{"id":88391,"date":"2026-08-02T23:08:21","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:08:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gula-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:08:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:08:51","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"88391\" class=\"elementor elementor-88391 elementor-3020\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Babylon<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Babylon c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3, v\u1edbi con v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. Gula l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Mesopotamia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Assyria m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1.<\/p><p>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 con ch\u00f3, m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt m\u00e0 trong quan ni\u1ec7m Mesopotamia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. C\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf Isin, Nippur v\u00e0 Babylon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p - Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria (kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 3500 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 330 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean).\">Mesopotamia<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3251\" alt=\"Gula - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ninisina, Bau v\u00e0 Ninkarrak, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Sumer c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Isin, Lagash v\u00e0 Sippar. Ninisina, &#8220;N\u1eef ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Isin&#8221;, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p><p>Ngay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Isin v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2000 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Gula.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00ean Gula c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1i&#8221; trong ti\u1ebfng Akkad. C\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc g\u1ecdi b\u00e0 l\u00e0 azugallu, t\u1ee9c &#8220;th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i&#8221;. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Anu, th\u1ea7n b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Enlil. Phu qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ninurta, th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e0y b\u1eeba, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng b\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau: \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, b\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf Isin, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Mesopotamia, v\u00e0 \u1edf Nippur, trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u1ea1i Babylon, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho b\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n<\/span> E-galmah. T\u1ea1i Sippar, b\u00e0 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng Ninkarrak. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 Gula, &#8220;Th\u00e1nh ca Bullussa-rabi&#8221;, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon trung k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n do ch\u00ednh b\u00e0 t\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3. B\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, y t\u00e1, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 quan t\u00f2a c\u00f4ng minh. B\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gula l\u00e0 con ch\u00f3. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c Kudurru v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau, m\u1ed9t con ch\u00f3 ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh ngai v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n b\u00e0.<\/p><p>Trong quan ni\u1ec7m Mesopotamia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, con ch\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft: n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc qua x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa qua n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a ch\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00f5i \u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 con dao m\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c g\u1eady y t\u1ebf. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, b\u00e0 c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n, b\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 Kudurru, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> con ch\u00f3 ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u chi\u00eam tinh ho\u1eb7c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. Qua \u0111\u00f3, Gula l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c.<\/p><p>Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ch\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u1eeb Isin \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3 trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, khi x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0111\u00f4i khi cho th\u1ea5y Gula v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i sao ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea7ng tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch chi\u00eam tinh trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng b\u00e0. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\" tabindex=\"0\">ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa<\/span> r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong t\u01b0 duy Mesopotamia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, Gula \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c chi\u00eam tinh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trung t\u00e2m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gula n\u1eb1m \u1edf Isin, mi\u1ec1n nam Mesopotamia. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> E-gal-mah l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00fang b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00fang voto trong c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Italy, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh: c\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/span> d\u00e2ng l\u00ean b\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1eaft b\u1ec7nh, chi th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i Nippur, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 E-mah, n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong ti\u1ebfng Assyria m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c, asu, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. T\u1ea1i Sippar, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Ninkarrak, t\u1ea1i Babylon trong E-galmah. T\u1ea1i Borsippa, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Babylon, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Nabu, th\u1ea7n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch b\u1edfi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Assyria m\u1edbi c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n b\u00e0 trong khi sinh n\u1edf, khi s\u1ed1t, khi b\u1ecb r\u1eafn c\u1eafn v\u00e0 khi b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ee7a Ashurbanipal ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u00f3 Gula \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Marduk, Ea v\u00e0 Shamash nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa t\u1ea1i gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, asipu, t\u1ee9c th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa, c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n Gula theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi l\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i len sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p><p>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi con ch\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt linh nghi l\u1ec5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<p>Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Assyria m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gula ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. Ashurbanipal cho sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng gia c\u0169ng d\u00e2ng l\u00ean b\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi sinh n\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u00ednh m\u1eabu t\u1eed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi Inanna hay Marduk. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 &#8220;Th\u00e1nh ca Bullussa-rabi&#8221;, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung t\u1ef1 h\u1ecda l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n trong 200 d\u00f2ng.<\/p><p>Trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Anu, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ninurta, th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng minh cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i. B\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00ec n\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean Gula.<\/p>\n<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Anzu, Gula kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n sau, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ninurta sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 l\u1ec5 kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y t\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u00e0 v\u00e0o s\u1eed thi anh h\u00f9ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 cho b\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Anzu.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 con ch\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Gula, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y b\u1ed7ng b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p><p>Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3, t\u1eeb n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean, v\u00ec b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean qua ch\u00ednh con v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1, mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u1eef th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Ninurta, th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e0y b\u1eeba. C\u1ea3 hai t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p b\u1ed5 sung, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 rung chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an xen v\u1edbi nhau. V\u1edbi Damu, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, b\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. Damu th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba Gula trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi Ninisina, Bau v\u00e0 Ninkarrak, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5. V\u1edbi Marduk, th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Babylon, b\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng: trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa y t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 hai th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n c\u00f9ng nhau, v\u00ec Marduk trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> Babylon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, Gula c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Shamash, th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Ea, th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Ea \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, v\u00ec v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 Gula \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong danh s\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc An, Gula \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Ninkarrak, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Akkad, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a tr\u00ean <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">bia<\/span> Hammurabi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t y t\u1ebf.<\/p><p>Phu qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Pabilsag, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Babylon mu\u1ed9n v\u1edbi ch\u00f2m sao Nh\u00e2n M\u00e3. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn binh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mesopotamia, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hung h\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t Gula-Ishtar trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e1nh ca Babylon mu\u1ed9n, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u hai n\u1eef th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng n\u1eef t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc suy t\u01b0 mu\u1ed9n, v\u1ed1n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n th\u1edd Marduk ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Gula k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh cao Babylon trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Seleucid. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Sumer h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng b\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trung t\u00e2m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc Mesopotamia.<\/p>\n<p>Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, Gula \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau t\u1eeb Isin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 con ch\u00f3, b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng minh quan tr\u1ecdng cho ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>Trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, Gula hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ea3n khoa, b\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tham chi\u1ebfu trung t\u00e2m. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ch\u00f3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00f3 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Asklepios v\u1edbi r\u1eafn v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o so s\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n<p>Trong Mesopotamia th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, Gula \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Hekate, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\" tabindex=\"0\">ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt<\/span> v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua v\u0103n kh\u1eafc h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc th\u1eddi Seleucid t\u1eeb Uruk, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.\" tabindex=\"0\">bia<\/span> song ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec3m chung n\u1eb1m \u1edf thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m &#8220;Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb Gula qua Hekate \u0111\u1ebfn Diana th\u1eddi sau.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc, Gula \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t theo t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p Asklepios-Hippokrates sau n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Vivian Nutton \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft trong &#8220;Ancient Medicine&#8221; (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed y h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay coi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Gula l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen x\u1ebfp Gula v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 sinh n\u1edf. \u00d4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1edbi Ninisina m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eef th\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb d\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd b\u00e0. Gula l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c asu v\u00e0 asipu, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia y t\u1ebf nghi l\u1ec5. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Mesopotamia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean tri v\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\" tabindex=\"0\">ph\u00e9p thu\u1eadt<\/span> \u0111\u00e3 ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/span> Gula v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa. Walther Sallaberger v\u00e0 Andrew George \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i d\u1ef1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u1edf Isin v\u00e0 Nippur v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 l\u1eabn v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i &#8220;Th\u00e1nh ca Bullussa-rabi&#8221;. Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u coi Gula l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Mesopotamia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u00e1nh ca Gula c\u1ee7a Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca Gula l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Bullussa-rabi, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u01b0 k\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn theo t\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon trung k\u1ef3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n d\u00e0i 200 d\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n sao, c\u00e1c phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Assur, Niniveh v\u00e0 Babylon.