{"id":88330,"date":"2026-08-02T23:04:28","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:04:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vulcanus-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:04:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T23:04:58","slug":"vulcanus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/vulcanus\/","title":{"rendered":"Vulcanus"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"88330\" class=\"elementor elementor-88330 elementor-3015\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f3a172 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8f3a172\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ffa628 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ffa628\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-504d937 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"504d937\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05a5475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05a5475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vulcanus, th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n La M\u00e3<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c823d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c823d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vulcanus l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda, ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">Nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Italia v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1edbp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Etruscan.<\/p><p>Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hephaestus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, Vulcanus ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef cho kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ed7n dung Hy L\u1ea1p m\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda, Vulcanus \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vui t\u01b0\u01a1i h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4fc26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f4fc26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f6fd60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4f6fd60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><a href=\"\/vi\/rom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eadu k\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i - h\u1ed7n dung v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Etruscan.\">La M\u00e3<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-451d9e8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"451d9e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-603ae3a elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"603ae3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__603ae3a\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eefde50 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eefde50\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75cc2a9 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75cc2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3262\" alt=\"Vulcanus - G\u00f6tter aus der Rom-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_rom_vulcanus-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b8c8ff e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9b8c8ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d107e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8d107e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d84c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"05d84c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e4505c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e4505c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean g\u1ecdi Vulcanus c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Velchans trong ti\u1ebfng Etruscan v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u1ed1c \u1ea4n-\u00c2u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u00e1y&#8221;. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t Volcanal, t\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e0n th\u1edd hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho Vulcanus, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3i Capitolium.<\/p><p>N\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Roma v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi m\u1edf. Plutarchus \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 trong ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed &#8220;Romulus&#8221; nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Romulus v\u00e0 Tatius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>Trong l\u1edbp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Italia c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n, Vulcanus ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nguy hi\u1ec3m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t v\u00e0 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 ho\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, \u1edf Roma ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 tr\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Mars.<\/p><p>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Hephaestus c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p th\u00ec kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Etruscan l\u00e0 Velchans \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Piacenza v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u00faa v\u00e0 k\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n<p>Vergilius m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Vulcanus trong &#8220;Aeneis&#8221; nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Venus ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho Aeneas, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m khi\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ti\u00ean tri v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed La M\u00e3.<\/p><p>Ovidius ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y trong &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; nh\u01b0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u00f2ng th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hephaestus. Qua \u0111\u00f3, Vulcanus v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u00e9p, trong \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u Italia v\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5p l\u00ean nhau. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Augustus s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft tr\u00ean khi\u00ean Aeneas nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Roma.<\/p>\n<p>Trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gian Italia, Vulcanus c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Maia, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n bia t\u1eeb Praeneste v\u00e0 Tibur x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn k\u00e9p, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u1eeda ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng. T\u1eeb m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ecbch l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Roma th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a579d29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a579d29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3c539 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d3c539\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ffd25c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ffd25c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00faa, \u0111e v\u00e0 k\u1eb9p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Vulcanus. Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n c\u00f3 r\u00e2u m\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n kho\u00e8o, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Hephaestus.<\/p><p>\u00d4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u0111e r\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecf, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee1i ki\u1ebfm, m\u0169 gi\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n\u8ddb ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Italia v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Hephaestus.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i l\u00f2 r\u00e8n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e8n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Etna.<\/p><p>Vergilius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e8n c\u1ee7a Vulcanus v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda Sicilia v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c Cyclops g\u00e0o th\u00e9t b\u00ean \u0111e trong &#8220;Aeneis&#8221;, quy\u1ec3n VIII. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho t\u1eeb &#8220;n\u00fai l\u1eeda&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Con b\u00ea \u0111\u1ef1c m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00ec m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eeda. Khi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng Roma d\u00e2ng l\u00ean \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft l\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c.<\/p><p>T\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Vulcanalia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00e9m c\u00e1 v\u00e0o l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt thay th\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Plinius gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd xoa d\u1ecbu ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34b6d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34b6d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3035e8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3035e8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c7ced elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0c7ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Vulcanus l\u00e0 Vulcanalia v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 8, trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n cao. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, c\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9m v\u00e0o l\u1eeda, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf thay th\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt b\u1ecb thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t thay cho nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p><p>Varro ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, Plinius Gi\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 trong &#8220;Naturalis historia&#8221;. C\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 thay th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Italia v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3.<\/p>\n<p>Khu Volcanal c\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m \u1edf Comitium v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00f5i thi\u00eang li\u00eang th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">linh thi\u00eang<\/span> theo c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1eabn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y Romulus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5.<\/p><p>V\u00e0o th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> Vulcanus tr\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Mars, n\u01a1i l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Vulcanalia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n r\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trang tr\u1ecdng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span>, trong \u0111\u00f3 khu Volcanal c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nghi l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n<p>Ostia, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Roma, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> Vulcanus \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Pontifex Vulcani \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 ven c\u1ea3ng.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c v\u0103n bia g\u1ecdi Vulcanus \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Trong v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y n\u0103m 64 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nero, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Pompeii qua \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Po \u0111\u1ebfn Gaul. \u1ede Vulci v\u00e0 Velia, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed Etruscan, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u1ede Lugdunum v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Gaul kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p><p>\u1ede Aquincum, Carnuntum v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Danube kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c binh s\u0129 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e8n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n. \u1ede Britannia c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e0n th\u1edd hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho \u00f4ng g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m luy\u1ec7n kim s\u1eaft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-002f1e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"002f1e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee764a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee764a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d775220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d775220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n La M\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Vulcanus l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho Aeneas. Vergilius m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong &#8220;Aeneis&#8221;, quy\u1ec3n VIII, c\u1ea3nh Venus c\u1ea7u xin th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n cung c\u1ea5p cho con trai b\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trang b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Italia.<\/p><p>Vulcanus \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Cyclops trong x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e8n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Etna ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c m\u0169 gi\u00e1p, ki\u1ebfm, gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m khi\u00ean l\u1edbn, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00ean b\u00e1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed La M\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i Actium. C\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Augustus, v\u00ec n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Roma hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac trong tay th\u1ea7n linh.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Venus, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ovidius \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; v\u00e0 Vergilius. Vulcanus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n kh\u1eadp khi\u1ec5ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n xinh \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3.\" tabindex=\"0\">m\u00f4-t\u00edp<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>Khi Venus b\u1ecb b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Mars, Vulcanus \u0111an m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi tinh x\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4i t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n trong l\u00fac b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. T\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Hephaestus nh\u01b0ng trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 ba k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 Caeculus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Praeneste. Servius thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u1eb1ng Caeculus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eef t\u00ec sau khi m\u1ed9t tia l\u1eeda t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda Vulcanus ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o c\u00f4.<\/p><p>V\u1ec1 sau \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u1edf Praeneste Vulcanus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u1eeda v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Servius Tullius, v\u1ecb vua th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Roma. Theo Plinius v\u00e0 Varro, Servius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tia l\u1eeda b\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u00e0n th\u1edd trong nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eef n\u00f4 t\u00ean Ocresia. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Caeculus v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Servius nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Comitia Centuriata.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a75d6ad e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a75d6ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787730d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"787730d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d770518 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d770518\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, Vulcanus l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Iuppiter v\u00e0 Iuno, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 anh em c\u1ee7a Mars v\u00e0 Minerva. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Mars \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh, d\u00f9 theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p><p>Mars l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn, c\u00f2n Vulcanus l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb luy\u1ec7n kim. V\u1edbi Minerva, \u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng trong khi Minerva ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong d\u1ec7t may v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, th\u00ec Vulcanus cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n<p>Vulcanus theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Venus, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p. Trong l\u1edbp Italia c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n, Maia, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e8 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Vulcanus. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng N\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u1ea3 hai, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u1ec5 v\u1eadt d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, c\u1ea7u xin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh.\" tabindex=\"0\">l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt<\/span> chung t\u1ea1i khu Volcanal c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n<\/span> r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, Vulcanus c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n Stata Mater, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Tiberinus, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng Vulcanus \u00edt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb h\u01a1n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00fat quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3.<\/p>\n<p>Mulciber, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t danh c\u1ee7a Vulcanus c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y&#8221;, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u01a1 ca anh h\u00f9ng ca ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf Lucanus v\u00e0 Statius v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, t\u00e0i hoa c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n. S\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 archaic, khi Vulcanus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt kim lo\u1ea1i tinh x\u1ea3o v\u1eeba l\u00e0 k\u1ebb g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Stata Mater, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf Comitium. Hai v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Stata Mater trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho Vigiles, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9785b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9785b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7f6db9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7f6db9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-691122e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"691122e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Baroque, Vulcanus v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng, bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i hoa v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t minh. Vel\u00e1zquez v\u1ebd x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e8n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Etna v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Cyclops, Rubens v\u00e0 Tintoretto khai th\u00e1c t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft Vulcanus-Mars-Venus. Trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda in \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Genova v\u00e0 Florence, Vulcanus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vulcanus tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u00e9p, x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n. X\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Vulcan \u1edf Stettin, Vulcan-Maschinenbau AG v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>. Trong \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb &#8220;n\u00fai l\u1eeda&#8221; (Vulkan), b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Vulcanus, c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean g\u1ecdi chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c n\u00fai phun l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n<p>Trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Vulcanus xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong truy\u1ec7n tranh, phim \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i nh\u01b0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span> c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 r\u00e8n, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft Vulcan t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft b\u00ean trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Sao Th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo t\u00ean \u00f4ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eeba. Ti\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh tinh 4464 Vulcano c\u0169ng mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi C\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, &#8220;Vulcan&#8221; m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1eefa Sao Th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, m\u00e0 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 do Urbain Le Verrier n\u0103m 1859 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Sao Th\u1ee7y.<\/p><p>M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1915, Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i R\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh th\u00eam, v\u00e0 &#8220;Vulcan&#8221; bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. T\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1eeb &#8220;vulcanoid&#8221;, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi trong ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba h\u00e0nh tinh h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, &#8220;n\u00fai l\u1eeda&#8221; t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fai phun l\u1eeda. Athanasius Kircher trong &#8220;Mundus Subterraneus&#8221; n\u0103m 1665 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda ng\u1ea7m m\u00e0 \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n La M\u00e3. \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ng\u00e0nh n\u00fai l\u1eeda h\u1ecdc s\u01a1 khai cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/span> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2e2b16 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2e2b16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d02201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d02201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2ff23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2ff23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Robert Schilling v\u00e0 Kurt Latte nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u Italia-Etruscan c\u1ee7a nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Vulcanus. Trong l\u1edbp c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n, Vulcanus \u00edt l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n h\u01a1n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef t\u00ednh thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t \u1edf xa h\u01a1n. Ch\u1ec9 trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau.\" tabindex=\"0\">h\u1ed7n dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/span> Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>Georges Dum\u00e9zil x\u1ebfp \u00f4ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ee9 ba trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea4n-\u00c2u, t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Vulcanus l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Quirinus, th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.<\/p><p>Mary Beard v\u00e0 John North ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/span> \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Roma, v\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i khu Volcanal ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh \u0111a chi\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Dum\u00e9zil.<\/p>\n<p>John Scheid nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Vulcanus \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 khu Volcanal \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3.