{"id":89978,"date":"2026-08-03T02:00:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T02:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/preta-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T02:01:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T02:01:00","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89978\" class=\"elementor elementor-89978 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, linh h\u1ed3n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p><p><strong>Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u1edbi c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 kim, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tham.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Linh h\u1ed3n: Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda. C\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\">Linh h\u1ed3n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t.\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a><a href=\"\/vi\/totengeister\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00f5i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, vong linh b\u1ea5t an.\">Vong linh<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1678\" alt=\"Preta - Geister aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta (Pali: Peta) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i b\u1ee5ng ph\u00ecnh to v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 kim, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0103n hay u\u1ed1ng.<\/p><p>H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tham trong nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c: ai l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, s\u1ed1ng b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n, bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh trong c\u00f5i Preta v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Petavatthu (thu\u1ed9c Pali T\u1ea1ng), c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Preta \u0111ang s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kinh<\/span> Vu Lan (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u201a\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba'; m\u1ed9t trong ba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.\">\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba<\/span>) k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Preta v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u b\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Ng\u1ea1 Qu\u1ef7 (Ullambana, ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 Vu Lan b\u1ed3n, ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 Obon) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ef7 kh\u00e1c, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nghi l\u1ec5 theo l\u1ecbch n\u0103m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, t\u00e1i sinh trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<br>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c: H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng keo ki\u1ec7t, ghen t\u1ecb, tham lam, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 th\u00ed<br>V\u0103n b\u1ea3n: Petavatthu (Pali), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, Jatakas<br>Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay<br>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i trung t\u00e2m: Hungry Ghost Festival \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> Pali t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u1edbi Petavatthu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai chi ti\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba; m\u1ed9t trong ba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t.\">Mahayana<\/span> th\u00f4ng qua Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (l\u1ecbch C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 k\u1ef3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Trung v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Ma \u0110\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Obon t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Nara. Th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theravada: Sri Lanka, Th\u00e1i Lan, Myanmar, L\u00e0o, Campuchia (g\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng). \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba: Trung Qu\u1ed1c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Vi\u1ec7t Nam (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba'; h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c M\u1eadt th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Yidam v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m.\">Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba<\/span>: T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Hungary, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, Kazakhstan. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng diaspora hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (Pali, thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh Khuddaka Nikaya), Vimanavatthu (l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu b\u1ed5 sung), Kinh Ullambana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Im Hinduismus und Buddhismus ein Lehrtext in knapper Form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Sanskrit\/ti\u1ebfng Trung), Jataka, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng T\u1eed th\u01b0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Hungry Ghost Festival.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; Pali <em>peta<\/em>; d\u1ea1ng n\u1eef <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>Ti\u1ebfng Trung: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3i&#8221;).<br>Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt: <em>Gaki<\/em>.<br>Ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng: <em>yidag<\/em>.<br>T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean: t\u1eeb <em>pra-i<\/em> &#8220;\u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc&#8221;, nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t&#8221;, sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7.<\/p><p>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Veda, <em>preta<\/em> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00e1i sinh. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o, quy lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp theo.\">nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean l\u1edbp preta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p><p>B\u1ee5ng ph\u00ecnh to kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 kim, t\u1ee9 chi g\u1ea7y gu\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, \u00e1nh m\u1eaft th\u00e8m thu\u1ed3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 mi\u1ec7ng l\u1eeda (m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh l\u1eeda). 36 lo\u1ea1i preta theo ma qu\u1ef7 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 ri\u00eang.<\/p><p><strong>H\u00e0nh vi<\/strong><\/p><p>Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0103n. B\u1ecb nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3i m\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t. Th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ee7; th\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. B\u1ecb thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n b\u1edfi m\u00f9i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong><\/p><p>C\u00f5i Pretaloka (c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7) ri\u00eang trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, chia s\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1edbi c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng \u00e2m l\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c &#8220;th\u1ea3 ra&#8221; t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p><p><strong>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p><p>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1i sinh. