{"id":89214,"date":"2026-08-02T23:57:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:57:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pachamama-nu-than-dat-cua-vung-andes\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:57:57","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:57:57","slug":"pachamama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/pachamama\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachamama &#8211; N\u1eef Th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a V\u00f9ng Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89214\" class=\"elementor elementor-89214 elementor-2575\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Andes<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Andes, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n cao nguy\u00ean n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Quechua v\u00e0 Aymara. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng <a href=\"\/vi\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a> mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Pachamama b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p theo m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u1eef th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Andes \/ Inca.\">N\u1eef th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/anden-inka\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Andes \/ Inca.\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"N\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t.\">N\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2683\" alt=\"Pachamama - G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Andes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama (ti\u1ebfng Quechua: <em>pacha<\/em>, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian; <em>mama<\/em>, m\u1eb9) trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a cao nguy\u00ean Andes ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 numinous mang t\u00ednh n\u1eef, hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 sinh s\u00f4i c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i.<\/p><p>T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Inca, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i cao b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Inti, th\u1ea7n s\u1ea5m <a href=\"\/vi\/illapa\/\">Illapa<\/a>, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng <a href=\"\/vi\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o <a href=\"\/vi\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a>.<\/p><p>Nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Joseph Bastien (<em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em>, 1978) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Aymara c\u1ee7a Bolivia, Pachamama trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai.<\/p><p>T\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i (Demeter, Gaia), v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>Trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc <a href=\"\/vi\/anden-inka\/\">Inca<\/a>, Pachamama chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: nghi l\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh Inti nam t\u00ednh, trong khi \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n l\u1ea1i d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt cho Pachamama.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen (<em>The Hold Life Has<\/em>, 2002) g\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng theo gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Andes, trong \u0111\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nam t\u00ednh n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai n\u1eef t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Quechua <em>pacha<\/em> c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa. N\u00f3 v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi gian (m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3), kh\u00f4ng gian (th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3) v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p><p>Diego Gonzalez Holguin d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb n\u00e0y trong <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608) t\u00f9y theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 <em>mundo<\/em>, <em>tiempo<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>suelo<\/em>. Pachamama do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>Trong ti\u1ebfng Aymara c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Andes Bolivia, t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng <em>Pachamama<\/em> c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f4i khi bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh <em>Pachatata<\/em> (Cha \u0110\u1ea5t) cho ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung nam t\u00ednh. \u1ede v\u00f9ng Quechua c\u1ee7a Cajamarca v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c Ayacucho c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng <em>Mama Pacha<\/em> v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span>.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean thay th\u1ebf g\u1eafn <em>pacha<\/em> v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p><p>Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Frank Salomon trong <em>Native Lords of Quito<\/em> (1986) ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng <em>pacha<\/em> trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1eddi Inca c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo t\u1ea7ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (ti\u1ec1n Inca, Inca, h\u1eadu Chinh ph\u1ee5c), qua \u0111\u00f3 Pachamama c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 <em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>, m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Pachakuti (nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Inti, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00f4n th\u1edd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (Punchao), Pachamama h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 theo d\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh trong bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Inca. B\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m nghi l\u1ec5: trong m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1 <em>apacheta<\/em> \u1edf \u0111\u00e8o n\u00fai, trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0n th\u1edd <em>mesa<\/em> v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u00e2n gian th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 theo d\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u1edbi v\u00e1y pollera r\u1ed9ng, \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u0169 bowler (trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Aymara Bolivia). \u0110\u00f4i khi b\u00e0 b\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c mang m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i aguayo \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c Andes.<\/p><p>Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 trong Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o theo ki\u1ec3u h\u1ed7n dung, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 Copacabana v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 del Cerro (Potosi), n\u01a1i n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau.<\/p><p>Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m ti\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Moche v\u00e0 Wari, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 <em>ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Pachamama<\/em>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 quy k\u1ebft n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta thi\u1ebfu t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (emic). Christopher Donnan trong <em>Moche Art<\/em> (1978) \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u1ef1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Pachamama trong c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Pierre Duviols \u0111\u00e3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc: Pachamama v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a Pachakamak \u1edf v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i, l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Viracocha \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Pachatata trong kh\u00f4ng gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Pachamama v\u1edbi chu k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u01b0a. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin l\u00e0 b\u00e9o t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 no \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng Ba\/th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 sau m\u00f9a thu ho\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng N\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng l\u00ean.<\/p><p>\u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Pampa c\u1ee7a Argentina (Salta, Jujuy), l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Pachamama quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m, ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (chicha, l\u00e1 coca, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec, m\u1ee1).<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Pachamama v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00f2m sao Pleiades v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n b\u1ea3y tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00f2m Pleiades tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; khi ch\u00f2m Pleiades m\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m thu ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ed9i thu.