{"id":89831,"date":"2026-08-03T01:21:50","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T01:21:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pachakamak-than-tien-tri-cua-vung-andes\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T01:22:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T01:22:10","slug":"pachakamak","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/pachakamak\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachakamak &#8211; Th\u1ea7n Ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89831\" class=\"elementor elementor-89831 elementor-2578\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachakamak, th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachakamak (ti\u1ebfng Quechua <em>Pacha Kamaq<\/em>, \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u00e1c T\u1ea1o Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea5ng B\u1ea3o T\u1ed3n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec1n Hispanic quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng Andes. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Lima ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tham v\u1ea5n ti\u00ean tri li\u00ean v\u00f9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean tri, Pachakamak \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n linh thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Andes \/ Inka.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/anden-inka\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Andes \/ Inka.\">Andes \/ Inka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean tri.\">Th\u1ea7n T\u1ed1i Cao Ti\u00ean Tri<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachakamak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2681\" alt=\"Pachakamak - G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Andes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachakamak l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Lima v\u00e0 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Trung Andes, c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 Adobe \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Pachacamac (ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 khu kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Lima), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Lima (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 200 \u0111\u1ebfn 700 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Wari (700 \u0111\u1ebfn 1000), ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ychsma (1100 \u0111\u1ebfn 1470) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Miguel de Estete, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng Hernando Pizarro \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1533, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Pachakamak l\u00e0 <em>tan grande templo y tan reverenciado<\/em>, t\u1ee9c ng\u00f4i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng Andes.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ti\u00ean tri<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inca v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Inca Huayna Capac th\u1ec9nh v\u1ea5n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Pachakamak nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t <em>th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ti\u00ean tri to\u00e0n-Andes<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Maria Rostworowski th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n <em>Pachacamac y el Senor de los Milagros<\/em> (1992).<\/p><p>Pachakamak c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111an xen v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a>: Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau, trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cha v\u00e0 con trai ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 \u0111an xen n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Pachakamak v\u00e0o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p><p>T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Lima tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang, trong \u0111\u00f3 Pachakamak kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u00e0i, c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba huaca \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n Inca nh\u01b0 <em>Vichama<\/em>, m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a th\u00e2n con trai c\u1ee7a Pachakamak, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng.<\/p><p>Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Inca Tupac Yupanqui (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1470) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng: Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Inti, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc k\u00e9p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u1edd Inti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u1edd Pachakamak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean <em>Pacha Kamaq<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Quechua g\u1ed3m <em>pacha<\/em> (th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian, nh\u01b0 trong <a href=\"\/vi\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a>) v\u00e0 <em>kamaq<\/em> (\u0111\u1ea5ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea5ng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, \u0111\u1ea5ng khai sinh). Diego Gonzalez Holguin d\u1ecbch <em>kamaq<\/em> trong <em>Vocabulario<\/em> (1608) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 <em>el criador<\/em>, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Do \u0111\u00f3, Pacha Kamaq v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 <em>\u0110\u1ea5ng T\u00e1c T\u1ea1o Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/em>.<\/p><p>\u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi <em>kamay<\/em>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfng Quechua ch\u1ec9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o trao cho m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p><p>Nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Peru Gerald Taylor trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Die wissenschaftliche Lehre von Gott und vom Glauben einer Religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Quechua (1974, 2001) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng <em>kamay<\/em> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 theo ngh\u0129a Do Th\u00e1i-Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o v\u0129nh c\u1eedu b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, Pacha Kamaq kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129nh c\u1eedu.<\/p><p>V\u00f9ng Pachacamac tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Peru \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n. T\u00ean T\u00e2y Ban Nha cho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> l\u00e0 <em>Pachacama<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>Pachacamac<\/em>, t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed. Trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ychsma (m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef n\u1ec1n Aymara c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Lima), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Marco Curatola \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t trong <em>Adivinacion y oraculos en el mundo andino antiguo<\/em> (2008): <em>Pacha Kamaq<\/em> nh\u01b0 <em>\u0110\u1ea5ng N\u00e9n \u00c9p Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>\u0110\u1ea5ng K\u1ebft N\u1ed1i Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/em>, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a <em>kamay<\/em> l\u00e0 <em>\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt<\/em>, <em>n\u00e9n ch\u1eb7t<\/em>, <em>c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng<\/em>.<\/p><p>Theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, Pachakamak l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh trao cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 <em>kamay<\/em> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Andes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> g\u1ed7 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Pachacamac, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1938 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i Museo de Sitio c\u1ee7a Pachacamac.<\/p><p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 cao kho\u1ea3ng 2,30 m v\u1edbi hai khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ba ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7u tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u1ed9t. Khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng Pachakamak l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> mang phong c\u00e1ch Janus, nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 hai ph\u00eda.<\/p><p>Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ed7 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 carbon (Eeckhout 2018) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 760, 890 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Wari.<\/p><p>Theo \u0111\u00f3, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Inca, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khoan dung trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Inca \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p><p>Miguel de Estete, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cung th\u00e1nh n\u0103m 1533 (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 b\u1eadc cao nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o), m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i t\u0103m, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh trang tr\u00ed tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed7 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 mang khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1<\/span> h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Pachakamak l\u00e0 <em>B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o Huarochiri<\/em> (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1608) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Quechua, do linh m\u1ee5c Francisco de Avila s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m t\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Huarochiri v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Andes b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p><p>V\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Pachakamak, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 Kuni Raya Wiraqucha, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh Pachakamak v\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh em c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c tranh \u0111ua gi\u1eefa Pachakamak v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh b\u00f3ng k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 <em>Kon<\/em>. C\u1ea3 hai tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Pachakamak chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y Kon v\u00e0o sa m\u1ea1c, qua \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Pachakamak l\u00e0 k\u1ebb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef thi\u00eang li\u00eang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con su\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111a ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Andes.