{"id":89196,"date":"2026-08-02T23:56:17","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:56:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/baal-hammon-than-toi-cao-carthage\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:56:37","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:56:37","slug":"baal-hammon","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/baal-hammon\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hammon &#8211; Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Carthage"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"89196\" class=\"elementor elementor-89196 elementor-2628\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hammon, th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Punic-Carthage v\u00e0 Saturnus Africanus<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon (ti\u1ebfng Punic <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em>) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nam t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage Punic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Tofet. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Saturnus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Phoenicia.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/phoenizisch\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Phoenicia.\">Phoenicia<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\">Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhammon-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2848\" alt=\"Baal Hammon - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hammon.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Punic v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Sabatino Moscati trong <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (1966) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng Baal-Hammon tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eb9 Phoenicia nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu; t\u1ea1i Carthage, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>. Trong <a href=\"\/vi\/phoenizisch\/\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Phoenicia<\/a>, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t Punic ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>Maria Eugenia Aubet trong <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i; c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba th\u1edd Baal-Hammon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Carthage, Motya, Tharros, Sulcis, Hadrumetum v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3, vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u Saturnus Africanus v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Numidia-Mauretania cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Baal-Hammon \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao mang c\u1ea3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh chthonic l\u1eabn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Marcel Le Glay trong <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Saturnus La M\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon: \u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c v\u00e0 thu ho\u1ea1ch (kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh Saturnus) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n cha chthonic.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 Tofet v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 v\u0103n kh\u1eafc ghi l\u1ea1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Saturnus Africanus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o sau s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Punic. H\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn bia \u0111\u00e1 Saturnus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Phi, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> bao g\u1ed3m <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8216;ch\u00faa t\u1ec3&#8217; v\u00e0 <em>\u1e25mn<\/em>, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> v\u1edbi g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb <em>\u1e25mm<\/em> &#8216;n\u00f3ng&#8217; v\u00e0 xem Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 &#8216;ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng&#8217;, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c xem <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba danh &#8216;Hammon&#8217; (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf Phoenicia) v\u00e0 Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 &#8216;ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Hammon&#8217;. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee9 ba li\u00ean k\u1ebft <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8216;b\u00e0n th\u1edd h\u01b0\u01a1ng&#8217;).<\/p><p>Charles Krahmalkov trong <em>A Phoenician-Punic Grammar<\/em> (2001) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u0103n kh\u1eafc; trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ean <em>b\u02bfl \u1e25mn<\/em> ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 <em>b\u02bfl<\/em>. Phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 \u0392\u03ac\u03b1\u03bb-\u1f08\u03bc\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (Baal-Ammon), trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Amun c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp (\u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf). S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi Saturnus l\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Phi-La M\u00e3.<\/p><p>Trong t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfng Hebrew, Hammon xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh \u1edf Galilee; li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay kh\u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc ti\u1ebfng Aramaic t\u1eeb Palmyra xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n <em>\u02bfolam<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Baal-Hammon; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i. V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Aramaic <em>\u1e25mn<\/em> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a &#8216;th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t&#8217;, mang h\u00e0m \u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc; tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda trong bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc Punic nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng l\u00e3o c\u00f3 r\u00e2u ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n s\u1eebng b\u00f2, m\u1eb7c \u00e1o d\u00e0i n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m v\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 Tofet v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u00f4ng v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/baal-hadad\/\">Baal-Hadad<\/a>, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u00e3o gi\u00f4ng tr\u1ebb trung xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e2y r\u00ecu gi\u01a1 cao. Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o gi\u00e0 nua c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi El c\u1ee7a Ugarit v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Saturnus.<\/p><p>Linh v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con c\u1eebu \u0111\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c con d\u00ea; trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf Punic, con c\u1eebu \u0111\u1ef1c l\u00e0 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bia \u0111\u00e1, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c chim \u01b0ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng hai b\u00ean.<\/p><p>T\u1ea1i Carthage, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Baal-Hammon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1; b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf<\/span> t\u1ea1i Tofet v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khi\u1ebfn v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ebb em r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n.<\/p><p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a &#8211; La M\u00e3, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc Baal-Hammon ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Saturnus; c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1 Saturnus th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 mu\u1ed9n t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 v\u00e0 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng l\u00e3o c\u00f3 r\u00e2u c\u1ea7m l\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u00e1i, \u0111\u00fang theo m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh Saturnus. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc Saturnus Africanus n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Marcel Le Glay v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft trong chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb Tofet, cho th\u1ea5y Baal-Hammon ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u1edbi tay gi\u01a1 l\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ban ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh Tofet nh\u01b0 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u1edf.