<\/p><p>Tom Zuidema v\u00e0 Gary Urton \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Andes n\u00e0y trong <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>\u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam Peru, Pachamama c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i <em>Mama Pacha<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span> g\u00e2y ra l\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Pakaqtanpu khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00fang t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p><p>Chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf v\u00f9ng Andes Argentina, n\u01a1i th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 <em>mes peligroso<\/em> (th\u00e1ng nguy hi\u1ec3m), b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ed1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn New Age ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Pachamama b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Pachamama cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>Trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> <em>despacho<\/em> hay <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> (l\u1ec5 tr\u1ea3 \u01a1n \u0111\u1ea5t), trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e1 coca, k\u1eb9o, m\u1ee1 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0 llama, b\u00e0o thai llama (<em>sullu<\/em>), c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang ho\u1eb7c chicha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt r\u1ed3i ch\u00f4n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Sonqo (t\u1ec9nh Paucartambo) y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a <em>kintu<\/em>, ba l\u00e1 coca ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ed3i d\u00e2ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng. Joseph Bastien \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh song song c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara \u1edf v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean La Paz.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi t\u00f9y theo v\u00f9ng l\u00e0 <em>yatiri<\/em> (Aymara), <em>paqo<\/em> (Quechua) ho\u1eb7c <em>altomisayoq<\/em>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng vi\u00ean Coricancha th\u1eddi Inca, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh g\u1eafn v\u1edbi l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01a1n g\u1ecdi qua m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ecb s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh (\u01a1n g\u1ecdi Illapa).<\/p><p>Nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Peru Juan Nunez del Prado trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia paqo n\u00e0y.<\/p><p>Ng\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 8, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Pachamama; ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u0103m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: v\u00e0o l\u00fac gieo h\u1ea1t, l\u00fac c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00fac thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u1ea3 khi x\u00e2y nh\u00e0, k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 sinh con, m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt<\/span> d\u00e0nh cho Pachamama c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<\/p><p>\u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y Andes (Potosi, Oruro, Cerro de Pasco), m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> Pachamama ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 Pachamama \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n h\u1ea7m l\u00f2 <em>Tio<\/em>.<\/p><p>June Nash trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979) \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng k\u00e9p Pachamama\/Tio trong c\u00e1c m\u1ecf b\u1ea1c Bolivia v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c mang t\u00ednh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i trong nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong c\u1eb7p th\u1ea7n linh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Pachamama v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vun \u0111\u1eafp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i (<em>ayni<\/em>). Khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng apotropaic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho Pachamama, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c: ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.\" tabindex=\"0\">linh h\u1ed3n<\/span> g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 <a href=\"\/vi\/supay\/\">Supay<\/a> ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c <em>condenados<\/em> (c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ecb nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a), Pachamama ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i trong nghi l\u1ec5.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Pachamama bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e1 coca d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda khi x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 m\u1edbi, ch\u00f4n m\u1ed9t chai r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 chicha d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o nh\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t apacheta (\u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1) t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8o n\u00fai, n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eef h\u00e0nh \u0111i qua \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n chung cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p><p>Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc Olivia Harris \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao nguy\u00ean Bolivia cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nghi l\u1ec5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a iWell Guard v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Pachamama \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh quan s\u00e1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, Pachamama c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Prithivi c\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Gaia c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, Tellus Mater c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, Nerthus c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Germanic (Tacitus) v\u00e0 <a href=\"\/vi\/changing-woman\/\">Changing Woman<\/a> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Navajo B\u1eafc M\u1ef9.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade trong <em>Die Religion und das Heilige<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p: m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 numinous mang t\u00ednh n\u1eef g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c, chu k\u1ef3, h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Pachamama ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng qua chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch pacha (th\u1eddi gian, k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho v\u00f9ng Andes l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Pachamama v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tinh linh n\u00fai \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng <em>Apu<\/em> (xem <a href=\"\/vi\/apu-ausangate\/\">Apu Ausangate<\/a>). C\u00e1c ch\u00faa n\u00fai nam t\u00ednh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eef t\u00ednh t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan<\/span> Andes qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m <em>yanantin<\/em>, s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Orisha <em>Yemaya<\/em> trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi ho\u1eb7c Loa Erzulie trong vodou, n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 numinous n\u1eef t\u00ednh g\u1eafn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p><p>Ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 khoa h\u1ecdc <em>Magna Mater<\/em>, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1eb9 V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Johann Jakob Bachofen v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c quy gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y ng\u00e0y nay b\u1ecb xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kit\u00f4 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ban Nha ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Pachamama. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9: s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Pachamama v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 Maria c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 Copacabana (Bolivia) v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 del Cerro (Potosi).<\/p><p>Trong b\u1ee9c tranh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng <em>Virgen del Cerro<\/em> (v\u00f4 danh, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1720, Potosi), ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai b\u1ea1c Potosi, \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u1eb7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n, b\u00ean trong n\u00fai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 m\u1ecf.