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: Pachakamak t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, b\u1ecf h\u1ecd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ch\u1ebft; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 th\u1ec1 b\u00e1o th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 Pachakamak gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn thi th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng ng\u00f4, \u0111\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u0111\u1ecf v\u00f9ng Andes. Gerald Taylor \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong <em>Ritos y tradiciones de Huarochiri<\/em> (1987).<\/p><p>B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o Huarochiri \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: v\u1eeba l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch truy b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Linh m\u1ee5c Francisco de Avila s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m c\u00e1c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch <em>extirpacion de idolatrias<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ri\u00eang (ti\u1ebfng Quechua).<\/p><p>Frank Salomon v\u00e0 George Urioste trong \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (<em>The Huarochiri Manuscript<\/em>, 1991) \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachacamac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nam M\u1ef9 ti\u1ec1n Hispanic. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Inka, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 Chimu, \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham v\u1ea5n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">ti\u00ean tri<\/span>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i leo l\u00ean th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1n theo m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 thanh t\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecbn \u0103n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i ch\u00ed th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt g\u1ed3m v\u1ea3i v\u00f3c, kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd, v\u1ecf s\u00f2 Spondylus v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 Llama.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ti\u00ean tri<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 t\u1ebf ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span>. C\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f3\/kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri \u0111a ngh\u0129a.<\/p><p>N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a Huayna Capac v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Quito, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn h\u1ed3i c\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qua c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Huayna Capac do d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eadu m\u00f9a.<\/p><p>Xung quanh \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c: <a href=\"\/vi\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"\/vi\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>, m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c Acllacuna, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Maria Rostworowski \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 <em>L\u00e3nh ch\u00faa Pachacamac<\/em> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> qua c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p><p>Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Pachakamak bao g\u1ed3m ngo\u00e0i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p ch\u00ednh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Acllahuasi ri\u00eang (m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi tu vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trinh n\u1eef M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi), m\u1ed9t khu ch\u1ee3, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 1300 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp qua khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5.<\/p><p>Nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span>: ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00edch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec1n Hispanic v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i Jerusalem hay Mecca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Pachakamak ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c: b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n trong ti\u00ean tri. V\u00ec v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n cao, Pachakamak trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 <em>\u0110\u1ea5ng Rung Chuy\u1ec3n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/em> (m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00e9p \u0111a ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>Estete ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u xin c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>L\u00e0 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Unheil abwehrend: von Zeichen und Objekten, die sch\u00e4dliche Einfl\u00fcsse fernhalten sollen.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">ti\u00ean tri<\/span> sai l\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ea9y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111eo v\u1ecf s\u00f2 Spondylus nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111eo mang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i tai h\u1ecda.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh<\/span> ng\u1ef1c.<\/p><p>Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecf s\u00f2 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c cam t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u1ea5m h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Ecuador l\u00e0 v\u1eadt trao \u0111\u1ed5i nghi l\u1ec5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Pachakamak. Maria Rostworowski \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 <em>n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Spondylus<\/em>.<\/p><p>Pachakamak c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 <em>Cha c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn<\/em>: ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb sinh con, v\u1edbi l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ea3y thai. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 li\u00ean quan bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c treo c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed7 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc nh\u1ecf l\u00ean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, Pachakamak c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">ti\u00ean tri<\/span> kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u00ecnh m\u1eabu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 <em>Apollon t\u1ea1i Delphi<\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham v\u1ea5n li\u00ean v\u00f9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt t\u0103ng l\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p><p>C\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri<\/span> c\u1ee7a Amun Ai C\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Siwa, v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hellenistic.<\/p><p>Trong ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Pachakamak c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri<\/span> Quetzalcoatl c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aztec t\u1ea1i Cholula v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u00f3i to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u0103ng l\u1eef <em>chilam balam<\/em> Maya. S\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng Cholula c\u1ee7a Mesoamerica \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb soi s\u00e1ng, v\u00ec t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mexica) s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p><p>H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f4i tr\u00ean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">bia \u0111\u00e1<\/span> Pachakamak \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng Pachakamak l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 Andes c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u Janus, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 hai ph\u00eda ho\u1eb7c hai t\u1ea7ng th\u1eddi gian. Li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 song song n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Pachacamac (B\u1ed9 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Peru, kho\u1ea3ng 465 ha) ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t Nam M\u1ef9. Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n B\u1ec9 do Peter Eeckhout d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1990.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ec7t, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span> g\u1ed7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, kho v\u1ecf s\u00f2 Spondylus, m\u1ed9t khu tu vi\u1ec7n Acllahuasi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Museo de Antropologia \u1edf Lima.