{"id":88628,"date":"2026-08-02T23:22:25","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:22:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:22:45","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:22:45","slug":"hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/hexenhammer-malleus-maleficarum\/","title":{"rendered":"Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Hexenhammer\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hexenhammer (Malleus Maleficarum)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Hexenhammer<\/strong>, ti\u1ebfng Latinh l\u00e0 Malleus Maleficarum<\/em>, l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang tai ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed truy b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1486\/87 t\u1ea1i Speyer, do tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh Heinrich Kramer (Latinh h\u00f3a: Institoris) bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span>, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ma qu\u1ef7 h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua Malleus.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

Heinrich Kramer l\u00e0 B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean tu vi\u1ec7n D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh Schlettstadt \u1edf v\u00f9ng Alsace v\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1470 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch thanh tra d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c phi\u00ean t\u00f2a ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Innsbruck n\u0103m 1485 k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong tai ti\u1ebfng: Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Georg Golser t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t \u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn.<\/p>

Kramer ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f2i b\u00fat. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Summis desiderantes affectibus<\/em> c\u1ee7a Innozenz VIII n\u0103m 1484, \u00f4ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Malleus nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, Jakob Sprenger, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3; c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Christopher Mackay v\u00e0 Wolfgang Behringer, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a Sprenger l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c mang t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. Kramer nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1o d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean Sprenger ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m g\u1ee3i l\u00ean uy t\u00edn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba ph\u1ea7n<\/h2>\n

Malleus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba ph\u1ea7n. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho ph\u00e9p v\u1eeba do Ma qu\u1ef7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y: giao \u01b0\u1edbc<\/span> v\u1edbi Ma qu\u1ef7, ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i, ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, giao h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Incubus v\u00e0 Succubus, quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt v\u1edbi qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef, g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho gia s\u00fac v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 c\u1ea9m nang th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng: c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n minh cho tra t\u1ea5n, c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eddi th\u00fa t\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e0i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Kramer suy di\u1ec5n ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y t\u1eeb c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef: \u0111\u1ee9c tin y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ham mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb Ma qu\u1ef7 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 h\u01a1n. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kinh vi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Kramer, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean c\u00e1c phi\u00ean t\u00f2a ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n

Malleus \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 28 l\u1ea7n in \u1ea5n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1486 \u0111\u1ebfn 1669. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Kinh Th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1ea5n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea5p C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Salamanca \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf n\u00f3; T\u00f2a \u00e1n D\u1ecb gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y Ban Nha, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5m n\u00f3 v\u00ec b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba \u0110\u1ee9c, \u1edf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh trung t\u00e2m cho c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban x\u00e9t x\u1eed ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e9t x\u1eed ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1590 v\u00e0 1630.<\/p>\n

Malleus g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi quy \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span> ph\u00e1p l\u00fd sang cu\u1ed9c truy b\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb 40.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 60.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u1edf Trung \u00c2u trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1450 \u0111\u1ebfn 1750, trong \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 75% l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh s\u1edbm<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Johann Weyer \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m 1563 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m De praestigiis daemonum<\/em>. Weyer tuy ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ma qu\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh u s\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 l\u1eddi th\u00fa t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>

Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld, tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u00e0 cha gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1631 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Cautio Criminalis<\/em>, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n l\u00ean \u00e1n th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tra t\u1ea5n. C\u1ea3 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c phi\u00ean t\u00f2a ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1782 v\u1edbi v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh (Anna G\u00f6ldi \u1edf Glarus).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay<\/h2>\n

T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, Malleus \u00edt l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ebb th\u00f9.<\/p>

C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn giao \u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp Sabbath v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan; ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thanh tra d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p d\u01b0\u1edbi tra t\u1ea5n. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi Malleus nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Malleus m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn qu\u1ef7 h\u00f3a. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea3n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1, v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ra ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n