{"id":90008,"date":"2026-08-03T02:05:50","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T02:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/surya-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T02:06:19","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T02:06:19","slug":"surya","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/surya\/","title":{"rendered":"Surya"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"90008\" class=\"elementor elementor-90008 elementor-3008\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ae3a9d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4ae3a9d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-329d920 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"329d920\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f98f2b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f98f2b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed96514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ed96514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Surya, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77200b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e77200b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean c\u1ed7 xe do ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o b\u0103ng qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. Surya l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 &#8220;M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi&#8221;.<\/p><p>Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Rig Veda cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay. Surya ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean c\u1ed7 xe do b\u1ea3y con ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o, h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua v\u00f2m tr\u1eddi.<\/p><p>Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng ban t\u1eb7ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ng\u00e0i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Shiva, Vishnu, Devi v\u00e0 Ganesha t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Panchayatana-Puja, nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng n\u0103m v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, Surya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u1ea4n-Iran, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng Iran c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Mithra c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e8d800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1e8d800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaa7661 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"aaa7661\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/hinduismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh, Asura v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o - t\u1eeb th\u1eddi V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng.\">\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-947b9c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"947b9c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e84ad04 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"e84ad04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e84ad04\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__e84ad04\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__e84ad04\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2f9cf5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c2f9cf5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-138a458 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"138a458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3231\" alt=\"Surya - G\u00f6tter aus der Hinduismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_hinduismus_surya-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b782cb7 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b782cb7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae024c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ae024c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e488f49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e488f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7039661 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7039661\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong Rig Veda, Surya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c th\u00e1nh ca d\u00e2ng l\u00ean ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Rig Veda 1.50, 1.115 v\u00e0 10.37, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 &#8220;con m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi&#8221;, l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0111\u1ea5ng ban \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng&#8221;, l\u00e0 &#8220;cha c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi&#8221;.<\/p><p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 s\u01a1 khai, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song: Surya (m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c), Savitr (s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh sinh h\u00f3a), Mitra (kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 giao \u01b0\u1edbc), Pushan (kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng), Vivasvat (kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng). S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi th\u1eddi V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0.<\/p>\n<p>Trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Surya, v\u1edbi Savitr v\u00e0 Vivasvat l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Cha ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Kashyapa, m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (Saptarishis), m\u1eb9 ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Aditi, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Aditya (c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi).<\/p><p>Surya do v\u1eady thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp c\u00e1c Aditya, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n m\u1ed7i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Sanjna (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Saranyu, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tvashtar) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Chhaya (&#8220;B\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i&#8221;). V\u1edbi Sanjna, ng\u00e0i sinh ra Yama (th\u1ea7n c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft), Yami (Yamuna, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Yamuna) v\u00e0 Vaivasvata Manu (t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i). V\u1edbi Chhaya, ng\u00e0i sinh ra Shani (Th\u1ed5 tinh), Tapati v\u00e0 Vishti.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Gia ph\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec n\u00f3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Wendy Doniger trong &#8220;Hindu Myths&#8221; (1975) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gia ph\u1ea3 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn<\/span> V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc. Trong Rig Veda t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi: Surya l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Savitr l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh sinh h\u00f3a, Mitra l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 giao \u01b0\u1edbc, Pushan l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, Vivasvat l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft qua nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, m\u1ed7i kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Kushana (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1-3 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Iran-Scythia qua \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Sassanid v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung gian c\u1ee7a Trung \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Surya. \u0110\u00f4i \u1ee7ng, t\u1ea5m \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 trang ph\u1ee5c Ba T\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau Surya s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t (Bhumara, Mathura) tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Heinrich von Stietencron trong &#8220;Indische Sonnenpriester&#8221; (1966) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c Brahmin Sakaldwipiya, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m Brahmin ph\u1ee5 truy nguy\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt Iran, l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng xuy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d57e5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d57e5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bb6db5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6bb6db5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca4f7fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca4f7fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Surya l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 xe do b\u1ea3y con ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o. B\u1ea3y con ng\u1ef1a n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho b\u1ea3y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, b\u1ea3y tia s\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y trong tu\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh xe c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Aruna, &#8220;ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ed3ng&#8221;, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh minh. Aruna ng\u1ed3i gi\u1eefa Surya v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con ng\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n<p>Surya th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi hai ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n c\u00e1nh tay. Tr\u00ean tay ng\u00e0i c\u1ea7m hai \u0111\u00f3a hoa sen n\u1edf r\u1ed9, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ecfa chi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng. Tr\u00ean ng\u1ef1c ng\u00e0i mang h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft tia s\u00e1ng, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0i t\u1ecfa ra c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang hay qu\u1ea7ng s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, v\u00f2ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng quanh \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Surya v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau th\u1eddi Kushana (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1-3 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Surya trong nhi\u1ec1u tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 mang \u0111\u00f4i \u1ee7ng. \u0110\u00f4i \u1ee7ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Iran-Scythia trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Kushana, khi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Mithra t\u1eeb Trung \u00c1.