{"id":88406,"date":"2026-08-02T23:09:11","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:09:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/minerva-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:09:40","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:09:40","slug":"minerva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/minerva\/","title":{"rendered":"Minerva"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"88406\" class=\"elementor elementor-88406 elementor-3011\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b58201 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8b58201\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da51ea3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"da51ea3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6417cf4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6417cf4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1266072 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1266072\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Minerva, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 La M\u00e3<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-322afdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"322afdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Minerva l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. B\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Tam v\u1ecb Capitoline c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Iuppiter v\u00e0 Iuno, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Mars hung h\u00e3n, Minerva th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Etruscan \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n<\/span>. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, Minerva v\u1eabn l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hun \u0111\u00fac t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5c66e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5c66e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdacb15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"fdacb15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/rom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n - h\u1ed7n dung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Etruscan.\">La M\u00e3<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45ca86 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e45ca86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b3478 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"47b3478\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__47b3478\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__47b3478\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__47b3478\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a503ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a503ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c2b35 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c4c2b35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3258\" alt=\"Minerva - G\u00f6tter aus der Rom-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_minerva.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4670358 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4670358\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c6a7ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c6a7ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f49b1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f49b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd645ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd645ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Minerva c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Menrva c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etruscan, v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh Italic r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Roma th\u1eddi Tarquinia. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, khi c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Etruscan \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, Menrva \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 sinh n\u1edf.<\/p><p>Th\u00f4ng qua Tam v\u1ecb Capitoline c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etruscan, b\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Capitoline v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Iuppiter Optimus Maximus v\u00e0 Iuno Regina d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Minerva. Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ba v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t gian th\u1edd duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong v\u00f9ng Italic v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o xem l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Etruscan.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i Roma ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, Minerva s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1edbi Athena c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. Ovid \u0111\u1ec3 Minerva xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn Arachne th\u00e0nh nh\u1ec7n v\u00ec t\u1ed9i ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n linh La M\u00e3 qua ti\u1ebfng Latin.<\/p><p>Vergil trong &#8220;Aeneis&#8221; nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Pallas c\u1ee7a Minerva, v\u1eadt th\u1edd b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Troia m\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Aeneas mang sang Italy.<\/p><p>Quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng Palladium n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Vesta tr\u00ean Forum \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft Minerva ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trao cho b\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Augustus.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Minerva t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u Iuppiter l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh x\u1ea3o trong th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p><p>Varro v\u00e0 Cicero \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Minerva nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3, trong \u0111\u00f3 Cicero trong &#8220;De natura deorum&#8221; ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u Minerva kh\u00e1c nhau, qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ngay c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p><p>Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a H\u1eadu C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Minerva Capitoline c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Minerva chi\u1ebfn binh, m\u1ed9t Minerva y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Minerva thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 c\u0169 g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Italic kh\u00e1c nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c truy nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n-\u00c2u v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a &#8220;suy ngh\u0129&#8221; ho\u1eb7c &#8220;\u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng&#8221;, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t ra t\u1eeb Latin mens, t\u1ee9c &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span>&#8220;.<\/p><p>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, Minerva ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft hay ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c75cded e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c75cded\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37c0c2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"37c0c2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1512d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1512d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, Minerva th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u0169 chi\u1ebfn, gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khi\u00ean. Tr\u00ean khi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1p ng\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 Gorgoneion, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u Medusa, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u00e0 \u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Athena c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p><p>M\u0169 chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng Corinth v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eddm c\u00f4ng phu. Ng\u1ecdn gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u01a1 l\u00ean trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, g\u1ee3i \u00fd ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh g\u00e1c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00fa m\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 linh v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n tr\u00ed. Trong ng\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc La M\u00e3, h\u00ecnh c\u00fa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i ra, r\u1eafn l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111i k\u00e8m, g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng chthonic c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n.