a\u5c14\u535a\u5c3c\u5e93\u65af\u6284\u672c\u300b\uff08Codex Borbonicus\uff09\u53ca\u8428\u963f\u8d21\uff08Sahagun\uff09\u8457\u8ff0\u3002\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u732e\uff1a\u8d6b\u897f\u4fc4\u5fb7\uff08Hesiod\uff09\u3001\u7ef4\u5409\u5c14\uff08Vergil\uff09\u3001\u963f\u666e\u5217\u4e4c\u65af\uff08Apuleius\uff09\u3002<\/p><p>\u73b0\u4ee3\u6076\u9b54\u5b66\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u517b\u5206\uff0c\u5e38\u52a0\u4ee5\u878d\u5408\uff08\u6d6e\u58eb\u5fb7<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u901a\u5e38\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5723\u4eba\u751f\u5e73\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u529d\u52c9\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u4f20\u8bf4<\/span>\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0e<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5e0c\u814a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u5316\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7ea6\u516c\u5143\u524d800\u5e74\u81f3\u516c\u5143600\u5e74\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u53e4\u5178<\/span>\u6bcd\u9898\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u5b66\u4e0e\u5a92\u4f53\u6587\u5316\u52a0\u4ee5\u666e\u53ca\u3002<\/p><h3>\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u6df1\u5c42\u7ed3\u6784<\/h3><p>\u5730\u72f1\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5404\u6587\u5316\u7684\u672b\u4e16\u8bba\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u3002\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5&#8211;\u5728\u5f7c\u5cb8\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4ea1\u8005\u4eab\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u6587\u5316\uff08\u82cf\u7f8e\u5c14\u3001\u963f\u5361\u5fb7\u3001\u65e9\u671f\u57c3\u53ca\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\u5c1a\u4e0d\u660e\u663e&#8211;\u51a5\u754c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4ea1\u8005\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f52\u5bbf\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u8f7b\u5fae\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4f26\u7406\uff0d\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u5316\u7684\u6df1\u5316\uff08\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u3001\u665a\u671f\u57c3\u53ca\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u9488\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u88ab\u5224\u7f6a\u8005\u7684\u300c\u5730\u72f1\u300d\u533a\u57df\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u5f62\uff0c\u5e76\u62e5\u6709\u4e13\u5c5e\u7684\u5b88\u536b\u4e0e\u5211\u7f5a\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p><h3>\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7efc\u5408<\/h3><p>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5316\u5730\u72f1\u56fe\u50cf&#8211;\u542b\u9b54\u9b3c\u3001\u6076\u9b54\u7b49\u7ea7\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u4e5d\u5c42\u5730\u72f1\u5708&#8211;\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u665a\u671f\u7efc\u5408\uff1a\u5b83\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u72b9\u592a\u672b\u4e16\u8bba\uff08\u300a\u4ee5\u65af\u62c9\u8bb0\u56db\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4ee5\u8bfa\u542f\u793a\u5f55\u300b\uff09\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u5854\u5c14\u5854\u7f57\u65af\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57c3\u53ca\u4e0e\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p><p>\u4f46\u4e01\u300a\u795e\u66f2\u300b\uff0814\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff09\u662f\u6587\u5b66\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u4e3a\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5851\u9020\u7740\u5927\u4f17\u60f3\u8c61\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u300a\u5730\u72f1\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u300b\uff0c1993\u5e74\uff09\u5df2\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u7efc\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u68b3\u7406\u3002<\/p><h3>\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76<\/h3><p>\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u975e\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u72f1\u5b58\u5728\u5f80\u5f80\u626e\u6f14\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u3002<\/p><p>\u4f5b\u6559\u90a3\u843d\u8fe6\u5b88\u536b\u8005\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u960e\u6469\u4f7f\u8005\uff08Yamadutas\uff09\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u9b3c\u795e\uff08Oni\uff09\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u72f1\u5b88\u536b\u8005\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u53ef\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b\u529f\u80fd&#8211;\u5b83\u4eec\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u540e\u679c\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u7efc\u5408\u89c1\u4e8e\u7c73\u5c14\u6070\u00b7\u4f0a\u5229\u4e9a\u5fb7\uff08Mircea Eliade\uff09\u8457\u8ff0\u53ca\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\uff08Encyclopedia of Religion\uff09\u3002<\/p><div><h3>\u9ad8\u6587\u660e\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u72f1\u754c\u57df<\/h3><p>\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709<em>\u5e93\u5c14<\/em>\uff08Kur\uff09\u6216<em>\u4f0a\u5c14\u5361\u62c9<\/em>\uff08Irkalla\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u57c3\u5217\u4ec0\u57fa\u4f3d\u52d2\u4e0e\u6d85\u8fe6\u5c14\uff08Nergal\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f3d\u62c9\uff08Galla\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b8b\u66b4\u7684\u51a5\u754c\u6076\u9b54\u5728\u6b64\u6267\u884c\u5c06\u4ea1\u8005\u5e26\u56de\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p><p>\u57c3\u53ca\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709<em>\u675c\u963f\u7279<\/em>\uff08Duat\uff09\uff0c\u542b\u591a\u9053\u95e8\u6237\u4e0e\u5b88\u536b\uff0c\u4ea1\u8005\u987b\u9010\u4e00\u901a\u8fc7\u65b9\u80fd\u62b5\u8fbe\u5965\u897f\u91cc\u65af\uff08Osiris\uff09\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\uff1b\u6bcf\u9053\u95e8\u6237\u90fd\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u5b88\u536b<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5177\u6709\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u5e26\u6709\u6709\u5bb3\u6216\u77db\u76fe\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4ecb\u4e8e\u795e\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u8bf1\u60d1\u6216\u707e\u7978\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5492\u8bed\u3001\u8f9f\u90aa\u7269\u548c\u4eea\u5f0f\u52a0\u4ee5\u9a71\u9664\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u6076\u9b54<\/span>\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u5176\u540d\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e8e\u300a\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u6587\u672c\u300b\u4e0e\u300a\u4ea1\u7075\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p><p>\u5e0c\u814a\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u54c8\u8fea\u65af\uff08Hades\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u5b88\u536b\uff08\u523b\u8033\u67cf\u6d1b\u65af