{"id":88742,"date":"2026-08-02T23:28:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:28:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tu-matauenga-chien-than-cua-nguoi-maori\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:29:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:29:15","slug":"tu-matauenga","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/tu-matauenga\/","title":{"rendered":"Tu Matauenga &#8211; Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"88742\" class=\"elementor elementor-88742 elementor-2596\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tu Matauenga - Th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nam gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tu Matauenga, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Tu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Maori l\u00e0 Atua c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trung t\u00e2m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gay g\u1eaft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em Tane Mahuta v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ranginui v\u00e0 Papatuanuku ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong sau cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c anh em.<\/p><p>B\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span>, c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn binh Maori cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Polynesia \/ Maori.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/polynesisch-maori\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Polynesia \/ Maori.\">Polynesia \/ Maori<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh.\">Th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; 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aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tumataueng-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tumataueng-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tumataueng-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_tu-matauenga-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2718\" alt=\"Tu Matauenga - G\u00f6tter aus der Polynesisch-maori-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_tu-matauenga-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_tu-matauenga-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_tu-matauenga-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_tu-matauenga.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-tu-matauenga elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-tu-matauenga\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-tu-matauenga\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-tu-matauenga\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-tu-matauenga elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-tu-matauenga\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u016b-matauenga l\u00e0 <strong>th\u1ea7n Maori<\/strong> c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hung h\u00e3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-tu-matauenga elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-tu-matauenga\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-tu-matauenga\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-tu-matauenga\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-tu-matauenga elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-tu-matauenga\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u016b-Matauenga, <strong>chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n Maori<\/strong>, hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 hung h\u00e3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m s\u0103n b\u1eafn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n Polynesia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tu Matauenga l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng Atua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Ranginui v\u00e0 Papatuanuku, anh em v\u1edbi <a href=\"\/vi\/tane-mahuta\/\">Tane Mahuta<\/a>, <a href=\"\/vi\/tangaroa\/\">Tangaroa<\/a>, <a href=\"\/vi\/rongo\/\">Rongo<\/a>, Haumia-tiketike (th\u1ea7n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt m\u1ecdc hoang) v\u00e0 Tawhirimatea (th\u1ea7n gi\u00f3). V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf: l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em duy nh\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9 thay v\u00ec chia t\u00e1ch h\u1ecd.<\/p><p>Margaret Orbell m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Tu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 k\u00e9p trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Maori: th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 Atua c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. X\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/p><p>Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nam gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung l\u00e0 &#8220;t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi&#8221; &#8211; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Mars \u1edf La M\u00e3, Tyr \u1edf Scandinavia, Indra trong \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Maori mang m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang: Tu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn binh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang tri th\u1ee9c (&#8216;Matauenga&#8217; c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8216;tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&#8217;).<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi &#8211; d\u00f9 mang t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 hay th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng &#8211; \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c chung. Anne Salmond v\u00e0 Hirini Mead \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean Tu trong ti\u1ebfng Maori c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8216;\u0111\u1ee9ng&#8217;, &#8216;\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng&#8217;. B\u1ed5 danh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 Matauenga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 &#8216;tri th\u1ee9c&#8217;, &#8216;nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c&#8217;.<\/p><p>Tu Matauenga do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8216;ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c&#8217; ho\u1eb7c &#8216;ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng&#8217;. C\u00e1c b\u1ed5 danh kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m Tu-ka-riri (&#8216;Tu, k\u1ebb gi\u1eadn d\u1eef&#8217;), Tu-kai-taua (&#8216;Tu, k\u1ebb nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i&#8217;), Tu-mata-uenga (&#8216;Tu v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t tri th\u1ee9c&#8217;), Tu-mata-rehurehu (&#8216;Tu trong b\u00f3ng ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n&#8217;). M\u1ed7i bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, Tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng Polynesia: Ku \u1edf Hawai&#8217;i (v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e2m k t\u1eeb *t), Tuu \u1edf Tahiti, Tu \u1edf Mangaia. T\u1ea1i Hawai&#8217;i, Ku l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c (Valeri, <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em>, 1985). \u1ede Aotearoa, Tu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u Atua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Ku \u1edf Hawaii v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Tu \u1edf Maori r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: Trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n Hawaii c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 ri\u00eang; trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Maori phi t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng Iwi v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> \u00edt t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tu Matauenga th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Maori (whakairo) qua m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn binh: l\u01b0\u1ee1i th\u00e8 ra (whakapohane), hai ch\u00e2n dang r\u1ed9ng, ng\u00f3n tay x\u00f2e ra, c\u01a1 b\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, \u1edf c\u1ed9t c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Haka, \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng.<\/p><p>Tu kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n duy nh\u1ea5t. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfn binh trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc giao tranh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n Tu qua ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh. Anne Salmond m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Maori: th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n qua th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa v\u00e0 Karakia, thay v\u00ec b\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Mere (ch\u00f9y l\u00e0m t\u1eeb Pounamu), Taiaha (g\u1eady) v\u00e0 Patu, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5: ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c Tu. Ch\u00fang mang mana c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt gia t\u1ed9c.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc Mere \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 tapu. Hirini Mead m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft l\u1edbp bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong <em>Maori Art on the World Scene<\/em> (2002).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Tu trong cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c anh em<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> trung t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, Tu mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh trong khi Tane ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Rongo k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i.<\/p><p>Tane th\u1eafng th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng sau khi t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, Tawhirimatea, th\u1ea7n b\u00e3o, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn v\u00ec m\u1ea5t \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha n\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c anh em c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Tane, Tangaroa v\u00e0 Rongo ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Tu \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Tawhirimatea.<\/p><p>Sau \u0111\u00f3, Tu tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u0103n c\u00e1 (l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Tangaroa), b\u1eaft chim (l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Tane), tr\u1ed3ng khoai lang (l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Rongo) v\u00e0 h\u00e1i c\u00e2y hoang d\u1ea1i (l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Haumia). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean: nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n.<\/p><p>Do \u0111\u00f3, Tu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 &#8216;Nga uri o Tu&#8217; (&#8216;h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Tu&#8217;). S\u1ef1 quy g\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng theo ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span>-th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Atua.<\/p><p>Margaret Orbell ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Tu ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Maori kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o hay nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 &#8216;c\u00e1i \u00e1c&#8217; theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f4i khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tu v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed5n m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong chi\u1ebfn tranh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori, Tu l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu trung t\u00e2m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn (taua), Tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n qua Karakia, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Tapu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 thanh t\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh nh\u1ecbn \u0103n, tr\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tohunga (chuy\u00ean gia t\u1ebf l\u1ec5) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 b\u00f3i to\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Elsdon Best m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y trong <em>The Maori as He Was<\/em> (1924) v\u00e0 <em>Maori Warfare<\/em> (1903). Sau tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf Tapu di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m (\u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebb th\u00f9, v\u0169 kh\u00ed) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Tu.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft nghi l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc: chi\u1ebfn tranh trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Maori l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tapu, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t &#8216;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, phi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c<\/span>&#8216;. Vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng; m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Karakia c\u1ee7a Tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh.<\/p><p>\u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8216;utu&#8217; (tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 ho\u1eb7c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp), g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi Tu. Utu tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sau m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.<\/p><p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh utu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Maori v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i.<\/p><p>Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng: c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Tu ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh cho nam gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian ti\u00ean tri, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00ecn gi\u1eef Kotahitanga) c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Tu. Mira Szaszy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Maori kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Haka v\u00e0 Pukana<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Haka ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qua \u0111\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec3n b\u00f3ng b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa th\u1ec3 thao, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tu. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u Haka c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 &#8216;Ka Mate&#8217; (do Te Rauparaha s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19) hay &#8216;Ko Niu Tireni&#8217; \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang v\u00e0 t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c &#8211; Pukana (l\u0103n m\u1eaft), Whakapohane (th\u00e8 l\u01b0\u1ee1i), Tunga ringa (c\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng tay) &#8211; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n Tu. Salmond v\u00e0 Mead th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Haka nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 &#8216;th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n&#8217;. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc Maori, Haka ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m linh-th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Haka chi\u1ebfn tranh (peruperu, c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed), Haka h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh (haka taparahi, kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed) v\u00e0 Haka ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n (haka powhiri). M\u1ed7i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbp ri\u00eang. T\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Te Matatini, cu\u1ed9c thi Haka l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Aotearoa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n.<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec7u Haka &#8216;Ka Mate&#8217; \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Te Rauparaha, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a Ngati Toa, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 sau khi \u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c truy \u0111u\u1ed5i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng. L\u1eddi ca t\u00f4n vinh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Ngati Toa, b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7u Haka b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 neo \u0111\u1eadu ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y &#8211; &#8216;lu\u1eadt t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a&#8217; &#8211; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb, trong \u0111\u00f3 Aotearoa \u0111ang \u0111i ti\u00ean phong tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Haka kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 &#8216;di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung c\u1ee7a Polynesia&#8217;, m\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Iwi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Whakapapa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Haka l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t &#8216;th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3&#8217; theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Bourguignon (<em>Possession<\/em>, 1976), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m c\u00f9ng nhau b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Tu. Chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Haka v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh shaman c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Tapu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Tu ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00f3a. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u &#8211; ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi \u0111\u1ea5u &#8211; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t Karakia d\u00e0nh cho Tu. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nghi l\u1ec5 cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ma thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y mang bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed: Mere (ch\u00f9y t\u1eeb Pounamu), Taiaha (g\u1eady) v\u00e0 Patu. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 di v\u1eadt gia t\u1ed9c (taonga tuku iho) v\u00e0 mang mana c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Thay v\u00ec b\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh theo ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3.<\/p><p>Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Tu &#8211; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong Ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n Maori t\u1ea1i Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 Hai, kinh nghi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a binh s\u0129 Maori t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, hay trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i &#8211; c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n cho binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng sau khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Mason Durie \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y trong <em>Whaiora<\/em> (1994) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n Maori.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Mason Durie v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n Maori cho th\u1ea5y Karakia c\u1ee7a Tu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng sau sang ch\u1ea5n \u1edf c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh Maori t\u1eebng tham chi\u1ebfn (Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Afghanistan). Ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khung nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tu Matauenga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi Ares v\u00e0 Mars (Hy L\u1ea1p-La M\u00e3), Tyr (Germanic), Indra (V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0), Ogun (Yoruba). \u0110i\u1ec3m chung l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nam gi\u1edbi, chi\u1ebfn binh.<\/p><p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t: Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Maori, Tu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i &#8216;th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh&#8217; theo ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1t m\u00e1u. S\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 nghi l\u1ec5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Maori \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o Tapu v\u00e0 Mana.<\/p><p>Trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Polynesia, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Ku \u1edf Hawaii \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Valeri cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u1edf Hawai&#8217;i, Ku \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9, v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi l\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u1ede Aotearoa, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p Tu c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a shaman \u1edf Siberia v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9: \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp sau chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Eliade ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong <em>Shamanism<\/em> (1951), d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori.<\/p><p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Bushido c\u1ee7a samurai Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kshatriya V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc so s\u00e1nh<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn binh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi &#8216;thi\u00eang li\u00eang chi\u1ebfn binh&#8217; (sacred warriorship), v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nghi l\u1ec5 s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n nay<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tu Matauenga hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay trong th\u1ec3 thao, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (Ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n Maori, Ti\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n 28 trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 Hai) v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p><p>Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Maori t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 &#8211; Bastion Point, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef &#8211; th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y Tu l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tikanga c\u1ee7a &#8216;\u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng&#8217; (tu tonu) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Tu.<\/p><p>Trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Tu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. <a href=\"\/vi\/polynesisch-maori\/\">T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Polynesia-Maori<\/a> n\u00f3i chung hi\u1ec3u Tu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1c qu\u1ef7 chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n Maori, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Tu. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m &#8216;mana tane&#8217; (mana nam gi\u1edbi, nam t\u00ednh l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe nam gi\u1edbi Maori hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Tu Matauenga \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Elsdon Best, Te Rangihiroa (Peter Buck), Margaret Orbell v\u00e0 Hirini Mead. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Anne Salmond, Judith Binney v\u00e0 Mason Durie (<em>Whaiora<\/em>, 1994) l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ku \u1edf Hawaii, <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> c\u1ee7a Valeri l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tri th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Maori b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n Karakia c\u1ee7a Tu v\u00e0 Haka nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn k\u00e9p n\u00e0y &#8211; nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 &#8211; \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c Wananga nh\u01b0 Te Wananga o Aotearoa v\u00e0 Te Wananga o Raukawa gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y Tikanga li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Tu d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gi\u1eefa tri th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 Tu trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Polynesia-Maori cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Atua kh\u00e1c, thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2545b1f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2545b1f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24c6a4e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp24c6a4e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1eaby: Tumatauenga v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2811d04e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2811d04e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274d4107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp274d4107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Maori, <em>Tumatauenga<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 Atua t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c qua nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Iwi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Cha tr\u1eddi <a href=\"\/vi\/ranginui\/\">Ranginui<\/a> v\u00e0 M\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea5t <a href=\"\/vi\/papatuanuku\/\">Papatuanuku<\/a>. Sau s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c anh em quay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng nhau. Tumatauenga, ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c anh em cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Tumatauenga \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u00e1c anh em b\u1eb1ng m\u01b0u tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Tangaroa, ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e2u.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Tane, ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a Haumiatiketike v\u00e0 Rongo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt hoang d\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e1c, \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra g\u1eady \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, d\u00e2y b\u1eaby v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thu h\u00e1i v\u00e0 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i.<\/p><p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c anh em qua k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c \u0103n, v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Maori cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi c\u00e1, chim v\u00e0 hoa m\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0y.<\/p><p>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo quan ni\u1ec7m Maori \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0103n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0103n. V\u00ec Tumatauenga \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c Atua kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a, tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng <em>karakia<\/em>, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n nghi l\u1ec5.<\/p><p>Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang Tane, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1eef trong logic n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng Atua kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0103n, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb George Grey v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tohunga Te Matorohanga.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb m\u00e0u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tumatauenga nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai s\u00e1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u0103n b\u1eafn, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u Iwi v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kho t\u00e0ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.\" tabindex=\"0\">truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Margaret Orbell: <em>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Maori Myth and Legend<\/em> (1995)<\/li><li>Elsdon Best: <em>The Maori as He Was<\/em> (1924)<\/li><li>Elsdon Best: <em>Maori Warfare<\/em> (1903)<\/li><li>Valerio Valeri: <em>Kingship and Sacrifice<\/em> (1985)<\/li><li>Te Rangihiroa: <em>The Coming of the Maori<\/em> (1949)<\/li><li>Mason Durie: <em>Whaiora<\/em> (1994)<\/li><li>Hirini Mead: <em>Tikanga Maori<\/em> (2003)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef then ch\u1ed1t li\u00ean quan: Tu Matauenga Maori chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n Haka Pukana taua tapu Tu-ka-riri.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tu-matauenga\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard k\u1ebf th\u1eeba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111eo mang, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a <a href=\"\/vi\/polynesisch-maori\/\">Polynesia \/ Maori<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 41 l\u1edbp, v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt, b\u1ea1ch kim, b\u1ea1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng trong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tumataueng-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tumataueng-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m y t\u1ebf<\/strong> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e2m linh.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tu Matauenga &#8211; Th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nam gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Maori Tu Matauenga, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Tu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Maori l\u00e0 Atua c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trung t\u00e2m, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gay g\u1eaft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2718,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tu Matauenga Maori","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tu Matauenga - Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n Maori, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tu Matauenga l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Maori. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"polynesisch-maori","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-88742","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tu Matauenga - Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ea7n Maori, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tu Matauenga l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Maori. 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