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>B\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967 b\u1edfi Wilfred G. Lambert trong Orientalia 36, v\u1edbi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo phong c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n, trong \u0111\u00f3 Gula n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh, quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1eef th\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00e1ch khoa v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 Belet-ili, N\u1eef ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, Nintinugga, Bauu v\u00e0 Ninisinna, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Sumer.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/span> h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Mesopotamia, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ch\u00ednh. B\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gula duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gula v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 &#8220;th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn than th\u1edf th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec1m vui&#8221;, b\u00e0 &#8220;l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u0103ng b\u00f3 n\u00f3&#8221;, b\u00e0 &#8220;cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng&#8221;.<\/p><p>C\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng mang t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy cho b\u00e0. M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Stefan Maul \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh Babylon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd Gula l\u00e0 Isin, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Euphrat, m\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n mang t\u00ean E-gal-mah, t\u1ee9c &#8220;cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cao qu\u00fd&#8221;.<\/p><p>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 19 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Isin, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn &#8220;T\u1eeb ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ninisinna&#8221; (t\u1ee9c Gula). C\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Lipit-Ishtar v\u00e0 Enlil-bani ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c tu b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb ph\u00f2ng ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt Isin c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c do Barthel Hrouda ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1973 \u0111\u1ebfn 1989 \u0111\u00e3 khai l\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn E-gal-mah. Trong s\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00e9m c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt c\u00fang nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai qu\u1eadt t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ch\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t nung, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Lo\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ch\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n gian c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/span> l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai n\u1eb1m \u1edf Nippur v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ee9 ba \u1edf Babylon, n\u01a1i Gula trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon mu\u1ed9n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh trung t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a Nebuchadnezzar II. g\u1ecdi b\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban t\u1eb7ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua sau m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng.<\/p><p>T\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ashur \u1edf Assyria c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t E-gal-mah, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sennacherib v\u00e0 Ashurbanipal tu b\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho Gula tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n Mesopotamia, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi Ishtar hay Marduk.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ch\u00f3 nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00fang nguy\u1ec7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Con ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gula, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> Mesopotamia. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 b\u00f2, s\u01b0 t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c r\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 Gula c\u00f3 ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh.<\/p><p>Tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau Kudurru c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon trung k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean Kudurru Meli-Shipak (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), b\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean ngai v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con ch\u00f3 ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c g\u1ea1ch tr\u00e1ng men c\u1ee7a Nebuchadnezzar II. t\u1ea1i Babylon.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp. Ch\u00f3 \u1edf Mesopotamia v\u1eeba b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u00f4 u\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda. Trong y h\u1ecdc, con ch\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ng\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ebfm v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong y h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0nh v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Babylon \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a con ch\u00f3, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 v\u1eeba s\u1ea1ch v\u1eeba \u00f4 u\u1ebf. Karen Radner c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa nghi l\u1ec5 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00fang nguy\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c ch\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t nung c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay, b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n, m\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e2ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p><p>Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n Asklepios Hy L\u1ea1p sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Epidaurus, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c chi th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>: &#8220;Th\u00e1nh ca Bullussa-rabi&#8221; v\u1ec1 Gula, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 ch\u00fa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Babylon c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Assyria m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c v\u0103n kh\u1eafc t\u1eeb Isin, Nippur v\u00e0 Sippar, c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh ca v\u1ec1 Ninisina v\u00e0 Ninkarrak, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> Anzu trong c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n mu\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8220;Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, &#8220;Ancient Babylonian Medicine&#8221;, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong <a href=\"\/vi\/literatur\/\">danh m\u1ee5c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gula, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Babylon Gula l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Babylon c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3, v\u1edbi con v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. Gula l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Mesopotamia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula - N\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh Babylon v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Babylon c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh. V\u1eadt linh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 con ch\u00f3 - th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n Esabad.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-88391","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula - N\u1eef th\u1ea7n ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh Babylon v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ch\u00f3 | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Babylon c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh. 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