{"id":89834,"date":"2026-08-03T01:22:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T01:22:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/buddha-gautama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T01:22:42","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T01:22:42","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89834\" class=\"elementor elementor-89834 elementor-3035\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i &#8211; t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p><p>Trong khi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, th\u00ec ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1eadm m\u00e0u s\u1eafc h\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc k\u00e9p, x\u1eed l\u00fd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy g\u00e1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/buddhismus\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb canh gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.\">Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3273\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e0i&#8221; v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1c 563 \u0111\u1ebfn 483 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, Heinz Bechert trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch (&#8220;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 \u0111\u1ebfn 1997) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho &#8220;ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn&#8221; v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u0103m sinh &#8211; m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 480 \u0111\u1ebfn 400 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m m\u1ea5t trong kho\u1ea3ng 410 \u0111\u1ebfn 380 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (&#8220;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u00e0i h\u01a1n.<\/p><p>Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua Maurya, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ashoka, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0: Siddhartha sinh ra tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Shakya t\u1ea1i Lumbini \u1edf ph\u00eda nam d\u00e3y Himalaya, cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Suddhodana &#8211; m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1eadp theo ngh\u0129a sau n\u00e0y. Lumbini n\u1eb1m \u1edf Nepal ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p><p>Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 Ashoka t\u1ea1i Lumbini, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ghi r\u00f5 t\u00ean n\u01a1i sinh. Klaus-Josef Notz (&#8220;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee5c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0103n bia<\/span> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t g\u1eafn \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed trong Pali T\u1ea1ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ngu\u1ed3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Kinh n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i, cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Rajagriha \u0111\u1ebfn Kushinagara v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e2y Sala. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean ni\u00ean du h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c kinh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26) thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i theo ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chia tay v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh Alara Kalama v\u00e0 Uddaka Ramaputta.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Sanskrit t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;B\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n du ngo\u1ea1n&#8221; n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e0ng Siddhartha tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong l\u1edbp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng kinh.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fang c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00f4-t\u00edp<\/span> th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t gia. Edward Conze (&#8220;Der Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c m\u1eabu k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh ti\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Sarnath, Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ed1n &#8220;Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf&#8221;: s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi kh\u1ed5 (dukkha), kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c (tanha), s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 (nirodha), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>T\u00e1m chi ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0: ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng, ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 l\u00f5i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy g\u00e1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (&#8220;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996) x\u1ebfp T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a y h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh, li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng y h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 &#8220;th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c&#8221;. Do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng suy \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sau khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Bodh Gaya, m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 45 n\u0103m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Magadha, Kosala v\u00e0 Videha. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Sarnath, Rajagriha (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng thi\u00eang li\u00eang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u1eebng<\/span> Veluvana) v\u00e0 Shravasti (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng thi\u00eang li\u00eang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">r\u1eebng<\/span> Jetavana). T\u1ecbnh x\u00e1 sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Anathapindika d\u00e2ng t\u1eb7ng cho T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/p><p>T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m: t\u1ef3 kheo (bhikkhu), t\u1ef3 kheo ni (bhikkhuni), nam c\u01b0 s\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u01b0 s\u0129. Vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef xu\u1ea5t gia, do Ananda v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 nu\u00f4i Mahapajapati l\u00e0m trung gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong Cullavagga (Vinaya-Pitaka). Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, song t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u1edf Sanchi v\u00e0 Bharhut (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng qua ngai tr\u1ed1ng, d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n, b\u00e1nh xe Ph\u00e1p (dharmacakra), c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Gandhara t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc mang h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p><p>Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai &#8220;h\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edbng&#8221; (mahapurusalaksana) trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n sau n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m Ushnisha (nh\u1ee5c k\u1ebf), Urna (b\u1ea1ch h\u00e0o), d\u00e1i tai k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hoa sen tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u1ea5n (mudra) m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng: x\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea5n (bhumisparsha), th\u00ed v\u00f4 \u00fay \u1ea5n (abhaya), chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n \u1ea5n (dharmacakra) v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5n (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Sau \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, tro c\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia cho t\u00e1m v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p. Ashoka \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i x\u00e1 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0o 84.000 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi.<\/p><p>Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3o th\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Maurya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft &#8220;tam th\u00e2n&#8221; (trikaya): h\u00f3a th\u00e2n (nirmanakaya), trong \u0111\u00f3 Siddhartha hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, b\u00e1o th\u00e2n (sambhogakaya) v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ph\u00e1p<\/span> th\u00e2n (dharmakaya) nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian.<\/p><p>Trong Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kinh<\/span> (Kinh Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kinh<\/span>, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), Shakyamuni ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Donald Lopez (&#8220;The Story of Buddhism&#8221;, San Francisco 2001) ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell v\u00e0 Donald Lopez (&#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014) ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2u \u00c1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn di\u1ec5n ra song song v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Bechert cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng vang trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf Sri Lanka, Th\u00e1i Lan hay T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Pali v\u00e0 Sanskrit v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u1edbi &#8220;Introduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien&#8221; (Paris 1844). Hermann Oldenberg k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o qua &#8220;Buddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8221; (Berlin 1881).<\/p><p>Schopenhauer ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u00f4-t\u00edp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o qua trung gian v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo Theravada Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong v\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Pali c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Lotus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng s\u00fac t\u00edch.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (Hg.), &#8220;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, 3 B\u00e4nde, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 bis 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, &#8220;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8220;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, &#8220;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, &#8220;Der Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, &#8220;The Story of Buddhism&#8221;, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, &#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, &#8220;Buddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8221;, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tu s\u0129 s\u01a1 khai v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ngay trong th\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. Ngay trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf Vaishali (kho\u1ea3ng 100 n\u0103m sau \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n).<\/p><p>Theravadins (&#8220;Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o&#8221;) v\u00e0 Mahasanghikas (&#8220;\u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9&#8221;) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m tranh c\u00e3i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc Vinaya.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb Mahasanghikas, qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, trong khi d\u00f2ng Theravada ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u1edf Sri Lanka. Heinz Bechert trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i s\u1edbm n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai, v\u00ec n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 Ashoka nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u m\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c v\u0103n bia c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Maurya Ashoka (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng 268 \u0111\u1ebfn 232 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i sinh v\u00e0 n\u01a1i gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n. C\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea1i Lumbini (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee5c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0103n bia<\/span> Rummindei, 250 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u n\u01a1i sinh.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee5c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0103n bia<\/span> kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Nigali Sagar \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ean l\u00e0 Konagamana, cho th\u1ea5y Ashoka \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 m\u00e0 Shakyamuni l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c v\u0103n bia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00ec ch\u00fang x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Qua \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n (deva) trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0. Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1i sinh v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p><p>Indra (trong ti\u1ebfng Pali l\u00e0 Sakka), Brahma, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sinh \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f5i cao h\u01a1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p><p>H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o &#8211; Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Klaus-Josef Notz \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y trong &#8220;Buddhismus&#8221; l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh&#8221;. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaya v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt (Vinaya) \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ef3 kheo v\u00e0 t\u1ef3 kheo ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Vinaya-Pitaka l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo t\u1eebng l\u1edbp, l\u00f5i c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. 227 quy t\u1eafc Patimokkha d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ef3 kheo (311 cho t\u1ef3 kheo ni) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh y ph\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng trong bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 Uposatha, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span>, ngay sau \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Rajagriha, do Mahakassapa tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp. Ananda t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i (Sutta-Pitaka), Upali t\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt (Vinaya-Pitaka).<\/p><p>Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong Cullavagga. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (&#8220;Histoire du bouddhisme indien&#8221;, Louvain 1958) \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u00f5i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u1edf Vaishali (kho\u1ea3ng 380 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt tranh c\u00e3i. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf Pataliputra d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ashoka (kho\u1ea3ng 250 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Theravada coi l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp Tam T\u1ea1ng.<\/p><p>D\u00f2ng Mahasanghika kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed theo b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u01a1 khai.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Pali T\u1ea1ng kinh ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Sri Lanka d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Vattagamani Abhaya v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i T\u0103ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u1edf Aluvihara, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i.<\/p><p>B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ghi nh\u1edb sang v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tu s\u0129 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n (bhanaka) \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111a nguy\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 &#8220;s\u00e1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c&#8221;. Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 Mahavira, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali v\u00e0 Sanjaya Belatthiputta. Samannaphala-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 2) \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p><p>Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Karl Jaspers \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong &#8220;Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte&#8221; (1949), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Iran v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi Mahavira \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u thu h\u00fat t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Kshatriya, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0. Padmanabh Jaini (&#8220;The Jaina Path of Purification&#8221;, Berkeley 1979) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p><p>Trong khi c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 K\u1ef3 Na gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 ra &#8220;con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u0111\u1ea1o&#8221; gi\u1eefa d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft linh h\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatta).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u00f4-t\u00edp ch\u00ednh trong h\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>H\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a l\u00e0 &#8220;m\u01b0\u1eddi hai h\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng&#8221; (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 sinh t\u1eeb c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi Tushita, s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3n sinh, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t gia, kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Ma v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Kim C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Lalitavistara cung c\u1ea5p m\u1eabu b\u1ea3n chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t. Steven Collins (&#8220;Selfless Persons&#8221;, Cambridge 1982) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc: n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5<\/span> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i tu vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt mang danh hi\u1ec7u &#8220;satthadevamanussanam&#8221;, &#8220;Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi&#8221;. Danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e1u c\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (th\u1ea7n, b\u00e1n th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c). C\u1ea3 Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00ecnh V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Lambert Schmithausen (&#8220;Buddhism and Nature&#8221;, Tokyo 1991) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c &#8220;bao dung&#8221; \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u01a1 k\u1ef3.<\/p><p>C\u1ea3 Mara, k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a t\u00e2m l\u00fd &#8211; v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o sinh t\u1eed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u1ef1 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Cunda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-Sutta thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n Cunda, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;sukara-maddava&#8221;.<\/p><p>B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i: &#8220;th\u1ecbt l\u1ee3n m\u1ec1m&#8221; (Rhys Davids), &#8220;n\u1ea5m do l\u1ee3n \u0111\u00e0o l\u00ean&#8221; (Walpola Rahula), &#8220;m\u0103ng tre non&#8221;. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng sau b\u1eefa \u0103n n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111au b\u1ee5ng n\u1eb7ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m do vi khu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ed3i m\u00e1u m\u1ea1c treo ru\u1ed9t.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c Cunda, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng b\u1eefa c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 b\u1eefa \u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p><p>C\u1eed ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Hellmuth Hecker trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Cunda \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o?<\/strong> Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 563 \u0111\u1ebfn 483 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Heinz Bechert \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng &#8220;ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn&#8221; v\u1edbi n\u0103m sinh &#8211; m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 480 \u0111\u1ebfn 400 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103m m\u1ea5t trong kho\u1ea3ng 410 \u0111\u1ebfn 380 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt sinh ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/strong> T\u1ea1i Lumbini \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Nepal ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 Ashoka t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Theravada, Shakyamuni l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u1ea3 hai quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u00ec?<\/strong> V\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t cao l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u00e2n gian c\u1ed5 \u1ea4n &#8211; \u00c2u, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Magadhi ng\u00e0y nay. Ti\u1ebfng Pali, trong \u0111\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kinh s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u1ea1ng kinh<\/span> c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau chu\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Magadhi nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Buddha Gautama, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Siddhartha Gautama l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i &#8211; t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-89834","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buddha Gautama - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Siddhartha Gautama, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf v\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o. 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