Kerberos\u3001\u5361\u620e Charon\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5211\u7f5a\u6267\u884c\u8005\u7684\u590d\u4ec7\u5973\u795e\u5384\u91cc\u502a\u5384\u65af\uff08Erinyen\uff09\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u81ea12\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d77\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4f46\u4e01\u300a\u795e\u66f2\u300b\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6700\u4e3a\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u5730\u72f1\u5efa\u7b51\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u542b\u4e5d\u5c42\u5706\u5708\u4e0e\u5206\u5c42\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6076\u9b54\u7b49\u7ea7\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p><p>\u4f5b\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709<em>\u90a3\u843d\u8fe6<\/em>\uff08Naraka\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5730\u72f1\u754c\u57df\uff0c\u7531\u960e\u6469\uff08Yama\uff09\u4e3b\u6301\uff0c\u8bbe\u6709\u5b88\u536b\u6076\u9b54\u3002\u5370\u5ea6\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5730\u72f1\u754c\u57df\uff0c\u5404\u6709\u5176\u5b88\u536b\u3002<\/p><p>\u65e5\u672c\u4f20\u7edf\u878d\u5408\u4e24\u79cd\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5341\u51a5\u738b\uff08<em>\u5341\u738b<\/em>\uff0cJ\u016b\u014d\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u9ebe\u4e0b\u9b3c\u795e\uff08Oni\uff09\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709<em>\u6770\u6c49\u5357<\/em>\uff08Jahannam\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u591a\u5c42\uff0c\u5b88\u536b\u4e3a<em>\u9a6c\u5229\u514b<\/em>\uff08Malik\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u52a9\u624b\u3002<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"wmd-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-h4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wmd-h4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u5f53\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u76f8\u5173\u5b58\u5728<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-wmdt4-bw e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-wmdt4-bw\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wmd-t4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wmd-t4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u5ba3\u79f0\u638c\u63e1\u9690\u79d8\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4ec5\u5411\u5165\u95e8\u8005\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u603b\u79f0\u3002\" tabindex=\"0\">\u795e\u79d8\u5b66<\/span>\u4e0e\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u72f1\u5b58\u5728\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u65b0\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5185\u5fc3\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u6216\u9690\u55bb\u6027\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u795e\u5b66\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002<\/p><p>\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u795e\u79d8\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\uff08\u9ec4\u91d1\u9ece\u660e\u4f1a\u3001\u300a\u54e5\u63d0\u4e9a\u300b\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u72f1\u5b58\u5728\u88ab\u7f16\u76ee\u4e3a\u53ef\u53ec\u5524\u7684\u667a\u6027\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u884c\u661f\u9b54\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u5efa\u7acb\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u7acb\u573a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c&#8211;\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u795e\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u72f1\u5b58\u5728\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u656c\u754f\u3002<\/p><div><h3>\u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u732e\u5e93<\/h3><p>\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u5730\u72f1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u8457\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\uff1aAlan Bernstein, <em>The Formation of Hell<\/em> (Cornell University Press, 1993\uff1b\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76)\uff1bEileen Gardiner, <em>Visions of Heaven and Hell before Dante<\/em> (Italica Press, 1989)\uff1bAnthony Reardon, <em>Hell. A History<\/em> (2014)\u3002\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u4f20\u7edf\u53c2\u89c1 Wolfram von Soden, <em>Akkadisches Handw\u00f6rterbuch<\/em> (1965ff.)\uff1b\u57c3\u53ca\u4f20\u7edf\u53c2\u89c1 Erik Hornung, <em>Tal der K\u00f6nige<\/em> (1982)\u3002<\/p><p>\u72b9\u592a\uff0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u89c1\u4e8e Jeffrey Burton Russell, <em>The Devil. Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity<\/em> (1977)\uff0c<em>Satan. The Early Christian Tradition<\/em> (1981)\uff0c<em>Lucifer. The Devil in the Middle Ages<\/em> (1984)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca <em>Mephistopheles. The Devil in the Modern World<\/em> (1986)\u3002<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sub-mem-hoellenwesen e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"sub-mem-hoellenwesen\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sub-mem-h-hoellenwesen elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"sub-mem-h-hoellenwesen\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u672c\u7c7b\u522b\u5b58\u5728<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-am-inner-0001 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"am-inner-0001\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-sub-mem-t-hoellenwesen elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"sub-mem-t-hoellenwesen\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-wesen-grid\"><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/zh-hans\/asmodai\/\" aria-label=\"\u963f\u65af\u83ab\u4ee3\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_judentum_asmodai-200x300.webp\" alt=\"\u963f\u65af\u83ab\u4ee3\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-body\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-name\">\u963f\u65af\u83ab\u4ee3<\/div><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-arrow\">\u2192 \u524d\u5f80\u8bcd\u6761<\/div><\/div><\/a><a class=\"iwg-wesen-card\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/zh-hans\/astaroth\/\" aria-label=\"\u963f\u65af\u5854\u7f57\u65af\"><div class=\"iwg-wesen-card-imgwrap\"><img 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