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, Maria Rostworowski qua c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh <em>Pachacamac y el Senor de los Milagros<\/em> (1992) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> Pachakamak ti\u1ec1n Hispanic v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> <em>Senor de los Milagros<\/em> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Lima.<\/p><p>Nghi th\u1ee9c sau, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi thu h\u00fat h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n.\" tabindex=\"0\">cu\u1ed9c r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Lima, theo Rostworowski l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nghi th\u1ee9c Pachakamak: c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u00f9ng, c\u00f9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thanh t\u1ea9y, c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Peter Eeckhout, Krzysztof Makowski v\u00e0 Marco Curatola. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m linh n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span>. Eeckhout \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1edbn, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a Lima qua Wari, Ychsma v\u00e0 Inka \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.<\/p><p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi quan c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Andes trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p truy t\u00ecm c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Inka (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1470 \u0111\u1ebfn 1533) cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inka \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.\" tabindex=\"0\">kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> Pachakamak v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">ti\u00ean tri<\/span> v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2298d666 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2298d666\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp294b2814 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp294b2814\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u00ean tri Pachacamac v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean v\u00f9ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21cb3e89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp21cb3e89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e1748b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27e1748b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Pachacamac \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n trung t\u00e2m Peru, ph\u00eda nam Lima ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> v\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Inca.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Max Uhle v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1896 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 mang c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Lima, Wari v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Inca. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">L\u1eddi s\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n<\/span> c\u1ee7a <em>Pachakamak<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb v\u00f2ng v\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Pizarro, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch Hernando Pizarro n\u0103m 1533 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> n\u00e0y v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kho b\u00e1u v\u00e0ng l\u1edbn.<\/p><p>B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Miguel de Estete m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01a1i ch\u00ed th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span> b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. Mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ch\u1eafn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">L\u1eddi s\u1ea5m truy\u1ec1n<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba chi nh\u00e1nh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a <em>Pachakamak<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea9m cho th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba trung t\u00e2m. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean v\u1edbi Pachacamac v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 ngo\u1ea1i lai. Vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp mai t\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp28ab2728 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp28ab2728\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp240c0555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp240c0555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b51a292 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2b51a292\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24e4798d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp24e4798d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u00f3 <em>Pachakamak<\/em> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>Trong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed Pedro Cieza de Le\u00f3n v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n \u1edf Antonio de la Calancha v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, <em>Pachakamak<\/em> t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i; sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, t\u1eeb thi th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u1ecb <em>Pachakamak<\/em> gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd m\u1ecdc l\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p><p>Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hoa m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Calancha l\u00e0 tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Augustine v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o; c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Andes b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 sa ng\u00e3 trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh.<\/p><p>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau trong m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed th\u00eam v\u00e0o theo c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c so s\u00e1nh.<\/p><p>Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. T\u00ean <em>Pachakamak<\/em>, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y.<\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Sabine MacCormack v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Andes, do \u0111\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u01b0 di s\u1ea3n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ti\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Maria Rostworowski: <em>Pachacamac y el Senor de los Milagros<\/em> (1992)<\/li><li>Gerald Taylor: <em>Ritos y tradiciones de Huarochiri<\/em> (1987)<\/li><li>Peter Eeckhout: <em>Pachacamac et le Projet Ychsma<\/em> (2003)<\/li><li>Miguel de Estete: <em>Relacion del viaje<\/em> (1533\/1534)<\/li><li>Krzysztof Makowski: <em>Senores de los Imperios del Sol<\/em> (2010)<\/li><li>Marco Curatola: <em>Adivinacion y oraculos en el mundo andino antiguo<\/em> (2008)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachakamak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachakamak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachakamak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachakamak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 <em>th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean tri<\/em> c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m, Pachakamak \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Inka; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ph\u00eda nam Lima \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">ti\u00ean tri<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Andes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef then ch\u1ed1t li\u00ean quan: Pachakamak Pacha Kamaq Pachacamac Ychsma Wari Huarochiri Spondylus Kuni Raya <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ti\u00ean tri<\/span>.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachakamak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111eo mang, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a <a href=\"\/vi\/anden-inka\/\">Andes \/ Inka<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 41 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng trong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachakamak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachakamak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf<\/strong> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pachakamak, th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m Pachakamak (ti\u1ebfng Quechua Pacha Kamaq, \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u00e1c T\u1ea1o Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea5ng B\u1ea3o T\u1ed3n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec1n Hispanic quan [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2681,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachakamak th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean tri Andes","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachakamak - Th\u1ea7n Ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Andes","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachakamak, th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean tri v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec1n Hispanic quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng Andes v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-89831","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with 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content=\"Pachakamak, th\u1ea7n ti\u00ean tri v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Andes trung t\u00e2m, l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec1n Hispanic quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng Andes v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/pachakamak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-03T01:22:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachakamak.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh 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