<\/p><p>C\u00e2y \u00f4 liu, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Athena \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1edf Roma nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong c\u00e1c bia k\u00fd t\u1eeb Pompeii v\u00e0 Ostia, Minerva \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda v\u1edbi c\u00e0nh \u00f4 liu v\u00e0 ch\u00e9n, cho th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y \u00f4 liu trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ecdc s\u1ee3i, thoi d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u00fat ch\u00ec (stilus) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t len v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p><p>H\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c allegory th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n, trong \u0111\u00f3 Minerva \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a septem artes liberales. M\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e2y s\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do b\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ra nh\u01b0ng theo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n<\/span>, Minerva xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 b\u00fat ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb n\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh mang t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc sang n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n sang allegory Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Sapientia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0ebfe1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a0ebfe1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d2d10d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d2d10d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-434fec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"434fec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Minerva t\u1ea1i La M\u00e3 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Aventine v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Aedes Minervae. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a scribae v\u00e0 histriones, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u mu\u1ed9n xem Minerva l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00f3i chung. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Aventine, \u0111\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, trao cho <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o.<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Capitoline, b\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t gian th\u1edd v\u1edbi Iuppiter v\u00e0 Iuno. Trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, b\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt<\/span> cho b\u00e0 khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. C\u00e1c bia k\u00fd th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Iuppiter Conservator v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Quinquatrus, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 19 \u0111\u1ebfn 23 th\u00e1ng Ba. Ovid d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft trong &#8220;Fasti&#8221; cho l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, h\u1ecdc sinh, th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, th\u1ee3 nhu\u1ed9m v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t len. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c thi t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf th\u1ee9 hai, Quinquatrus minusculae v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5i s\u00e1o, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span>. C\u1ea3 hai l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p gia h\u1ea1n quy ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft chung.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, Minerva th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7n dung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u1ede Britannia, b\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Sulis th\u00e0nh Sulis Minerva, su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Aquae Sulis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng quan tr\u1ecdng. \u1ede Gaul, b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n, th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i; \u1edf v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng Danube, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c bia k\u00fd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p><p>\u1ede B\u1eafc Phi, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00e0 Minerva Augusta, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Severan. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y minh h\u1ecda kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110ua ng\u1ef1a, khai gi\u1ea3ng n\u0103m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n t\u1eadp vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp Quinquatrus. S\u1ef1 \u0111an xen gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Minerva kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Minerval v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 minerval.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1eed44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d1eed44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13afc06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13afc06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c232197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c232197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ovid k\u1ec3 trong &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Arachne. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 d\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lydia l\u00e0 Arachne th\u00e1ch Minerva thi d\u1ec7t, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 l\u00e3o, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o n\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c thi. Minerva d\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n trong v\u1ebb uy nghi c\u1ee7a Olympus, c\u00f2n Arachne th\u00ec mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm.<\/p><p>B\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5, Minerva bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh nh\u1ec7n. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng quan ni\u1ec7m La M\u00e3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi minh h\u1ecda vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Minerva v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt d\u1ec7t may. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i thi\u00eang li\u00eang.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Palladium, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd trong \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u1eadt th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Minerva. Theo &#8220;Aeneis&#8221; c\u1ee7a Vergil, Aeneas c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Troia. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Vesta tr\u00ean Forum v\u00ec s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Roma.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c th\u00e1i th\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1eef tu Vestal canh gi\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt c\u1ea7m c\u1ed1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa Minerva v\u00e0 Vesta n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3.<\/p><p>Cicero v\u00e0 Livius ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbp khi Palladium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00f4ng khai ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n v\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang trong c\u1ea3nh nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t k\u00fd \u1ee9c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed5i s\u00e1o Marsyas. Minerva \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e2y s\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf n\u00f3 khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00ecnh ph\u1ed3ng m\u00e1 trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Satyr Marsyas nh\u1eb7t nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 l\u00ean v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1ch Apollo \u0111\u1ea5u nh\u1ea1c.<\/p><p>Apollo th\u1eafng v\u00e0 cho l\u1ed9t da Marsyas. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a tham v\u1ecdng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Minerva \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i Dionysian say m\u00ea, th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 c\u00e2y s\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Italic, k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c thi gi\u1eefa Minerva v\u00e0 Neptunus v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 Athens. Ovid ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Hy L\u1ea1p n\u00e0y trong &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i tr\u00ean khung d\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Arachne, qua \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Arachne.<\/p><p>Minerva chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Neptunus v\u1edbi m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch l\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u00f4 liu tr\u01b0\u1edbc con ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Neptunus, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00f4.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c4525e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c4525e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cabc3c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cabc3c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff830c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff830c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong Tam v\u1ecb Capitoline, Minerva \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Iuppiter v\u00e0 Iuno. C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Etruscan, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 theo t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p><p>Iuppiter l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1i cao, Iuno b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, Minerva b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ba v\u1ecb t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Roma v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Italy.