{"id":89934,"date":"2026-08-03T01:52:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T01:52:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/marduk-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T01:52:26","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T01:52:26","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89934\" class=\"elementor elementor-89934 elementor-1880\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, th\u1ea7n linh trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Babylon v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Babylon, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n linh t\u1ed1i cao. Marduk \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7n mang v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Babylon \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Babylon ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Babylon d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Hammurabi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qua Enuma Elish, s\u1eed thi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon.<\/p><p>Marduk \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n mang trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (kho\u1ea3ng 3500 tr. CN \u0111\u1ebfn 330 tr. CN).\">L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0<\/a><a href=\"\/vi\/hochgottheiten\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c cai tr\u1ecb.\">Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1635\" alt=\"Marduk - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Babylon<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span>: Babylon (ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Babylon), Assur (th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Bel)<br>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, b\u00e3o t\u1ed1, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, kinh t\u1ebf<br>\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh: r\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh (Mushhushshu), cu\u1ed1c x\u1ebbng (marru), m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n cao<br>C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh: Babylon (\u0111\u1ec1n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Esagila<\/span> v\u1edbi th\u00e1p zikkurat Etemenanki), Borsippa (con trai Nabu)<br>\u0110\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u00ean v\u0103n: Sao M\u1ed9c (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 2 tr. CN) v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Babylon. V\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Hammurabi (kho\u1ea3ng 1750 tr. CN) th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n. Trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Babylon m\u1edbi (Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnezzar II) l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (s\u1eed thi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr. CN) x\u00e1c l\u1eadp Marduk l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb con r\u1ed3ng h\u1ed7n mang Tiamat. Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> c\u00f9ng th\u00e1p zikkurat <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (&#8220;Th\u00e1p Babel&#8221;) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 <strong>Babylon<\/strong> v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> <em>Esagila<\/em> v\u00e0 th\u00e1p zikkurat <em>Etemenanki<\/em>. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Borsippa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a con trai Nabu), Sippar, Nineveh (th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p).<\/p><p>L\u1ec5 <em>Akitu<\/em> h\u00e0ng n\u0103m (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i<\/span> n\u0103m m\u1edbi, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Nisan) l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n gian l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Babylon; Marduk \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> trang tr\u1ecdng qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u00e0 vua gia h\u1ea1n s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Achaemenid v\u00e0 Seleucid l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n; v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 CN, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu: <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (s\u1eed thi s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf, 7 b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t), <em>Bia <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">Hammurabi<\/span><\/em> (Marduk trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c), s\u1eed thi <em>Erra<\/em>, c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia ho\u00e0ng gia T\u00e2n Babylon (Nabopolassar, Nebuchadnezzar II, Nabonidus). T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ti\u1ebfng Akkad:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK trong ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam), ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;Con b\u00ea c\u1ee7a Utu&#8221; ho\u1eb7c &#8220;Con c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng&#8221;, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i. Bi\u1ec7t danh: <em>Bel<\/em> (&#8220;Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3&#8221;, danh x\u01b0ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Hellenistic), <em>Merodach<\/em> (phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfng Sumer: &#8220;Vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf&#8221;).<\/p><p>50 danh hi\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc: Trong Enuma Elish, Marduk \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao 50 danh hi\u1ec7u, m\u1ed7i danh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Babylon kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh: &#8220;Bel&#8221; trong Jeremiah v\u00e0 Daniel; &#8220;Merodach&#8221; l\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n Hellenistic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 r\u00e2u, ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0ng gia. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1eebng (<em>agus<\/em>) nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang bao quanh \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng.<\/p><p>Trong tay \u00f4ng c\u1ea7m cu\u1ed1c x\u1ebbng <em>Marru<\/em>, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Con r\u1ed3ng Mushhushshu (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sirrush), m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 t\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n sau c\u1ee7a v\u1ecbt, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t linh v\u1eadt c\u01b0\u1ee1i ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh.<\/p><p><strong>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb h\u1ed7n mang. Trong Enuma Elish, \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1eef th\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Tiamat, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u00e2n x\u00e1c b\u00e0. Qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan mang t\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p><p>\u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, quan t\u00f2a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Babylon, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m m\u1edbi Akitu, n\u01a1i quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia h\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m.<\/p><p><strong>Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Marduk<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, c\u00f3 r\u00e2u v\u1edbi m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n cao (<em>Marru<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi h\u00e0o quang v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1c.<\/p><p>B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u00ecnh \u00f4ng mang thanh ki\u1ebfm l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1c. Trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Linh v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con r\u1ed3ng <em>Tiamat<\/em> (ho\u1eb7c con r\u1ed3ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u <em>Ushum<\/em>), m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ed7n mang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Marduk trong t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a <em>Ea<\/em> (Enki, th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 <em>Damkina<\/em>. Trong <em>Enuma Elish<\/em>, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n tr\u1ebb, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1eef th\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y <em>Tiamat<\/em> (r\u1ed3ng h\u1ed7n mang) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u00e0; t\u1eeb th\u00e2n x\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>Cha c\u1ee7a <em>Nabu<\/em> (th\u1ea7n th\u01b0 k\u00fd), phu qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a <em>Sarpanitu<\/em>. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <em>50 danh hi\u1ec7u<\/em> g\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c (s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Marduk<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Babylon, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 vua nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb tay Marduk. \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (trong Enuma Elish), ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Babylon. Th\u1ea7n b\u00e3o t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (trong vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng). Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef; ng\u00f4i sao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (Sao M\u1ed9c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n cao v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp d\u00e0i. \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: <em>cu\u1ed1c x\u1ebbng<\/em> (marru, v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o), cung, t\u00ean, ki\u1ebfm. Linh v\u1eadt t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng: con r\u1ed3ng <em>Mushhushshu<\/em> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau.\" tabindex=\"0\">sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p<\/span> mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eafn &#8211; s\u01b0 t\u1eed &#8211; chim), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Marduk tr\u00ean C\u1ed5ng Ishtar c\u1ee7a Babylon. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau Babylon m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1c x\u1ebbng tr\u00ean tay.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng:<\/strong> Marduk \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Babylon trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, \u0111\u00e1m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trang tr\u1ecdng.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> Akitu h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Esagila l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c.<\/p><p>Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> Akitu h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m: \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u1ebf l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Marduk. C\u00e1c nghi th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m: kinh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n trong l\u00fac b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, kinh c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 trong l\u00fac kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cu\u1ed1c x\u1ebbng (marru), m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n cao, cung, t\u00ean, ki\u1ebfm, r\u1ed3ng Mushhushshu (linh v\u1eadt t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> Esagila, th\u00e1p zikkurat Etemenanki, \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh (trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng). Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt linh thi\u00eang: c\u00e2y tamarisk. Ng\u00f4i sao linh thi\u00eang: Sao M\u1ed9c. S\u1ed1 linh thi\u00eang: 50 (c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Marduk).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bel<\/em> (danh x\u01b0ng Assyria, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3&#8221;), <em>Ashur<\/em> (Assyria, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Assyria), <em>Anu<\/em> (L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (La M\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t qua Sao M\u1ed9c theo thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t), <em>Indra<\/em> (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t v\u00e0 ch\u1edbp), <em>Thor<\/em> (Germanic, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. Trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt: c\u00e1c bia k\u00fd ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 ban ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.\" tabindex=\"0\">ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh<\/span> c\u1ee7a Marduk, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft Marduk, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi t\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t.<\/p><p>Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang t\u01b0, Marduk \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u00edt trung t\u00e2m h\u01a1n. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\" tabindex=\"0\">L\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Ishtar ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh Gula.<\/p><p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon mang t\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a &#8220;Marduk&#8221; (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Merodach-Baladan: &#8220;Marduk \u0111\u00e3 ban cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai&#8221;), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marduk v\u00e0o t\u01b0 duy h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Akitu, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m m\u1edbi, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00f9ng nhau m\u1eebng s\u1ef1 gia h\u1ea1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Marduk; vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Babylon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Hy L\u1ea1p:<\/strong> Zeus v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. C\u1ea3 hai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb h\u1ed7n mang sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Titan. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t \u1edf Zeus m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p><p><strong>Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o:<\/strong> Indra v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Deva. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3.\" tabindex=\"0\">M\u00f4-t\u00edp<\/span> chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi r\u1ed3ng (Indra ch\u1ed1ng Vritra) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> song song c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Indra c\u0169ng c\u1ea7m s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t (Vajra) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (Rta).<\/p><p><strong>Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ai C\u1eadp:<\/strong> Ra v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Maat (tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi). Trong khi Marduk ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n mang th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u00eam mang t\u00ednh chu k\u1ef3 (chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng con r\u1eafn Apophis). M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p><p><strong>Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Hittite:<\/strong> Teshub v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng qua <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Kumarbi, chia s\u1ebb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00f4-t\u00edp<\/span> chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u r\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Marduk. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Teshub ch\u1ed1ng con r\u1eafn Illuyanka l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Tiamat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enuma Elish: s\u1eed thi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Marduk l\u00e0 s\u1eed thi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Babylon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (&#8220;Khi tr\u00ean cao&#8221;). N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3y b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Assyria Ashurbanipal \u1edf Nineveh, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a h\u01a1n.<\/p><p>Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i; nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c Babylon trung \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>S\u1eed thi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua <a href=\"\/vi\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat<\/a> v\u00e0 Apsu, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. Khi Tiamat tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n gi\u00e0 d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi b\u00e0. Marduk t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n xung phong nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p>H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ea7n linh ban cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Marduk \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Tiamat trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, chia \u0111\u00f4i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c b\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb hai n\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh th\u1ea7n linh phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, Kingu, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n. Khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho Marduk th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Babylon c\u00f9ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> Esagila.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Elish<\/em> v\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trung l\u1eadp m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Babylon v\u00e0 Marduk. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00ednh Babylon n\u00ean l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p><p>B\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t t\u1ee5ng ca g\u1ed3m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Marduk, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila v\u00e0 Etemenanki: \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Marduk v\u00e0 Th\u00e1p Babel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n Marduk<\/span> g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u1edbi Babylon. Ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 <em>Esagila<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00fat&#8221;. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1p b\u1eadc thang <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t&#8221;, m\u1ed9t ziggurat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p><p><em>Etemenanki<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u coi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1p Babel.