{"id":89538,"date":"2026-08-03T00:42:49","date_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:42:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tanit-nu-than-toi-cao-cua-carthage\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T00:43:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T00:43:10","slug":"tanit","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/tanit\/","title":{"rendered":"Tanit &#8211; N\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89538\" class=\"elementor elementor-89538 elementor-2627\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit, N\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Punic-Carthage v\u00e0 \"Pene Baal\"<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit (ti\u1ebfng Punic <em>tnt<\/em>) l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> n\u1eef t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage th\u1eddi Punic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh bang n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> v\u00e0 mang danh hi\u1ec7u <em>pene Ba\u02bfal<\/em> (&#8216;Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Baal&#8217;). C\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 &#8216;B\u00e0n tay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span>&#8216; t\u1eeb khu Tofet l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Punic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u1eef th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Phoenicia.\">N\u1eef th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/phoenizisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Phoenicia.\">Phoenicia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u1eef th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i cao.\">N\u1eef th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i cao<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tanit-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tanit-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tanit-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2853\" alt=\"Tanit - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_tanit.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-tanit elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-tanit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-tanit\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao <strong>Punic-Carthage<\/strong> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Phoenicia, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Carthage v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Punic v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Maria Eugenia Aubet trong <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng Tanit ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 <a href=\"\/vi\/phoenizisch\/\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Phoenicia<\/a>, b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 mang t\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati trong <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Carthage v\u1edbi Tanit l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc <a href=\"\/vi\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> trong c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 Tofet (c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh k\u00e8m theo v\u0103n bia t\u1ebf l\u1ec5), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Punic.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Tanit \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ki\u1ec3u n\u1eef th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i (so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/hebat\/\">Hebat<\/a> trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hittite, <a href=\"\/vi\/astarte-phoenix\/\">Astarte<\/a> \u1edf Phoenicia, Roma t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/baal-hammon\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1eb7p th\u1ea7n linh t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Tanit c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Phoenicia. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c t\u1eeb Sarepta v\u00e0 Sidon g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Carthage. S\u1ef1 &#8216;bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo ki\u1ec3u Tanit&#8217; n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00ean Tanit ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u1edbi g\u1ed1c Semitic ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y <em>tnn<\/em> &#8216;than v\u00e3n, kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c&#8217;, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tang th\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c coi t\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Berber, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Libyan-Numidian c\u1ee7a Carthage. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Ugarit v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Tannit.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia, b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u <em>tnt pn b\u02bfl<\/em> &#8216;Tanit, Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Baal&#8217;. Danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 hay bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon. Trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Hy L\u1ea1p, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Hera ho\u1eb7c Artemis Caelestis; trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi Juno Caelestis, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Phi-La M\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u &#8216;N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi&#8217; k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u00e0 v\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi b\u00e0. C\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 &#8216;Tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4i sao&#8217; n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb khu Tofet c\u1ee7a Carthage th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a thi\u00ean v\u0103n n\u00e0y. Charles Krahmalkov trong <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u &#8216;Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Baal&#8217; l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Tanit nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n (hypostasis) c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Tanit kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Baal, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh qua \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua &#8216;D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Tanit&#8217; hay &#8216;Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tanit&#8217; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean b\u00e0: m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n n\u1eef c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t thanh ngang l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i tay v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn bia \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb khu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> Tofet c\u1ee7a Carthage v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Punic.<\/p><p>Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1, b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c: &#8216;B\u00e0n tay Tanit&#8217; (m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay m\u1edf nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7), tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i sao, qu\u1ea3 l\u1ef1u, hoa sen. \u0110\u00f4i khi d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Tanit \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f4i khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi &#8216;Caduceus&#8217; ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u0169i thuy\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ednh \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n; m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb Thinissut (Tunisia) cho th\u1ea5y Tanit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean ngai v\u1edbi m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n Polos v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u01b0.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 h\u00f3a, b\u00e0 c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Juno Caelestis. C\u00e1c di v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb khu Tofet \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Carthage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 Tanit h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal<\/a> hay <a href=\"\/vi\/anat-phoenix\/\">Anat<\/a>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong \u0111\u00f3 Tanit xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt. B\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1, m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span>.