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 Baal-Hammon kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 <a href=\"\/vi\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt nghi l\u1ec5-ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> (Diodorus, Polybius, Plutarch, Tertullian) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em t\u1ea1i Tofet nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p><p>Diodorus (20.14) t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn n\u0103m 310 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean khi Carthage b\u1ecb Agathocles c\u1ee7a Syracuse v\u00e2y h\u00e3m; trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nguy c\u1ea5p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf 200 c\u1eadu b\u00e9 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p>T\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tranh bi\u1ec7n theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Hy L\u1ea1p &#8211; La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Tofet x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3; li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf<\/span> hay c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Tofet.<\/p><p>Augustinus th\u00e0nh Hippo trong <em>De civitate Dei<\/em> 7.19 tranh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 Saturnus Africanus v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 &#8216;crudelis daemonum cultus&#8217;. S\u1ef1 tranh bi\u1ec7n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u1eadu c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o Carthage Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa Baal-Hammon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 Tofet c\u1ee7a Carthage; ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c Tofet \u1edf Motya, Tharros, Sulcis, Hadrumetum, Cirta, Lambafundi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i khu th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y, Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5ng hi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/tanit\/\">Tanit<\/a>. C\u00e1c v\u0103n bia ph\u1ee5ng hi\u1ebfn tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n: &#8216;K\u00ednh d\u00e2ng l\u00ean ch\u00faa Baal-Hammon, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 N.N. \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea5n nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00ec ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadm l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3&#8217;.<\/p><p>Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Baal-Hammon trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf Thinissut v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh Carthage (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Byrsa). Sabatino Moscati \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Punic trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> tu\u00e2n theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ba ph\u1ea7n: s\u00e2n ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n, gian ch\u00ednh, n\u01a1i c\u1ef1c th\u00e1nh. B\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eb7t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd<\/span> ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t &#8216;Mazzeba&#8217; (c\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh), lo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> t\u1ed1i cao.<\/p><p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, Baal-Hammon ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u Saturnus Africanus; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Carthage \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00f5i thi\u00eang li\u00eang th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn<\/span> l\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bia \u0111\u00e1 Saturnus \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c; Baal-Hammon-Saturnus l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ch\u00e2u Phi cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c h\u00f3a v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vandal \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng tetradrachm c\u1ee7a Carthage v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 v\u00e0 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, cho th\u1ea5y v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n s\u1eebng b\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Carthage v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Sicily.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 apotropaic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc Punic, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n <em>n\u0113der<\/em> trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nguy c\u1ea5p: tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, khi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, khi sinh n\u1edf. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n<\/span> \u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Punic.<\/p><p>Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng \u1edf, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t xua \u0111u\u1ed5i tai h\u1ecda: ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotropaic<\/span>: m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n s\u1eebng b\u00f2, l\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u00e1i v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> &#8216;Caduceus&#8217;, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Baal-Hammon trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Punic. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 r\u00e2u ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean ngai v\u1edbi m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n s\u1eebng b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 Punic.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i Tofet c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n iWell ghi l\u1ea1i Baal-Hammon nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed &#8211; t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa Baal-Hammon v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 Punic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Hannibal t\u1ea1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u01a1i cao ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0n d\u00e0nh cho l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/span> Baal-Hammon n\u0103m l\u00ean ch\u00edn tu\u1ed5i, coi La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng giai tho\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi El c\u1ee7a Ugarit (v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n cha gi\u00e0), v\u1edbi Anu c\u1ee7a Mesopotamia, v\u1edbi Saturnus La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Kronos Hy L\u1ea1p. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Saturnus l\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t; Marcel Le Glay trong <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n dung n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> Saturnus Phi ch\u00e2u th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3.<\/p><p>V\u1edbi Kronos, Baal-Hammon chia s\u1ebb di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha gi\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Kronos Hy L\u1ea1p ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng vi\u1ec7c nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Tofet Carthage. Plutarch (<em>De superstitione<\/em>) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p><p>V\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/kumarbi\/\">Kumarbi<\/a> c\u1ee7a <a href=\"\/vi\/hethitisch\/\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Hittite<\/a>, Baal-Hammon chia s\u1ebb m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n cha v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n b\u00e3o gi\u00f4ng tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh La M\u00e3 Africa Proconsularis, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p><p>M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Baal-Hammon v\u00e0 Amun-Re c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a; \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Siwa v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1eddi s\u1ea5m<\/span> Amun d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eeb Carthage, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthage \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n dung n\u00e0y c\u00f2n tranh c\u00e3i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Baal-Hammon ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao. <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) c\u1ee7a Marcel Le Glay l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n; Sabatino Moscati, Maria Eugenia Aubet, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar v\u00e0 Lawrence Stager \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 Tofet. <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (2015) c\u1ee7a Brian Doak b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng phi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Josephine Quinn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Punic l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Trong ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, Baal-Hammon ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn qua cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Tofet v\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 tranh bi\u1ec7n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>; h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, Baal-Hammon ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trung t\u00e2m cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Punic, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Saturnus Africanus v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. C\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sinh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Tofet, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng bia \u0111\u00e1 Saturnus Africanus v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Berber. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n iWell ghi l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Josephine Quinn (<em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em>, 2018) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Punic v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 &#8216;v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia&#8217;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Baal-Hammon. Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kh\u1eafc. Chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Marcel Le Glay l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n; Moscati v\u00e0 Aubet cung c\u1ea5p khung c\u1ea3nh Punic; Doak cung c\u1ea5p g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Quinn d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2dce0c7c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2dce0c7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22efe76a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp22efe76a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tophet c\u1ee7a Carthage v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n bia \u0111\u00e1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp207c89a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp207c89a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp223f9336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp223f9336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh cho nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Baal Hammon kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tophet c\u1ee7a Carthage, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf r\u00eca th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong khu ph\u1ed1 Salammb\u00f4 ng\u00e0y nay. Khai qu\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920. \u0110\u1ee3t khai qu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean &#8220;Punic Project&#8221;.<\/p><p>Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn b\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi t\u00e0n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eau c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt non, ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c bia \u0111\u00e1.<\/p><p>Nhi\u1ec1u bia \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y mang c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc cung ti\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Punic. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean n\u00eau t\u00ean <em>Baal Hammon<\/em> v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n <em>Tinnit<\/em> (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;Tinnit, khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Baal&#8221;), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n kh\u1eafc d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Punic v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn Baal Hammon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> Carthage \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Tophet \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Diodorus v\u00e0 Plutarch t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a Carthage, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xem Tophet l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p><p>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Sabatino Moscati v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba cho tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eau ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Baal Hammon, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.\" tabindex=\"0\">kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc<\/span> Punic.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d8c90e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2d8c90e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp239ab422 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp239ab422\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i: Saturn, Kronos v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp22113ba9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp22113ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp234d4277 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp234d4277\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal Hammon kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Carthage n\u0103m 146 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. T\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Phi La M\u00e3, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean <em>Saturnus Africanus<\/em>, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Africa.<\/p><p>H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m bia \u0111\u00e1 Saturn t\u1eeb th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Punic ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean La M\u00e3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7m l\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u00e1i.<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t Baal Hammon v\u1edbi <em>Kronos<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em, v\u00ec Kronos nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn Saturn, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Latin t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Kronos. S\u1ef1 <em>di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i<\/em> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hai chi\u1ec1u cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 che ph\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Punic b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m Hy L\u1ea1p &#8211; La M\u00e3.<\/p><p>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi Baal Hammon ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ai do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Saturn mu\u1ed9n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u danh hi\u1ec7u <em>Hammon<\/em> c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Hamath \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Syria ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Semitic c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u1eadu than h\u1ed3ng&#8221; ho\u1eb7c &#8220;b\u00e0n th\u1edd h\u01b0\u01a1ng&#8221;.<\/p><p>Eric Gubel, Paolo Xella v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 Saturn La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n<\/span> v\u00f9ng Semitic t\u00e2y c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00ean, xem th\u00eam <a href=\"\/vi\/yam\/\">Yam<\/a> trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> Ugarit.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Marcel Le Glay: <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (Paris 1966)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Il mondo dei Fenici<\/em> (Milano 1966)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><li>H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9nichou-Safar: <em>Le tophet de Salammb\u00f4 \u00e0 Carthage<\/em> (Rom 2004)<\/li><li>Brian Doak: <em>Phoenician Aniconism<\/em> (Atlanta 2015)<\/li><li>Josephine Quinn: <em>In Search of the Phoenicians<\/em> (Princeton 2018)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhammon-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hammon xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Punic-Carthage, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Tofet t\u1ea1i Carthage ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i cao; trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u Saturnus Africanus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef then ch\u1ed1t li\u00ean quan: Baal-Hammon Carthage Punic Saturnus Tofet hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em Africana.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hammon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111eo mang, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a <a href=\"\/vi\/phoenizisch\/\">Phoenicia<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 41 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng trong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhammon-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhammon-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf<\/strong> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Baal-Hammon, th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Punic-Carthage v\u00e0 Saturnus Africanus Baal-Hammon (ti\u1ebfng Punic b\u02bfl \u1e25mn) l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nam t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage Punic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Tanit v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Tofet. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Saturnus. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2848,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Baal-Hammon Carthage th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hammon - Th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao Carthage, Tofet, Saturnus","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hammon l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n nam t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a Carthage, ph\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tanit v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Tofet. 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