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c di t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y t\u1eeb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eeb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Herodotus, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Vua Babylon Nebuchadnezzar II \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>Trong Esagila c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Marduk. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hittite v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Assyria, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda qu\u1ed1c gia; vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng.<\/p><p>B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n.<\/p><p>Ngo\u00e0i ra, Babylon c\u00f2n c\u00f3 <em>Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng R\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5<\/em>, ch\u1ea1y qua c\u1ed5ng Ishtar n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed1p b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch men v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00fa. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, trong d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 n\u0103m m\u1edbi, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trang tr\u1ecdng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111o\u00e0n r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Babylon do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd Marduk, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m m\u1edbi Akitu: nghi l\u1ec5, v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chu k\u1ef3 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Marduk l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 <em>Akitu<\/em>, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n trong kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu k\u1ef3, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n nghi l\u1ec5 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y, d\u00f9 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng.<\/p><p>Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a Marduk. Qua \u0111\u00f3, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed7n mang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n theo nghi l\u1ec5: l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span>.<\/p><p>V\u1ecb t\u1ebf t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng ho\u00e0ng gia, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng th\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec sai tr\u00e1i. Ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">Nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> n\u00e0y g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u1edbi Marduk v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n linh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Babylon v\u00e0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Qua \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Marduk v\u00e0 Babylon so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Myth-and-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>, th\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ec5 <em>Akitu<\/em> m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c sinh. C\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Babylon v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u1eeb th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n: s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn. Trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Babylon, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u s\u01a1 k\u1ef3. S\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Babylon.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hammurabi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, khi Babylon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c chi ph\u1ed1i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, Marduk d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 vua th\u1ea7n Sumer c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a <a href=\"\/vi\/enlil\/\">Enlil<\/a> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 <a href=\"\/vi\/enki\/\">Ea<\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1eed thi l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a Marduk.<\/p><p>Danh s\u00e1ch t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao n\u00e0y: b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch Marduk nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec v\u1eady Babylon bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/p><p>Bi\u1ec7t danh c\u1ee7a Marduk th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 <em>Bel<\/em>, &#8220;Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3&#8221;, m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh Hebrew l\u00e0 <em>Bel<\/em>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri Jeremiah v\u00e0 Isaiah, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Babylon.<\/p><p>Con trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u01b0 k\u00fd <a href=\"\/vi\/nabu\/\">Nab\u00fb<\/a> c\u1ee7a Borsippa, s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Marduk. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00ec v\u1eady cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Li\u00ean k\u1ebft tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/vi\/enki\/\">Ea\/Enki, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/nabu\/\">Nabu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ed7n mang b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 trang ri\u00eang)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/anu\/\">Anu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/mesopotamien\/\">L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, t\u1ed5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/hochgottheiten\/\">Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao, danh m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/goetter\/\">Th\u1ea7n linh, t\u1ed5ng quan danh m\u1ee5c<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma &#8220;Marduk&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong <a href=\"\/vi\/literatur\/\">danh m\u1ee5c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Marduk l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Babylon v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon. Enuma Elish, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Babylon, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch Marduk \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i con r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Tiamat v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u00e2n x\u00e1c b\u00e0. Marduk ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Sumer Enlil trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu Akkad.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Marduk l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Marduk l\u00e0 Akitu, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n. Trong \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Enuma Elish \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng khai, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Marduk t\u1eeb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> Esagila \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> qua Babylon v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i trong ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Akitu \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh chu k\u1ef3 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Marduk l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Marduk l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Babylon v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon. Enuma Elish, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Babylon, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch Marduk \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i con r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Tiamat v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u00e2n x\u00e1c b\u00e0. Marduk ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Sumer Enlil trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu Akkad.\"}},\n    {\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Marduk l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Marduk l\u00e0 Akitu, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n. Trong \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Enuma Elish \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng khai, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Marduk t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec1n Esagila \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc qua Babylon v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i trong ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Akitu \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh chu k\u1ef3 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon.\"}}\n  ]\n}\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Marduk, th\u1ea7n linh trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Babylon v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Babylon, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n linh t\u1ed1i cao. Marduk \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n linh L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marduk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marduk - Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n Babylon v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n mang","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"T\u1eeb th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Tiamat, \u0111\u1ec1n Esagil, l\u1ec5 Akitu, 50 danh hi\u1ec7u, r\u1ed3ng 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