{"id":89593,"date":"2026-08-03T00:46:22","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:46:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/voltumna-than-lien-minh-cua-lien-bang-thanh-bang-etrusca\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T00:46:42","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:46:42","slug":"voltumna","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/voltumna\/","title":{"rendered":"Voltumna &#8211; Th\u1ea7n Li\u00ean Minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Bang Th\u00e0nh Bang Etrusca"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89593\" class=\"elementor elementor-89593 elementor-2607\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna - Th\u1ea7n Li\u00ean Minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Minh Etrusca v\u00e0 V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ed1<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna (ti\u1ebfng Latinh c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vertumnus ho\u1eb7c Veltha, ti\u1ebfng Etrusca l\u00e0 Veltha ho\u1eb7c Velthune) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Etrusca g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, Fanum Voltumnae, n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n Volsinii v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Etrusca. B\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Etrusca.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/etruskisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Etrusca.\">Etrusca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia.\">Th\u1ea7n Li\u00ean Minh v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c Gia<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-voltumna-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2824\" alt=\"Voltumna - G\u00f6tter aus der Etruskisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_etruskisch_voltumna-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> Etruscan: Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao mang t\u00ednh &#8216;v\u0169 tr\u1ee5&#8217; nh\u01b0 <a href=\"\/vi\/tinia\/\">Tinia<\/a>, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n li\u00ean bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">Nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Li\u00ean minh M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (Dodekapolis). Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Volsinii l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd li\u00ean bang c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p><p>Massimo Pallottino, Mauro Cristofani v\u00e0 Simonetta Stopponi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Voltumna qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Stopponi t\u1ea1i Campo della Fiera g\u1ea7n Orvieto \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n li\u00ean bang Voltumna thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc<\/span> \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Hy L\u1ea1p \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Italic La M\u00e3. Massimo Pallottino, Jacques Heurgon, Sybille Haynes, Mauro Cristofani v\u00e0 Giovanni Colonna \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u1eafc n\u00e9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Etruscan \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 Voltumna chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong khi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169 h\u01a1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c xa l\u1ea1, ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i.<\/p><p>Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Italia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etruscan \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> Etruscan l\u00e0 Voltumna ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Vertumnus c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 trung gian n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc.<\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y xem x\u00e9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etruscan nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Voltumna c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean Etrusca Veltha hay Velthune \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang ti\u1ebfng Latinh l\u00e0 Voltumna ho\u1eb7c Vertumnus. T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb &#8220;\u0110\u1ea5ng T\u0103ng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng&#8221; (li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi <em>vertere<\/em>, &#8220;xoay chuy\u1ec3n&#8221;) \u0111\u1ebfn &#8220;\u0110\u1ea5ng Bi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ed5i&#8221;. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p><p>Vertumnus trong ti\u1ebfng Latinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf Rome l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt; li\u1ec7u Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Voltumna hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Etrusca phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n ngu\u1ed3n La M\u00e3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p><p>Ti\u1ebfng Etrusca l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd Tyrsenian, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Lemnian v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Raetic. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ean nh\u01b0 Veltha hay Velthune.<\/p><p>B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u0103n bia quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef li\u1ec7u Etrusca l\u00e0 Editio Minor c\u1ee7a Helmut Rix. Ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1edfi Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn ETP, t\u1ee9c Etruscan Texts Project, n\u01a1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Voltumna c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tra c\u1ee9u.<\/p><p>Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etrusca \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh lu\u1eadn: Herodotus cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Lydia, trong khi Dionysius \u1edf Halicarnassus coi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Italia. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p><p>Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n bia h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n Etrusca, t\u1ee9c Etruscan Texts Project (ETP), gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n danh nh\u01b0 Veltha. Marie-Laurence Haack v\u00e0 Vincent Jolivet \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ti\u00ean phong trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">Truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Voltumna t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecfng. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Etrusca c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Voltumna. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi mang c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt &#8211; b\u00f4ng l\u00faa, hoa, c\u00e0nh nho &#8211; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p><p>\u1ede Rome, Vertumnus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Vicus Tuscus, cho th\u1ea5y Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Propertius v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 La M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh Etrusca v\u1eeba phong ph\u00fa v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. G\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m, tranh m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng mang ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, trong khi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Voltumna t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt \u1ecfi. Larissa Bonfante trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i sinh.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etrusca l\u00e0 tranh m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf Tarquinia, Cerveteri v\u00e0 Vulci. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i b\u00ean kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc<\/span> Etrusca \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n ch\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh Etrusca l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c: ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng hay m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp quy chi\u1ebfu th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. S\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1eebng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna v\u00e0 Li\u00ean Bang Th\u00e0nh Bang Etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Etrusca &#8211; Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia v\u00e0 Roselle &#8211; h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean bang t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (Dodekapolis), h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Fanum Voltumnae. Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt<\/span>, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean minh, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i chung.<\/p><p>Livius (4.23, 5.17) k\u1ec3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho Concilium La M\u00e3 sau n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Italia. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, Voltumna do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 &#8220;v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb&#8221;, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Etrusca. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Voltumna, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p><p>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Etrusca v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etrusca \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i Hy L\u1ea1p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 Achilles, Odysseus v\u00e0 Oedipus, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ri\u00eang. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Etrusca l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, <em>consensus deorum<\/em>. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Tinia c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Voltumna &#8211; th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p><p>Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Etrusca \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u00edt \u1ecfi nh\u01b0 Voltumna, vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00fa th\u00edch Etrusca, m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fanum Voltumnae l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba li\u00ean minh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Etrusca. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh lu\u1eadn. Simonetta Stopponi t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u00e3 khai qu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Campo della Fiera g\u1ea7n Orvieto, ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cao l\u00e0 Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span>, b\u00e0n th\u1edd, gi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi La M\u00e3. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> n\u00e0y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong kho\u1ea3ng 1000 n\u0103m.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00f3i to\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etrusca, bao g\u1ed3m xem n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng (haruspicina), gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh (fulguratio) v\u00e0 xem chim (auspicia). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etrusca truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1edd Cicero v\u00e0 Seneca.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini v\u00e0 Libri Fulgurales. Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 La M\u00e3 nh\u01b0 Cicero, Festus v\u00e0 Macrobius.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Etrusca g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, Veji, Clusium, Volsinii, Cortona, Perugia, Arezzo, Volterra, Populonia v\u00e0 Roselle, duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ri\u00eang. Volsinii c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Voltumna.<\/p><p>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-b\u00f3i to\u00e1n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, Disciplina Etrusca thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u00f3i to\u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> mu\u1ed9n. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ea1i Fanum Voltumnae bao g\u1ed3m <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt<\/span> (b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1c, c\u1eebu, l\u1ee3n), c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Etrusca.<\/p><p>Sau khi La M\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c Volsinii (n\u0103m 264 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> Voltumna kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf; n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> La M\u00e3. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Voltumna ngay c\u1ea3 sau s\u1ef1 suy vong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Etruria.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Etrusca c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ri\u00eang. N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch Tuscanus, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 Vitruvius m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong De Architectura. M\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o Cella v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n s\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p><p>Nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Etrusca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo quy m\u00f4 ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Iupiter tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Capitolium c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n Etrusca, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Vulca t\u1eeb Veji, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 s\u01a1 khai.<\/p><p>H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, Li\u00ean minh m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Etrusca h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Fanum Voltumnae g\u1ea7n Volsinii, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Voltumna l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Li\u00ean minh Etruscan. Ai c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn li\u00ean minh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn Voltumna. S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3: n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00f3 t\u00ednh xua \u0111u\u1ed5i tai h\u1ecda: n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i.\" tabindex=\"0\">Apotropaic<\/span> Voltumna \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea5n trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3.<\/p><p>Phong t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etruscan bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7: b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Gorgoneion, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eaft, Bullae v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng apotropaic n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Larissa Bonfante l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Etruscan Mirrors xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Etruscan, bao g\u1ed3m M\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Tinia, b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Gorgoneia. Ch\u00fang trang tr\u00ed c\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0n th\u1edd gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n gian La M\u00e3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i.<\/p><p>Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Etruscan, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Disciplina Etrusca. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh, xu\u1ea5t chinh hay x\u00e2y nh\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng qua <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f3i to\u00e1n<\/span> \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec9nh \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh quanh Voltumna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong C\u00e1c N\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh kh\u00e1c: Zeus Hellanios (Zeus to\u00e0n Hy L\u1ea1p), Diespiter Latiaris (Iupiter c\u1ee7a Latium) hay Yahweh trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Israel. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa li\u00ean bang ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Iuppiter Latiaris c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Latin sau n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u1ea3 hai t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng li\u00ean minh \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m trung t\u00e2m, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p><p>Th\u00f4ng qua <em>interpretatio Romana<\/em>, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Etrusca nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ean La M\u00e3: Tinia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Iupiter, Uni tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Iuno, Menrva tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Minerva, v\u00e0 Voltumna t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong Vertumnus La M\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua \u0111ang l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m Etrusca n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p><p>T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba Anatolia, Phoenicia v\u00e0 C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng Pyrgi. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 so s\u00e1nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Etrusca thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p, Phoenicia, Ai C\u1eadp, Anatolia v\u00e0 Latium. S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Voltumna \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Campo della Fiera (Simonetta Stopponi, Universit\u00e0 di Perugia). B\u00e1o c\u00e1o khai qu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Etrusca (Mauro Cristofani, Adriano Maggiani) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a Voltumna v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a li\u00ean bang Etrusca.<\/p><p>T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Florence, Rome Sapienza, Pisa, T\u00fcbingen v\u00e0 Princeton. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca ng\u00e0y nay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1: qu\u00e9t ba chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u0103ng m\u1ed9, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u0103n kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch GIS v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u01b0 Fanum Voltumnae.<\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Etrusca hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Vatican, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Boston, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qua nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Voltumna l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i Campo della Fiera, c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc Etrusca, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Livius, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n La M\u00e3 v\u1ec1 Vertumnus c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n bia t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Etrusca.