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 keo ki\u1ec7t, ganh gh\u00e9t, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp c\u1ee7a c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3, th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kalpa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Preta trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00e1i sinh do nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 keo ki\u1ec7t, ganh gh\u00e9t, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc<\/span> Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea5u t\u00edch l\u0169y. Trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (preta t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u1ee5ng ph\u00ecnh to, mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1ecf, c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 kim, t\u1ee9 chi g\u1ea7y gu\u1ed9c. Mi\u1ec7ng l\u1eeda trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. 36 lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 ri\u00eang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u00e3i \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0103n. Theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec tham lam, b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecf b\u00ea t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> Ullambana (h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn preta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3), t\u1ee5ng Kinh Ullambana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Im Hinduismus und Buddhismus ein Lehrtext in knapper Form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 g\u1ea1o. Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba; h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c M\u1eadt th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Yidam l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m.\">Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba<\/span>: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> Tsok v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Preta<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E Gui (ti\u1ebfng Trung), Gaki (ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Pishacha, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng luy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n trung gian c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ullambana\/L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Ma \u0111\u00f3i<\/strong><\/p><p>V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y \u00e2m l\u1ecbch (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m), theo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft<\/span>, c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c m\u1edf ra, c\u00e1c Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. C\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang<\/span>, t\u1ee5ng kinh, l\u1eadp b\u00e0n th\u1edd. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1.<\/p><p><strong>Obon t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/p><p>T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp trong d\u1ecbp Obon (th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb 13 \u0111\u1ebfn 16 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m). C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa Bon-Odori, l\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0, vi\u1ebfng m\u1ed9. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 (Mulian\/Maudgalyayana) mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">Nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> trong \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/p><p>Trong Theravada: d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00fang c\u00e1c Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 trong b\u1eefa Pindapata. Trong Vajrayana: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang<\/span> kh\u00f3i Sur, h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 &#8220;Cho Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 \u0103n&#8221; h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong Mahayana: n\u1ed9p t\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t l\u00ean c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong Hindu gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd d\u1ea1ng s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">kinh<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 xuy\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/p><p>E Gui (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), Gaki (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. Pishacha (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o) chia s\u1ebb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00f4-t\u00edp<\/span> \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0103n x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> v\u00e0 Lemures c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n trung gian c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p><p><strong>Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i:<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (Thich Nhat Hanh) di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i preta theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m l\u00fd: tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i, preta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p><p><strong>V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang:<\/strong> Anime v\u00e0 manga Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00e1c m\u00f4-t\u00edp Gaki. Hungry Ghost Festival \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i fantasy ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, preta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt ri\u00eang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh th\u00e0nh <em>preta<\/em> (Pali <em>peta<\/em>) trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vong linh trong Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh Khuddaka Nikaya c\u1ee7a Kinh t\u1ea1ng Pali, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quy s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i keo ki\u1ec7t, tham lam, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu.<\/p><p>H\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, nay kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 kim v\u00e0 b\u1ee5ng to l\u1edbn, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n g\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. <em>Petavatthu<\/em> k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u00e2ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u01b0 th\u1ed1i cho kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nay ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1eafng ch\u1eedi c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 v\u00e0 nay \u0111i lang thang v\u1edbi mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa.<\/p><p>B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Dhammapala, <em>Petavatthu-atthakatha<\/em>, quy m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn nh\u1edd nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p><p>Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung gian trong s\u00e1u c\u00f5i t\u00e1i sinh, gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u00fac sinh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u01a1i tra t\u1ea5n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 hai b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh preta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u0103n \u0111e l\u00f2ng keo ki\u1ec7t. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (<em>dana<\/em>): l\u00f2ng r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7.<\/p><p>V\u00ec v\u1eady, preta \u00edt l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh h\u00e3i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ef1c quan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i vong linh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vi\u1ec7c c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. C\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong <em>Tirokudda Sutta<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 Kinh Khuddaka Nikaya, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng nh\u00e2n danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t cho T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i sinh th\u00e0nh preta.<\/p><p>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c (<em>pattidana<\/em>): ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c qua m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 hoan h\u1ec9 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i vong linh l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1.<\/p><p>\u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>Yulanpen<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng \u00e2m l\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 <em>Kinh Yulanpen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Im Hinduismus und Buddhismus ein Lehrtext in knapper Form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em>, k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng s\u0129 Maudgalyayana: \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u1ea7n m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u b\u00e0, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a an c\u01b0.<\/p><p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i do \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi logic c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p><p>Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ee9c \u0103n, \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y l\u00ean, kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Theravada \u1edf Sri Lanka v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 nh\u00e2n danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, sau ba th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m.<\/p><p>Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> <em>sur<\/em>, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt kh\u00f3i t\u1eeb th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u00ec c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c.<\/p><p>Nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng preta trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n xa v\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc trong B\u00e1nh xe Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong <em>bhavachakra<\/em>, b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trang tr\u00ed l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tu vi\u1ec7n T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. V\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7.<\/p><p>Quy \u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: t\u1ee9 chi g\u1ea7y gu\u1ed9c, b\u1ee5ng ph\u00ecnh to, c\u1ed5 d\u00e0i m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1ecf x\u00edu, th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 kim. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0103n.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c preta v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng t\u1eb7ng h\u1ecd gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee9c \u0103n. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con s\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ee7, m\u00e1u ho\u1eb7c l\u1eeda khi ch\u00fang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng u\u1ed1ng.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00eam c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n ra preta v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c \u0103n; preta v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn; v\u00e0 preta m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong <em>Juwelenschmuck der Befreiung<\/em> c\u1ee7a Gampopa t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai.<\/p><p>Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Cu\u1ed9n tranh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Heian, hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng \u1edf Tokyo v\u00e0 Kyoto, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u00e0 x\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00fang t\u1ebf, s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn ra.<\/p><p>Cu\u1ed9n tranh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 preta trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Veda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef <em>preta<\/em> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ng\u1eef t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 <em>pra<\/em> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Veda v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 k\u1ef3, <em>preta<\/em> ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi m\u1ea5t, \u0111ang \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 tang ma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <em>pitr<\/em>, t\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nghi l\u1ec5 Hindu. C\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 <em>shraddha<\/em>, l\u1ec5 c\u00fang th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a preta b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.<\/p><p>N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ho\u1eb7c ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft x\u1ea5u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t nh\u01b0 preta b\u1ea5t an. Trong quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, preta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp nguy hi\u1ec3m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p><p>Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung gian t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u c\u00f5i t\u00e1i sinh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1i sinh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p><p>M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 tang ma v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean sang kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c cho m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5.<\/p><p>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c chung n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tang l\u1ec5 Hindu v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nam \u00c1.