{"id":89699,"date":"2026-08-03T00:54:55","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:54:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/shamash-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T00:55:16","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:55:16","slug":"shamash","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/shamash\/","title":{"rendered":"Shamash"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89699\" class=\"elementor elementor-89699 elementor-2081\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Mesopotamia<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Mesopotamia.<\/p><p><strong>Th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt.<\/strong> Shamash (ti\u1ebfng Sumer: Utu) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Mesopotamia, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda hoang d\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u00f4ng l\u00e1i c\u1ed7 xe ngang qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trong b\u00ed m\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a x\u00e9t x\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc Shamash, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c n\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 3500 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 330 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1637\" alt=\"Shamash - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_shamash.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u1ed5ng quan ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: Shamash<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> Th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 Mesopotamia, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 quan t\u00f2a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span>: Sumer (v\u1edbi t\u00ean Utu), Akkad\/Babylon\/Assur (v\u1edbi t\u00ean Shamash)<br>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<br>\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh, c\u00e1i c\u01b0a (ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i), g\u1eady v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng nh\u1eabn<br>C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh: Sippar (trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> E-babbar), Larsa, Ur, Nineveh<br>Th\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: Sin (m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng) l\u00e0 cha, Inanna\/Ishtar l\u00e0 ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utu\/Shamash \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Sumer s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 (thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Sippar v\u00e0 Larsa. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Shamash: th\u1eddi Babylon c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">bia \u0111\u00e1<\/span> Hammurabi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 Shamash l\u00e0 Quan T\u00f2a Th\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh trao b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt cho Hammurabi).<\/p><p>Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2n Babylon v\u00e0 Assyria. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Babylon (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh: <strong>Sippar<\/strong> (nay l\u00e0 Tell Abu Habba, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Babylon) v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi <em>E-babbar<\/em> (&#8220;Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u1eafng&#8221;), <strong>Larsa<\/strong> (ph\u00eda nam, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> E-babbar), Babylon, Nineveh, Mari. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng mang bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 Babylon-Assyria ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00ean <em>Shemesh<\/em> (Bet-Shemesh = &#8220;Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi&#8221;).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu: <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">bia \u0111\u00e1<\/span> Hammurabi<\/em> (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1750 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Shamash trao b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt), l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u <em>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi<\/em>, <em>Th\u00e1nh ca Shamash<\/em> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i (ti\u1ebfng Babylon c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i), t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Nabu-apla-iddina (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Shamash \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd), c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p: Schwemer, <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng uy nghi v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean c\u1ed7 xe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o b\u1edfi hai con ng\u1ef1a r\u1ef1c l\u1eeda.<\/p><p>\u0110\u00f4i khi \u00f4ng mang m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o quang l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u0129a ng\u00f4i sao t\u00e1m c\u00e1nh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 <em>\u0160ama\u0161-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/em>) l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quan t\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t thanh ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, hai s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh k\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh, v\u00ec m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 thanh l\u1ecdc. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng (Ea\/Enki) n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Shamash, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u00f4i.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 <em>\u00c9-babbar<\/em> (Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1) \u1edf Sippar, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Shamash kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.<\/p><h3>Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3><p><em>Shamash<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e2u trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Trong tay \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p><p>Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng to\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. B\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111i theo m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. <em>Shamash<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. B\u1ed1n tia c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Shamash<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Shamash \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhanh. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng <em>Sin<\/em> (Nanna) v\u00e0 <em>Ningal<\/em>, anh trai c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh <em>Inanna\/Ishtar<\/em>. Phu qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a <em>Aya<\/em> (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u00ecnh minh). Trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3, \u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Babylon. Trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf T\u00e2n Babylon g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 quan t\u00f2a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. M\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u00f4ng cai qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. C\u00e1c l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean &#8220;tr\u01b0\u1edbc Shamash&#8221;; c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n l\u00e0 <em>dinu \u0161a Shamash<\/em> (ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Shamash). C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Adad (th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft), l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ch\u00ednh (c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho kh\u00e1ch l\u1eef h\u00e0nh (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y), cho th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u00f3i to\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7: g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5, tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi d\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n cao (th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi), m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: <em>c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb vai<\/em> (ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u), <em>c\u00e1i c\u01b0a<\/em> (c\u1ea7m tr\u00ean tay, ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i), <em>g\u1eady v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng nh\u1eabn<\/em> (c\u00e1c v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n).<\/p><p>Th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng t\u1ecfa c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng. Tr\u00ean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">bia \u0111\u00e1<\/span> Hammurabi, quay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u00e0 vua, trao cho \u00f4ng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>: \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Shamash<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng:<\/strong> Shamash \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch, th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng l\u00fd kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c phi\u00ean t\u00f2a x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn. Trung t\u00e2m trong b\u00f3i to\u00e1n: thu\u1eadt xem gan (haruspicium) v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3i to\u00e1n<\/span> d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc (lekanomantie) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Shamash. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng, khi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, khi khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a. Sippar l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u b\u00f3i to\u00e1n v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb vai, \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh, c\u00e1i c\u01b0a (ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i), g\u1eady v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng nh\u1eabn (v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n), m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n cao, trang ph\u1ee5c d\u00e0i, b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1c (\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5). Th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt: c\u00e2y tamarisk. Con s\u1ed1 linh thi\u00eang: 20. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng linh thi\u00eang: h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng (b\u00ecnh minh).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Utu<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng Sumer, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n), <em>Shemesh<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng Hebrew), <em>Re\/Ra<\/em> (Ai C\u1eadp, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ch\u00ednh), <em>Helios<\/em> (Hy L\u1ea1p), <em>Sol<\/em> (La M\u00e3), <em>Sol Invictus<\/em> (La M\u00e3 mu\u1ed9n), <em>Surya<\/em> (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o), <em>Amaterasu<\/em> (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi), <em>Mithra<\/em> (Ba T\u01b0, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd). V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan t\u00f2a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh (Yama, Anubis, c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Hades) \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/h3><p>Shamash, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> E-babbar \u1edf Sippar (v\u00e0 Larsa). L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u00ecnh minh (&#8220;nu\u1e2batim&#8221;, b\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u00e0 l\u00e0, bia) l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u1ebf <em>\u0161angu<\/em>.<\/p><p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa h\u00e8 <em>b\u012bt sab\u012bti<\/em> v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trang tr\u1ecdng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Euphrates \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hammurabi (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean); b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi c\u0169ng m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi k\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/span> Shamash nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd (xem Bott\u00e9ro).<\/p><h3>C\u00e1c l\u1eddi k\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh ca<\/h3><p>&#8220;Th\u00e1nh ca Shamash v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i&#8221; (BWL 121-138, Lambert), d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 200 d\u00f2ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00e1nh ca trung t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Akkad. C\u00e1c l\u1eddi k\u00eau c\u1ea7u bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng &#8220;\u0160ama\u0161 mu\u0161t\u0113\u0161er kibr\u0101t&#8221; (Shamash, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eddi). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, Shamash \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p><h3>B\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/h3><p>C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (\u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh, ng\u00f4i sao b\u1ed1n c\u00e1nh trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con d\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 Babylon (xem Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>). C\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng carnelian ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea1ch anh n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111eo nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. V\u00f2ng nh\u1eabn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tia (Babylon, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Shamash.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash c\u00f3 n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Ra ho\u1eb7c Aton c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. V\u1edbi Apollon c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, \u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hebrew \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Shamash, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n Th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 Quan T\u00f2a.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Surya, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c Mitra, th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. Shamash trong m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbf8fe6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbf8fe6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5b3c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc5b3c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch quan t\u00f2a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcd489b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpcd489b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa50d0d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa50d0d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa Shamash v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea1m n\u1ed5i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">bia \u0111\u00e1<\/span> <em>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi<\/em>, hi\u1ec7n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Louvre. Kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda vua Babylon Hammurabi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai.<\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e2u di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Shamash, v\u00ec c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb vai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng nh\u1eabn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y g\u1eady, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c trao quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Mesopotamia. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng Marduk, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng tia s\u00e1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Shamash.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Trong l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1eddi k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt, Hammurabi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng l\u00fd trong \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 Shamash xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd.<\/p><p>V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho l\u1eddi th\u1ec1, h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft trong quan ni\u1ec7m Mesopotamia.<\/p><p>Vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Hammurabi. Ngay trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh ca Sumer v\u1ec1 Utu, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Shamash, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u00ean \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Ai vi ph\u1ea1m l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Shamash s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u1edf Mesopotamia. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn<\/span> v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2921025 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2921025\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a869b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a869b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sippar v\u00e0 Larsa: c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1edbn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40bfd84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp40bfd84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb809579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb809579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ch\u00ednh, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ean <em>E-babbar<\/em>, ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 hay ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 tr\u1eafng. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n \u1edf Sippar ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Babylonia, \u0111\u1ec1n kia \u1edf Larsa ph\u00eda nam. C\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb vua ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Sippar, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd phong ph\u00fa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Babylon c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Babylon, cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd. M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nabu-apla-iddina, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>T\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau<\/span> Shamash \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 vua sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i b\u1ecb xao nh\u00e3ng \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1edd.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span> m\u1edbi cho v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, sau khi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>\u1ede Larsa, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Shamash tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua nh\u01b0 Rim-Sin. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c vua \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi E-babbar, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd: ngay c\u1ea3 vua T\u00e2n Babylon Nabonidus, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng Sin, c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 song h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Babylonia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpda201f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpda201f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3bb6221 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3bb6221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shamash trong b\u00f3i to\u00e1n v\u00e0 S\u1eed thi Gilgamesh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp60b57ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp60b57ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3fcf874 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp3fcf874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 quan t\u00f2a, Shamash l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh xem n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri. Vi\u1ec7c xem gan trong Mesopotamia, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u1eeb gan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn Shamash c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft Adad.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf, trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n <em>tamitu<\/em> ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n s\u1ee9<\/span>, \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u xin v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ghi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Shamash kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p><p>Trong <em>S\u1eed thi Gilgamesh<\/em>, Shamash xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Humbaba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef r\u1eebng tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng, Gilgamesh quay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u xin s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap. Shamash sau \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Humbaba v\u00e0 trao cho c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p><p>Khi v\u1ec1 sau Enkidu h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tung ra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1ng h\u1ecda l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef9 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn anh v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, ch\u00ednh Shamash l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch anh v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf anh nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. Enkidu sau \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1ng h\u1ecda l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n<\/span>.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Shamash nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ai quay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh khi s\u1ef1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111e d\u1ecda. Qua \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong S\u1eed thi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh ca v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp66f75a0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp66f75a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp846bc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp846bc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u1eeb Utu \u0111\u1ebfn Shamash: t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Sumer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7fc2d21 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7fc2d21\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp61cd3cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp61cd3cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean Schamasch l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Akkad c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb chung c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Semit, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1eadn trong ti\u1ebfng Hebrew l\u00e0 <em>schemesch<\/em>, trong ti\u1ebfng Arabic l\u00e0 <em>schams<\/em> v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Semit kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u mang c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh.<\/p><p>V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n trong ti\u1ebfng Sumer c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Utu. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Sumer v\u00e0 Akkad trong su\u1ed1t thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, Utu v\u00e0 Schamasch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1edbi nhau, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a h\u01a1n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n song ng\u1eef, c\u1ea3 hai t\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea1nh nhau.<\/p><p>Utu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng Nanna v\u00e0 Ningal, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 anh em c\u1ee7a Inanna, t\u1ee9c Ischtar sau n\u00e0y, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Sumer. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Akkad: Schamasch l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Sin v\u00e0 anh em c\u1ee7a Ischtar.<\/p><p>\u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Mesopotamia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng \u1edf Ur s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn.<\/p><p>Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft t\u00ean c\u0169ng mang t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i m\u1edf: K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc theo ti\u1ebfng Sumer l\u00e0 Utu ho\u1eb7c theo ti\u1ebfng Akkad l\u00e0 Schamasch, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e9p v\u0103n c\u00f3 trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75cc266 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp75cc266\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa19f12f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa19f12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn: th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa0bc082 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa0bc082\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp636a807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp636a807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shamash thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1edbm khi ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh n\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bia \u0111\u00e1<\/span> c\u1ee7a <em>B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1901 v\u00e0 1902 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Ph\u00e1p \u1edf Susa, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb vai tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Mesopotamia.<\/span><\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Mesopotamia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 lan t\u1ecfa sang c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2n c\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Semitic ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng Mesopotamia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh ca v\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Th\u00e1nh ca Shamash v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n qua nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u1ea5y.<\/p><p>N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Mesopotamia. Ai mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> Mesopotamia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Shamash \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt li\u00ean quan, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cha \u00f4ng <a href=\"\/vi\/sin\/\">Sin<\/a> ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecb \u00f4ng <a href=\"\/vi\/ishtar\/\">Ishtar<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/vi\/ishtar\/\">Ishtar, ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/marduk\/\">Marduk, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1eadc tr\u00ean trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n T\u00e2n Babylon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/mesopotamien\/\">Mesopotamia, t\u1ed5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/hochgottheiten\/\">C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao, danh m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/vi\/goetter\/\">C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, t\u1ed5ng quan danh m\u1ee5c<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Schwemer, Daniel: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em>. Wiesbaden 2001.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roth, Martha T.: <em>Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor<\/em>. Atlanta 1995 (Codex Hammurabi).<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma &#8220;Shamash&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong <a href=\"\/vi\/literatur\/\">danh m\u1ee5c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Shamash, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Mesopotamia Shamash l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Mesopotamia. Th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. Shamash (ti\u1ebfng Sumer: Utu) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Mesopotamia, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda hoang d\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1637,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Shamash","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Shamash - Th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3o V\u1ec7 C\u00f4ng L\u00fd","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Shamash, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Mesopotamia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. Vai tr\u00f2 trong B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd t\u1ea1i Sippar v\u00e0 Larsa, cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ngang qua b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-89699","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Shamash - Th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3o V\u1ec7 C\u00f4ng L\u00fd<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Shamash, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Mesopotamia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. 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