<\/p><p>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u trong <a href=\"\/vi\/etruskisch\/\">l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca<\/a> t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u Voltumna trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Tinia, Uni, Menrva v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Atua kh\u00e1c &#8211; v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t: b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u0103n bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p trong Editio Minor c\u1ee7a Helmut Rix, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, ngu\u1ed3n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.\" tabindex=\"0\">kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc<\/span> v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p><p>Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ed1c Etrusca l\u1eabn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p Hy L\u1ea1p-La M\u00e3. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Voltumna, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 Vertumnus \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n Etrusca, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn k\u00e9p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu.<\/p><p>Ai mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Voltumna m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n bia, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc<\/span> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111a t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26cedd68 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26cedd68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a98cf47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a98cf47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fanum Voltumnae: Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Etrusca<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a6b7f9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a6b7f9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e7a2c06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2e7a2c06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 La M\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em>. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 Titus Livius k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Etrusca h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i.<\/p><p><em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Etrusca.<\/p><p>V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c Campo della Fiera g\u1ea7n Orvieto, t\u1ee9c <em>Velzna<\/em> hay Volsinii th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>\u1ede \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Simonetta Stopponi \u0111\u00e3 khai l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t khu th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, b\u00e0n th\u1edd, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao, nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Etrusca kh\u00e1c, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0103n kh\u1eafc<\/span> r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p><p>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Campo della Fiera cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Etrusca, trong th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n.<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Voltumna v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sau khi La M\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c Volsinii v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 <em>Vertumnus<\/em>. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba li\u00ean minh n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etrusca kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng si\u00eau v\u00f9ng, t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc chung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8ceefe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8ceefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22e8ff58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22e8ff58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Voltumna, Vertumnus v\u00e0 C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp246f5f53 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp246f5f53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b57471 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp26b57471\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Voltumna kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p><p>H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 La M\u00e3 Varro g\u1ecdi Voltumna l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Etruria, <em>deus Etruriae princeps<\/em>. C\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 <em>Vertumnus<\/em>, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n g\u1eafn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f9a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00edn c\u1ee7a hoa qu\u1ea3.<\/p><p>Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Propertius \u0111\u1ec3 <em>Vertumnus<\/em> t\u1ef1 n\u00f3i trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ai ca n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p><p>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Etrusca. Li\u1ec7u Voltumna ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ed1c Etrusca \u00edt \u1ecfi.<\/p><p>Ch\u00ednh t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 xoay chuy\u1ec3n hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn.<\/p><p>Voltumna do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Etruscology: M\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> ghi nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n mu\u1ed9n, t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn.<\/p><p>V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nghi\u00eam t\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch song song thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Etrusca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Simonetta Stopponi: <em>Il Santuario di Voltumna al Campo della Fiera<\/em> (nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp)<\/li><li>Mauro Cristofani: <em>Gli Etruschi<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Massimo Pallottino: <em>Die Etrusker<\/em> (1942)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Adriano Maggiani: Beitr\u00e4ge zur etruskischen Religion<\/li><li>Livius: <em>Ab Urbe Condita<\/em> (4.23, 5.17)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Voltumna, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Veltha hay Vertumnus, l\u00e0 <strong>v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/strong> b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean minh Etrusca. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, <em>Fanum Voltumnae<\/em> g\u1ea7n Volsinii, theo l\u1eddi Livius, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Li\u00ean minh, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng nhau gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p><p>L\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh, Voltumna hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u00edt h\u01a1n trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y nghi l\u1ec5 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-voltumna-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\"><em>Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/em><\/span> Etrusca g\u1ecdi Voltumna l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1; t\u1ea1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, Fanum Voltumnae g\u1ea7n Volsinii, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Etrusca h\u00e0ng n\u0103m h\u1ecdp m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1eed h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef then ch\u1ed1t li\u00ean quan: Voltumna Etrusca Fanum Voltumnae Li\u00ean Minh Dodekapolis Volsinii Vertumnus Campo della Fiera.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-voltumna\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard v\u00e0 C\u00e1c Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng B\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111eo mang, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a <a href=\"\/vi\/etruskisch\/\">Etrusca<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 41 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng trong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-voltumna-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-voltumna-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf<\/strong> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u. N\u1ed9i dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Voltumna &#8211; Th\u1ea7n Li\u00ean Minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Minh Etrusca v\u00e0 V\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ed1 Voltumna (ti\u1ebfng Latinh c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vertumnus ho\u1eb7c Veltha, ti\u1ebfng Etrusca l\u00e0 Veltha ho\u1eb7c Velthune) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Etrusca g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, Fanum Voltumnae, n\u1eb1m [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2824,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Voltumna Etrusca Li\u00ean Minh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Voltumna - Th\u1ea7n Li\u00ean Minh Etrusca, Th\u1ea7n Tho\u1ea1i","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Voltumna l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang th\u00e0nh bang Etrusca, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Fanum Voltumnae. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"etruskisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-89593","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Voltumna - Th\u1ea7n Li\u00ean Minh Etrusca, Th\u1ea7n Tho\u1ea1i<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Voltumna l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang th\u00e0nh bang Etrusca, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1i Fanum Voltumnae. 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