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1ec1 Tanit t\u1ea1i Carthage \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed9n (Augustinus, Tertullian); song h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady. Tertullian (<em>Apologeticum<\/em> 9) t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Saturnus (= Baal-Hammon) v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Tofet, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0o.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c &#8216;n\u1eef th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1&#8217; thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Thau mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed sau th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng Thau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ed3 S\u1eaft<\/span>; h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i vi trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i. <a href=\"\/vi\/arinna\/\">Arinna<\/a> trong <a href=\"\/vi\/hethitisch\/\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Hittite<\/a> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: n\u1eef th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i ri\u00eang. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Tanit t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 Tofet; \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c neo \u0111\u1eadu trong bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5. S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> sang <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tanit l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> Tofet \u1edf Carthage, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng b\u00ecnh tro c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u00fa non, m\u1ed7i ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Tanit v\u00e0 Baal-Hammon.<\/p><p>\u00dd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nghi th\u1ee9c Tofet \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn gay g\u1eaft qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Diodorus, Polybius, Tertullian ghi nh\u1eadn) hay l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n)?<\/p><p>Ng\u00e0y nay, gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung dung: Trong Tofet, c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1eabn tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (<em>n\u0113der<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trang tr\u1ecdng d\u00e2ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m<\/span>).<\/p><p>Lawrence Stager, Joseph Greene v\u00e0 Brian Schmidt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n x\u01b0\u01a1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, Tofet d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed sau th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3 s\u1eaft<\/span>.<\/p><p>B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Carthage, c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Tofet c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Motya (Sicily), Tharros (Sardinia), Sulcis (Sardinia), Hadrumetum (Tunisia) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Punic kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Tanit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt trung t\u00e2m. Sabatino Moscati \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Punic n\u00e0y.<\/p><p>Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 Tofet l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Jeffrey Schwartz v\u00e0 Frank Houghton \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7; trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Lawrence Stager cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau trong gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u1ebb em, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mang thai v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb Punic. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> &#8216;B\u00e0n tay Tanit&#8217; xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Xua \u0111u\u1ed5i tai h\u1ecda: c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span> tr\u00ean c\u1eeda v\u00e0o nh\u00e0, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c chu\u1ed3ng nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Punic. B\u00e0n tay m\u1edf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay du\u1ed7i th\u1eb3ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 thi\u00eang li\u00eang.<\/p><p>V\u1edbi t\u00ednh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Xua \u0111u\u1ed5i tai h\u1ecda: c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span>, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tanit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong nh\u00e0; h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn &#8216;b\u1ea3ng Tanit&#8217; b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Carthage. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 khi sinh n\u1edf v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh<\/span> n\u00f3i chung. L\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Tofet mang t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia Punic, Tanit xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n <em>n\u0113der<\/em> trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng: tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi sinh n\u1edf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, khi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u<\/span> b\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Punic.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n iWell ghi nh\u1eadn Tanit nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed-t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tham chi\u1ebfu cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o; th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Tofet ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c v\u0103n bia <em>n\u0113der<\/em> t\u1eeb khu Tofet l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p quan tr\u1ecdng cho th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a Tanit.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fang tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n: &#8216;K\u00ednh d\u00e2ng l\u00ean N\u1eef ch\u1ee7 Tanit, Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Baal, v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 Baal-Hammon, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec N.N. \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nghe l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y&#8217;. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/astarte-phoenix\/\">Astarte<\/a>, v\u1edbi Baalat (&#8216;N\u1eef ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n&#8217;) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia, v\u1edbi I\u0161tar c\u1ee7a Mesopotamia v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Atargatis trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Syria mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Hera, Juno, Artemis Caelestis v\u00e0 Demeter. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n dung quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Juno Caelestis, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Tanit.<\/p><p>V\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/hebat\/\">Hebat<\/a> trong <a href=\"\/vi\/hethitisch\/\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Hittite<\/a>, Tanit chia s\u1ebb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i cao. V\u1edbi Artemis Ephesia c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, b\u00e0 c\u00f3 chung h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 &#8216;N\u1eef ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi&#8217; mang t\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed sau Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c s\u1eaft.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft<\/span> \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ph\u00eda T\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, Tanit-Juno Caelestis v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Carthage l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Punic s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Ch\u00ednh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 H\u1eadu C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0; Augustinus trong <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 2.4 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gay g\u1eaft v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Caelestis nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a &#8216;s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o&#8217;.