<\/p><p>Chi ti\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i xuy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. John Marshall, Stella Kramrisch v\u00e0 Heinrich von Stietencron \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c014d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c014d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6336ce9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6336ce9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d9391 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8d9391\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Surya l\u00e0 Makara Sankranti (gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang), \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 ch\u00ed tuy\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cung Ma K\u1ebft (Makara). \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Pongal, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y l\u00e0 Uttarayan, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Sankranti ho\u1eb7c Khichdi. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u xoay quanh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Chhath Puja (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf Bihar, Jharkhand, \u0111\u00f4ng Uttar Pradesh, Nepal), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1ecbn \u0103n b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Surya l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n. Chhath thu\u1ed9c trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Surya quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi Konark (Odisha, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, Di s\u1ea3n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi), \u0110\u1ec1n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi Modhera (Gujarat, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi Martand (Kashmir, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ec1n<\/span> Konark \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai b\u00e1nh xe v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y con ng\u1ef1a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Surya Namaskar (ch\u00e0o m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi), m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i m\u01b0\u1eddi hai t\u01b0 th\u1ebf yoga, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Hindu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 Sandhya-Vandana th\u1eddi V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 (kinh c\u1ea7u bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng), Surya Namaskar \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh yoga hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. M\u01b0\u1eddi hai mantra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho n\u00f3 (m\u1ed7i mantra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Surya) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc trong khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Gayatri <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> (Rig Veda 3.62.10) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng mantra thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Savitr, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Surya: &#8220;H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Savitr thi\u00eang li\u00eang, nguy\u1ec7n ng\u00e0i soi s\u00e1ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.&#8221; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u00e2m ti\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Brahmin \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n<\/span> V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-415b8fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"415b8fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13e17dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13e17dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d86e4b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d86e4b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Surya v\u00e0 Sanjna. Sanjna kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i l\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n th\u00e2n (Chhaya, &#8220;b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i&#8221;) v\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o r\u1eebng, n\u01a1i b\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a c\u00e1i v\u00e0 tu kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh.<\/p><p>Surya ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed5i mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng, khi Chhaya \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Sanjna, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y b\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ng\u1ef1a c\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ef1c.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c Ashvin ra \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 k\u1ef5 s\u0129. Sau \u0111\u00f3 Surya \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p Tvashtar (cha c\u1ee7a Sanjna), v\u00e0 Tvashtar \u0111\u00e3 m\u00e0i b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Surya \u0111\u1ec3 Sanjna c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i \u0111i, Tvashtar \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e8n v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft trong Markandeya Purana, Vishnu Purana v\u00e0 Bhagavata Purana.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Karna, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kunti trong Mahabharata.<\/p><p>Kunti, khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft Durvasa ban cho m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c2m ti\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7u g\u1ecdi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt th\u1eed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00c2m ti\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa<\/span> \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u g\u1ecdi Surya. Surya xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng b\u00e0 sinh ra Karna, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1p v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khuy\u00ean tai l\u00e0m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tia n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p><p>Kunti, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3 Karna tr\u00f4i theo d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. Karna tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Mahabharata, m\u1ed9t anh h\u00f9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda sai trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn lao trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> th\u1ee9 ba li\u00ean k\u1ebft Surya v\u1edbi h\u00f3a th\u00e2n Krishna. Trong Bhagavata Purana c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng Krishna \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Satrajit, ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u Syamantaka. Vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Surya t\u1eb7ng cho Satrajit. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111an xen Surya v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Krishna v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Hindu c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n<p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Karna trong Mahabharata l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Karna, sinh ra l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Surya v\u00e0 Kunti, b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh xe nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u1edf ph\u00eda sai (c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c Kaurava ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Pandava).<\/p><p>Trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Kurukshetra, \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi tay Arjuna, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u00f9ng cha kh\u00e1c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Karna \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Hindu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i b\u1edfi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh sinh ra c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Karna c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb theo d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i (Karna th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Kshatriya) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 con trai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh xe, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Sudra).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. Wendy Doniger trong &#8220;The Hindus: An Alternative History&#8221; (2009) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Karna nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Hindu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f523d8f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f523d8f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3759e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3759e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88695c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88695c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surya l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a Yama (th\u1ea7n c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft), Yami (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Yamuna), Vaivasvata Manu (t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i), Karna (anh h\u00f9ng trong Mahabharata), Shani (Th\u1ed5 tinh), Sugriva (vua kh\u1ec9 trong Ramayana) v\u00e0 Asvinikumara (c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh). S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac con c\u00e1i n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn Surya tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gia ph\u1ea3 trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 kh\u00e1c, ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. Indra, Agni, Varuna l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0. Trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, Surya \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Vishnu (Surya-Narayana) ho\u1eb7c Shiva (Surya-Bhairava), ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Surya (trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> so s\u00e1nh) l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng Soma hay Chandra. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, Soma l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng nghi l\u1ec5. S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Surya v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e1t l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Soma \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c63321 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c63321\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f8f0ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f8f0ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b6bcb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b6bcb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Sanskrit c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, Surya gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Karna trong Mahabharata l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t. Kalidasa d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 cho Surya trong &#8220;Raghuvamsha&#8221;. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed thi c\u1ee7a Tamil Nadu, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 &#8220;Silappatikaram&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;Manimekalai&#8221; (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5-6), \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Surya nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n<p>Trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Saura (gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i th\u1edd Surya), ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u1edf Bihar, Bengal v\u00e0 Odisha, Surya \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p><p>Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ri\u00eang, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Saura Purana. Ng\u00e0y nay gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Brahmin Sakaldwipiya, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m Brahmin ph\u1ee5 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1edd Surya.<\/p>\n<p>Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Surya \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t Suryaprabha (&#8220;\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi&#8221;) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba quan tr\u1ecdng. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, Surya xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ean Nyima, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Tai Yang Xing Jun. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 xuy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<p>Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp (Konark, Modhera, Martand) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Gupta \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13. Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Bazaar, Surya hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ff1b5b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ff1b5b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ec201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13ec201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599a0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599a0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Surya thu\u1ed9c l\u1edbp c\u00e1c Aditya, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u1ea7n linh V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng Iran l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Aditya-Yazata trong Avesta. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u1ea4n-Iran \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p><p>Mithra (V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0: Mitra, Iran: Mithra) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chung: b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 giao \u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Mithras La M\u00e3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1-4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Heinrich von Stietencron trong &#8220;Indische Sonnenpriester&#8221; (1966) v\u00e0 &#8220;Surya&#8221; (1981) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Iran-Scythia trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Kushana \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Surya (v\u1edbi \u1ee7ng v\u00e0 \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng). S\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 xuy\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Surya thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Mircea Eliade trong &#8220;Patterns in Comparative Religion&#8221; (1958) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. Surya l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00f4-t\u00edp ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u1ea4n-Iran c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh<\/span>. Mithra (V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0: Mitra, Iran: Mithra) l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i trung t\u00e2m. Trong c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, Mithra l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 giao \u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p><p>Trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Mithras La M\u00e3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1-4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Mithras La M\u00e3 trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Mithra Iran, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>&#8220;Les myst\u00e8res de Mithra&#8221; c\u1ee7a Frans Cumont (1900) v\u00e0 &#8220;Mithras: The Secret God&#8221; c\u1ee7a Maarten Vermaseren (1963) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xuy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Roger Beck (&#8220;The Religion of the Mithras Cult&#8221;, 2006) \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Mithra-Surya m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 di truy\u1ec1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 t\u1ea7ng \u1ea4n-Iran, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau di\u1ec5n ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>T\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mircea Eliade m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc trong &#8220;Patterns in Comparative Religion&#8221; (1958). Surya, Helios, Mithras, Sol Invictus, Aton, Inti (Inca), Amaterasu (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/p><p>Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Surya trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> Hindu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c thi\u00ean v\u0103n (c\u1ed7 xe b\u1ea3y ng\u1ef1a), gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Mitra) v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ddc340 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ddc340\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96795e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96795e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b46a729 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b46a729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p: Rig Veda (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t 1.50, 1.115, 10.37, kho\u1ea3ng 1500-1200 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), Atharva Veda, Mahabharata (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Karna), Markandeya Purana, Vishnu Purana, Bhagavata Purana, Saura Purana. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m: Aditya Hridayam (trong Ramayana, Yuddha Kanda 105), Surya Sahasranama. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh: Rig Veda c\u1ee7a Stephanie Jamison\/Joel Brereton (2014), Markandeya Purana c\u1ee7a F. Eden Pargiter (1904).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Heinrich von Stietencron &#8220;Indische Sonnenpriester&#8221; (1966) v\u00e0 &#8220;Surya&#8221; (1981).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>David Kinsley &#8220;Hindu Goddesses&#8221; (1986, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Aditya).<\/span><\/li><li>Wendy Doniger &#8220;Hindu Myths&#8221; (1975).<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>J. C. Heesterman &#8220;The Inner Conflict of Tradition&#8221; (1985).<\/span><\/li><li>Vasudeva S. Agrawala &#8220;Solar Symbolism in the Vedas&#8221;.<\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong <a href=\"\/vi\/literatur\/\">danh m\u1ee5c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Surya, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o Surya l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean c\u1ed7 xe do ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o b\u0103ng qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. Surya l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o. T\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 &#8220;M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi&#8221;. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3231,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Surya","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Surya - Th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Surya l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, c\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ed7 xe b\u1ea3y ng\u1ef1a. Cha c\u1ee7a Yama v\u00e0 Manu, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Saurism - \u0111\u1ec1n Konark v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-90008","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Surya - Th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Surya l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, c\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ed7 xe b\u1ea3y ng\u1ef1a. 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