<\/p><p>Teresa Gisbert \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i b\u1ee9c tranh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n dung Pachamama v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 Maria. \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng trung t\u00e2m t\u1ea1i Copacabana b\u00ean h\u1ed3 Titicaca c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> Inca c\u0169 h\u01a1n. <em>Virgen Morena<\/em> (\u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 da s\u1eabm m\u00e0u), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Bolivia v\u1eeba l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Pachamama. Sabine MacCormack (<em>Religion in the Andes<\/em>, 1991) \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc k\u00e9p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama ng\u00e0y nay v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf Nam M\u1ef9. \u1ede Bolivia, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Evo Morales (2006, 2019) \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m l\u00e0 <em>Dia de la Pachamama<\/em>, ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2009 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Pachamama.<\/p><p>\u1ede Ecuador, <em>Pachamama<\/em> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2008, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fa \u00fd trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/p><p>Trong phong tr\u00e0o sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng New Age ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Pachamama \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n: n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Andes c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1eadt hi\u1ec7u n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Marisol de la Cadena (<em>Earth Beings<\/em>, 2015) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng Pachamama Andes kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft Gaia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p><p>T\u1ea1i Vatican, Pachamama n\u0103m 2019 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Amazonia, sau khi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Santa Maria in Traspontina.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng suy gi\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien, Frank Salomon v\u00e0 Marisol de la Cadena \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Danh s\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn sau li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc Andes v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Pachamama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21d1bd35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21d1bd35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp261bfd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp261bfd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pago a la Tierra v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26889d35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26889d35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab2cdd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab2cdd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>M\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">phong t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Pachamama l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Andes th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>despacho<\/em>.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t g\u00f3i l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00e2ng kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m l\u00e1 coca, h\u1ea1t ng\u00f4, m\u1ee1, \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. G\u00f3i l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1t, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p><p>\u1ede nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Andes mi\u1ec1n nam Peru v\u00e0 Bolivia, th\u00e1ng T\u00e1m l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1edf v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">Phong t\u1ee5c<\/span> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y v\u00f9ng.<\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Catherine Allen v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Quechua g\u1ea7n Cusco, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng Pachamama \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t \u00edt ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi u\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian<\/span>. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. Pachamama \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ea3 l\u1ec5 Misa l\u1eabn l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i: ai l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ea5t. L\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, trong v\u00f9ng Andes th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Quechua <em>ayni<\/em>, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u phong t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25fcc55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25fcc55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ebc69e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ebc69e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c41102 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23c41102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2eb276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21, Pachamama \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u1ede Bolivia v\u00e0 Ecuador, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 2010.<\/p><p>Ecuador \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 2008, v\u00e0 Bolivia th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 2010 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00ean <em>Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra<\/em>. Pachamama xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i cho thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy Andes, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng, bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">phong t\u1ee5c<\/span> \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a n\u00f3. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang n\u1ed5 ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Amazonia t\u1ea1i Rome, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Pachamama. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1edd ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 danh \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Rome v\u00e0 n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng Tiber.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Pachamama ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tranh c\u00e3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa v\u00f9ng Andes, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Joseph Bastien: <em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em> (1978)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li>Marisol de la Cadena: <em>Earth Beings<\/em> (2015)<\/li><li>Olivia Harris: <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000)<\/li><li>Diego Gonzalez Holguin: <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608)<\/li><li>Frank Salomon: <em>The Cord Keepers<\/em> (2004)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u00e0 <em>n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c<\/em> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Andes, Pachamama k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd n\u00fai; c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt coca, ng\u00f4 v\u00e0 chicha cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng m\u00f9a gieo h\u1ea1t, thu ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 \u1edf Bolivia, Peru v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Argentina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef then ch\u1ed1t li\u00ean quan: Pachamama Quechua Aymara Ayni Despacho Paqo Yatiri Apacheta Sullu.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachamama\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111eo mang, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng <a href=\"\/vi\/anden-inka\/\">Andes \/ Inca<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 41 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng trong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf<\/strong> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pachamama, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ph\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Andes Pachamama, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Andes, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n cao nguy\u00ean n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Quechua v\u00e0 Aymara. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Inti mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2683,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachamama n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t Andes","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachamama - N\u1eef Th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea5t Andes v\u00e0 Nghi L\u1ec5 Th\u1edd Ph\u1ee5ng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachamama, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Andes, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trung t\u00e2m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Andes. 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