<\/p>\n<p>Minerva c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi Mars, nh\u01b0ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Mars th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, Minerva th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cicero nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y trong &#8220;De natura deorum&#8221; v\u00e0 xem Minerva l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t &#8220;l\u00fd t\u00ednh&#8221; c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p><p>V\u1edbi Vesta, b\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt c\u1ea7m c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 Palladium; v\u1edbi Apollo l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt; v\u1edbi Mercurius l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, Minerva ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Athena. Trong allegory th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n, b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 Sapientia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a, qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o.<\/p><p>Augustinus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o, v\u1eabn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong &#8220;De civitate Dei&#8221; ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 Latin \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Minerva v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t allegory c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f6089b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f6089b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f5b6e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f5b6e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605cc71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"605cc71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, Minerva \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00f4-t\u00edp<\/span> \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Domitian t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n th\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho kh\u1eafc h\u00ecnh b\u00e0 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p><p>Suetonius ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Domitian tr\u00ean n\u00fai Albanus, n\u01a1i n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u1edbi Minerva cho th\u1ea5y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> n\u00e0y linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, v\u1eeba ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai l\u1eabn ri\u00eang t\u01b0.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, Minerva v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch allegory c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi. Botticelli \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd b\u00e0 trong &#8220;Pallas v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n m\u00e3&#8221;, Vasari \u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Medici. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng huy hi\u1ec7u. Biblioth\u00e8que nationale Paris, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Minerva nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 C\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c allegory nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean con d\u1ea5u, ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i. N\u1eef th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tinh th\u1ea7n<\/span> s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p><p>Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00fa m\u00e8o c\u1ee7a Minerva, theo Hegel &#8220;ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn&#8221;, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Hegel ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u suy ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y trong l\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a &#8220;C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n&#8221; v\u00e0 xem tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng, nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i Minerva c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Minerva c\u1ee7a Bundeswehr v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ean b\u00e0. Ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc vinh danh b\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh 93 Minerva, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c James Craig Watson ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1867.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ee0599 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7ee0599\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911a62f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"911a62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62a9a53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62a9a53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil x\u1ebfp Minerva v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ba ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1ea4n-\u00c2u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 coi b\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u1ebf-ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh chi\u1ebfn binh, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p><p>C\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00ec Minerva v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Italic c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ri\u00eang trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Etruscan, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi so s\u00e1nh \u1ea4n-\u00c2u ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Schilling trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed Etruscan v\u00e0 coi Menrva ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n n\u00e9m s\u00e9t, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Mary Beard v\u00e0 John North ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Aventine v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y Minerva \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Minerva v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, Minerva kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tri th\u1ee9c. Kurt Latte x\u1ebfp b\u00e0 trong &#8220;L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3&#8221; v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng Italic c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Italic so v\u1edbi Athena c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p><p>John Scheid trong ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Aventine v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba Aventine v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Sulis Minerva v\u00e0 Minerva Medica tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Esquiline. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 bia k\u00fd, ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch trung gian gi\u1eefa t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c03e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52c03e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ea6a1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ea6a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9270b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9270b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>: Vergil &#8220;Aeneis&#8221;, Ovid &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;Fasti&#8221;, Livius &#8220;Ab urbe condita&#8221;, Cicero &#8220;De natura deorum&#8221;, Varro &#8220;De lingua latina&#8221;, Macrobius &#8220;Saturnalia&#8221;, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Servius v\u1ec1 &#8220;Aeneis&#8221;, Augustinus &#8220;De civitate Dei&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Forschungsliteratur: Georges Dum\u00e9zil, &#8220;La religion romaine archa\u00efque&#8221;, Paris 1966. Robert Schilling, &#8220;Rites, cultes, dieux de Rome&#8221;, Paris 1979. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, &#8220;Religions of Rome&#8221;, Cambridge 1998. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, &#8220;Die Religion der R\u00f6mer&#8221;, M\u00fcnchen 2001. Kurt Latte, &#8220;R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte&#8221;, M\u00fcnchen 1960. John Scheid, &#8220;An Introduction to Roman Religion&#8221;, Edinburgh 2003.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Minerva, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 La M\u00e3 Minerva l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. B\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c Tam v\u1ecb Capitoline c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Iuppiter v\u00e0 Iuno, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Mars hung h\u00e3n, Minerva th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3258,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Minerva","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Minerva - N\u1eef Th\u1ea7n Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 La M\u00e3 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Minerva l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Tam v\u1ecb Capitoline, c\u00fa m\u00e8o, khi\u00ean, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Quinquatria","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-88406","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Minerva - N\u1eef Th\u1ea7n Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 La M\u00e3 | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Minerva l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3. 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