<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng preta Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb h\u01b0 v\u00f4, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. Ai mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed Veda v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2u \u00c1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 c\u0169ng lan r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Theravada nh\u01b0 Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Th\u00e1i Lan, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Campuchia, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Kinh t\u1ea1ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pali<\/span> v\u00e0 <em>Petavatthu<\/em> v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p><p>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 preta \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00f2a l\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 <em>phi<\/em> c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lan, khi\u1ebfn ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vong linh b\u1ea5t an kh\u00e1c.<\/p><p>\u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao. Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, ti\u1ebfng Trung l\u00e0 <em>egui<\/em>, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ecf b\u00ea ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span> c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t.<\/p><p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i vong linh th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m, khi c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c m\u1edf ra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vong linh lang thang. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian.<\/p><p>Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n lam-rim v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nghi l\u1ec5 ri\u00eang v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt kh\u00f3i <em>sur<\/em>. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng <em>yidak<\/em>, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a preta, \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00ec b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i tu vi\u1ec7n.<\/p><p>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong l\u1ec5 Obon. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef <em>gaki<\/em> th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ph\u00e0m \u0103n ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng preta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Li\u00ean k\u1ebft tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/buddhismus\/\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, Yamaduta, <a href=\"\/vi\/naraka-waechter\/\">Naraka-W\u00e4chter<\/a>, <a href=\"\/vi\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li>E <a href=\"\/vi\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (Trung Qu\u1ed1c), <a href=\"\/vi\/pishacha\/\">Pishacha<\/a> (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o), c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu nh\u01b0 m\u00f4-t\u00edp ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n)<\/li><li>L\u1ec5 Ullambana\/Obon<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 Preta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong <a href=\"\/vi\/literatur\/\">danh m\u1ee5c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. iWell Guard k\u1ebf th\u1eeba d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111eo mang v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. <a href=\"\/vi\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 Preta<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Preta trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3><p>Preta (Sanskrit c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 Yi-dvags) trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u c\u00f5i t\u00e1i sinh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt v\u1edbi d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 kim: ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh tro ngay khi ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o mi\u1ec7ng ch\u00fang.<\/p><p>Trong bhavachakra (b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng), ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3: s\u1ef1 keo ki\u1ec7t, tham lam, \u00edch k\u1ef7 khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng; ai trong \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sinh ki\u1ebfp sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t preta \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3><p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 (ti\u1ebfng Trung Yulanpen, ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt Obon, ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0n Baekjung) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng \u00e2m l\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Maudgalyayana, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh trong c\u00f5i ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u00e2ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho b\u00e0.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng qua T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a an c\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa (Bon Odori) v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 th\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e8n hoa \u0111\u0103ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Preta trong Ph\\u1eadt gi\\u00e1o l\\u00e0 g\\u00ec?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Preta (Sanskrit c\\u00f3 ngh\\u0129a l\\u00e0 ng\\u01b0\\u1eddi \\u0111\\u00e3 khu\\u1ea5t, ti\\u1ebfng T\\u00e2y T\\u1ea1ng l\\u00e0 Yi-dvags) trong Ph\\u1eadt gi\\u00e1o l\\u00e0 ng\\u1ea1 qu\\u1ef7, m\\u1ed9t trong s\\u00e1u c\\u00f5i t\\u00e1i sinh. \\u0110\\u00e2y l\\u00e0 nh\\u1eefng sinh v\\u1eadt v\\u1edbi d\\u1ea1 d\\u00e0y to l\\u1edbn v\\u00e0 mi\\u1ec7ng nh\\u1ecf ho\\u1eb7c c\\u1ed5 h\\u1ecdng m\\u1ea3nh nh\\u01b0 kim: ch\\u00fang kh\\u00f4ng bao gi\\u1edd \\u0111\\u01b0\\u1ee3c no, v\\u00ec m\\u1ecdi th\\u1ee9c \\u0103n \\u0111\\u1ec1u h\\u00f3a th\\u00e0nh tro ngay khi ch\\u1ea1m v\\u00e0o mi\\u1ec7ng ch\\u00fang. 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L\\u1ec5 h\\u1ed9i b\\u1eaft ngu\\u1ed3n t\\u1eeb c\\u00e2u chuy\\u1ec7n c\\u1ee7a Maudgalyayana, m\\u1ed9t \\u0111\\u1ec7 t\\u1eed c\\u1ee7a \\u0110\\u1ee9c Ph\\u1eadt, ng\\u01b0\\u1eddi nh\\u00ecn th\\u1ea5y m\\u1eb9 m\\u00ecnh trong c\\u00f5i ng\\u1ea1 qu\\u1ef7 v\\u00e0 kh\\u00f4ng th\\u1ec3 tr\\u1ef1c ti\\u1ebfp d\\u00e2ng th\\u1ee9c \\u0103n cho b\\u00e0. \\u0110\\u1ee9c Ph\\u1eadt d\\u1ea1y \\u00f4ng r\\u1eb1ng c\\u00fang d\\u01b0\\u1eddng qua T\\u0103ng \\u0111o\\u00e0n v\\u00e0o cu\\u1ed1i m\\u00f9a an c\\u01b0 c\\u00f3 th\\u1ec3 \\u0111\\u1ebfn \\u0111\\u01b0\\u1ee3c v\\u1edbi c\\u00e1c ng\\u1ea1 qu\\u1ef7. T\\u1eeb \\u0111\\u00f3 ra \\u0111\\u1eddi l\\u1ec5 h\\u1ed9i l\\u1edbn c\\u1ee7a \\u0110\\u00f4ng \\u00c1 v\\u1edbi c\\u00e1c l\\u1ec5 v\\u1eadt c\\u00fang cho ng\\u01b0\\u1eddi \\u0111\\u00e3 m\\u1ea5t, c\\u00e1c \\u0111i\\u1ec7u m\\u00faa (Bon Odori) v\\u00e0 l\\u1ec5 th\\u1ea3 \\u0111\\u00e8n hoa \\u0111\\u0103ng mang t\\u00ednh bi\\u1ec3u t\\u01b0\\u1ee3ng.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Preta, linh h\u1ed3n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Preta l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u1edbi c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 kim, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tham. Linh h\u1ed3nPh\u1eadt gi\u00e1oVong linh M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c Preta Preta (Pali: Peta) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta - Linh h\u1ed3n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Preta (Pali: Peta) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. 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