<\/p><p>Trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Numidia v\u00e0 Mauretania, Tanit tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trung gian gi\u1eefa t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Punic v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Libya; b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 Berber v\u1edbi c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang. S\u1ef1 &#8216;Berber h\u00f3a&#8217; Tanit trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Marcel Le Glay tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Tanit hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar, Lawrence Stager v\u00e0 Joseph Greene l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Carthage, Motya v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf Tunisia th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean mang l\u1ea1i t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi; c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Roald Docter v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh Carthage \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, Tanit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Tofet; c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 b\u00e0. T\u1ea1i Tunisia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Tanit \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> v\u0103n h\u00f3a; &#8216;D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Tanit&#8217; \u0111\u00f4i khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tunisia v\u00e0 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt B\u1eafc Phi.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, Tanit ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Punic, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Tofet v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. C\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c di c\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng Tofet, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Tanit v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Berber.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n iWell ghi nh\u1eadn Tanit nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh t\u00e2m linh theo ngh\u0129a ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u DNA hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean di c\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng Tofet, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a Patricia Smith v\u00e0 Gal Avishai, ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t trong khu Tofet ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong s\u01a1 sinh cao l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf theo nghi l\u1ec5.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Tanit. Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Tofet, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n bia. Moscati, Aubet v\u00e0 B\u00e9nichou-Safar t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt; Stager v\u00e0 Greene \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh-kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi h\u01a1n. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Brian Doak v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft phi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Phoenicia cung c\u1ea5p g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c64876a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2c64876a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2812fdfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2812fdfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Khu Tophet c\u1ee7a Carthage v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24230163 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24230163\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp237be4e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp237be4e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Phoenicia-Punic g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nh\u01b0 khu Tophet c\u1ee7a Carthage, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u1edf ph\u00eda nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh tro ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t b\u1ecb thi\u00eau c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt non \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/p><p>Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh tro th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi v\u0103n bia t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Tanit v\u00e0 Baal Hammon. \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1921 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tophet theo m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba danh trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Diodorus Siculus v\u00e0 Plutarch ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthage hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em cho Kronos, \u00fd h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Baal Hammon. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e2u nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Punic.<\/p><p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 Sabatino Moscati v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m do Jeffrey Schwartz d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong s\u01a1 sinh cao trong th\u1eddi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t coi khu Tophet l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p><p>L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Paolo Xella c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <em>Antiquity<\/em> n\u0103m 2014, v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, v\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trang tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n<\/span>, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c di c\u1ed1t x\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ed1n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trung gian cho r\u1eb1ng khu Tophet ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf theo l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec7n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tanit, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khu th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i t\u0103m nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22ea3590 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp22ea3590\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27d5519a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27d5519a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Tanit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp287e5baf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp287e5baf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp263e6cbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp263e6cbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tr\u00ean v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 bia \u0111\u00e1 Punic, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb khu Tophet c\u1ee7a Carthage, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Tanit.<\/p><p>N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c, ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thanh ngang n\u1eb1m ngang, v\u00e0 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean thanh ngang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a tr\u00f2n. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thanh ngang cong l\u00ean tr\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh g\u1ee3i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i tay dang r\u1ed9ng.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n, s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng Ankh c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u01a1i cao ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0n th\u1edd d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/span>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p><p>T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u0169 D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Tanit c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean Baal Hammon, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eafn ri\u00eang v\u1edbi n\u1eef th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p>D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, t\u1ea1i Carthage, tr\u00ean Sardinia, Sicily v\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean tr\u1edf \u0111i. T\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Phoenicia, n\u00f3 \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 Punic, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Phoenicia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m m\u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean, \u0111\u0129a tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0n tay gi\u01a1 cao. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Tanit v\u00ec v\u1eady v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u00ed \u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Punic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26bfe79d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26bfe79d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25c24eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp25c24eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit pene Baal v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Baal Hammon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2972f679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2972f679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2bde9374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2bde9374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 Punic, Tanit h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Baal Hammon, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn nam th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt.\" tabindex=\"0\">danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p l\u00e0 <em>tnt pn b\u02bfl<\/em>, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Tanit pene Baal, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Tanit, Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Baal. \u00dd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt.\" tabindex=\"0\">danh hi\u1ec7u<\/span> n\u00e0y theo ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng gian ho\u1eb7c nghi l\u1ec5: Tanit l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Baal, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian ho\u1eb7c ph\u00eda h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, theo \u0111\u00f3 Tanit l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Baal Hammon v\u1ed1n \u1edf xa c\u00e1ch. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p><p>\u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nam th\u1ea7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y Tanit c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Punic. T\u1ea1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng Phoenicia, Tanit ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng; m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1edbm xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Sarepta, ngo\u00e0i ra b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Edward Lipi\u0144ski, li\u00ean k\u1ebft Tanit v\u1edbi n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi <a href=\"\/vi\/astarte-phoenix\/\">Astarte<\/a> ho\u1eb7c coi b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i Tanit v\u00e0 Baal Hammon \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Carthage v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u c\u00f9ng nhau trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn v\u0103n bia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215f657c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp215f657c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2952118e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2952118e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tanit sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Carthage<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25c8d7c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp25c8d7c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ac38a6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ac38a6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t Carthage b\u1edfi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 146 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Punic, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a Tanit. T\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh Africa thu\u1ed9c La M\u00e3, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean m\u1edbi.<\/p><p>B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u <em>Juno Caelestis<\/em> hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Caelestis. Septimius Severus, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u1eafp t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 v\u00e0 3 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi. Ngay t\u1ea1i Carthage, tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Punic c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Caelestis. C\u00e1c v\u0103n bia v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Punic sang ti\u1ebfng Latin.<\/p><p>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Augustinus th\u00e0nh Hippo, \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Caelestis nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Carthage b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda.<\/p><p>T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu s\u1eed d\u00e0i n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng duy tr\u00ec <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u.<\/p><p>Tanit kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Carthage, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u00eam n\u1eeda thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean La M\u00e3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Phi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (Rom 2004)<\/li><li>Lawrence Stager \/ Joseph Greene: in <em>Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands<\/em> (Atlanta 2000)<\/li><li>Charles Krahmalkov: <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (Leiden 2001)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism in its Mediterranean and Ancient Near Eastern Contexts<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tanit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tanit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tanit-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tanit-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanit l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao <em>Punic-Carthage<\/em> v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Baal Hammon, m\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi tam gi\u00e1c, thanh ngang v\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u bia \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a khu Tophet t\u1ea1i Carthage.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef then ch\u1ed1t li\u00ean quan: Tanit Carthage ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia Tofet Baal-Hammon Juno Caelestis pene Baal.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tanit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111eo mang, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a <a href=\"\/vi\/phoenizisch\/\">Phoenicia<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 41 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng trong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tanit-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tanit-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf<\/strong> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tanit, N\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Punic-Carthage v\u00e0 &#8220;Pene Baal&#8221; Tanit (ti\u1ebfng Punic tnt) l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n linh n\u1eef t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage th\u1eddi Punic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh bang n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Baal-Hammon v\u00e0 mang danh hi\u1ec7u pene Ba\u02bfal (&#8216;Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Baal&#8217;). C\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 &#8216;B\u00e0n tay-bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng&#8217; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2853,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tanit Carthage ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tanit - N\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage, Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tanit l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Carthage th\u1eddi Punic, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i cao b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Baal-Hammon. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"phoenizisch","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-89538","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tanit - N\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage, Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tanit l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Carthage th\u1eddi Punic, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i cao b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Baal-Hammon. 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