<\/p><p>J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch Vulcanus \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Roma. Frank Sear v\u00e0 Andreas Schmidt-Colinet \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nghi l\u1ec5 \u1edf Ostia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh B\u1eafc Phi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c690fe9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c690fe9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b709da6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b709da6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanal v\u00e0 Aedes Volcani<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51da8e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51da8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Vulcanus l\u00e0 khu Volcanal \u1edf Comitium, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e0n th\u1edd n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi tr\u00ean s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i Capitolium. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> nh\u01b0 Festus cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Romulus ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng theo nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Sabin, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nghi l\u1ec5.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, v\u00ec ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda g\u1eafn v\u1edbi Vulcan kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian k\u00edn. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e8n ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Romulus \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e2u tr\u00ean khu Volcanal cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi do c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u1eadu C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, Aedes Volcani, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Mars, ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng La M\u00e3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngh\u0129a, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a Bellona v\u00e0 Mars ngo\u00e0i Pomerium. Vitruvius b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn trong &#8220;De architectura&#8221; (I, 7) r\u1eb1ng <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra l\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Vulcanus, Mulciber v\u00e0 Stata Mater.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede Ostia, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1, m\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Vulcan ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c danh t\u01b0 t\u1ebf \u0111i k\u00e8m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c, Pontifex Volcani, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ri\u00eang trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c v\u0103n bia li\u00ean quan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 CIL XIV 4 v\u00e0 32, ghi ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Vulcan c\u1ee7a Ostia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p><p>Gia t\u1ed9c Iuli trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Ostia cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf Vulcan qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. \u1ede Pompeii, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh lararium x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng Vulcan trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u00f2 r\u00e8n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063b94 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1063b94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e99f68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e99f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volcanalia v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf l\u1eeda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259d6f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"259d6f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh, Volcanalia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 8, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i h\u00e8 khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span>.<\/p><p>Trong l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf Vulcan, nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Tiber \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9m v\u00e0o l\u1eeda, m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 thay th\u1ebf archaic m\u00e0 theo &#8220;Quaestiones Romanae&#8221; 71 c\u1ee7a Plutarchus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf cho linh h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 d\u00e2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cho l\u1eeda v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u00ea \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 heo r\u1eebng con, b\u1ecb thi\u00eau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c holocaust, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c holocaust n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc, mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5<\/span> La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Vulcan.<\/p><p>Macrobius m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong &#8220;Saturnalia&#8221; (I, 12, 18) r\u1eb1ng Praefectus urbi v\u00e0o l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Vulcan cho nh\u00fang nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u0129a \u0111ang ch\u00e1y v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc qua l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng Tiber v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ma thu\u1eadt \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy hi\u1ec3m d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1eadp t\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eeda t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trang tr\u1ecdng. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p qua v\u0103n bia \u1edf Pompeii v\u00e0 Herculaneum.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 Tabula Pompeiana 19, ghi ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 8 cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc Volcanalia, sao cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5. C\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Vulcan v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u1eadu \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ngo\u00e0i Italia \u1edf Gaul v\u00e0 Africa, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Vulcanus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e2454c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e2454c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0656b44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0656b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 apotropaic v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4746c57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4746c57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho Vulcanus. Servius Tullius theo Cicero \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, familia publica vigilum, m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Vulcan.<\/p><p>\u0110\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch augusteischen v\u1ec1 vigiles d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Caesar Augustus n\u0103m 6 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean; c\u00e1c Cohortes vigilum \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Vulcan ri\u00eang trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee5c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee9ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">V\u0103n bia<\/span> CIL VI 1057 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"N\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00e0n th\u1edd<\/span> t\u1ea1i Statio c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Volcano genio cohortis.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh apotropaic trong h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eaft l\u1eeda b\u1ebfp trong \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc Volcanalia, r\u1eafc mu\u1ed1i l\u00ean b\u1ebfp v\u00e0 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh Vulcanus l\u00ean c\u1eeda c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee3.<\/p><p>Plinius Gi\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p trong &#8220;Naturalis historia&#8221; (VII, 50) r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Vulcan. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ma thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gia \u0111\u00ecnh Italia.<\/p>\n<p>Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi Trung \u0111\u1ea1i, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7.\" tabindex=\"0\">H\u1eadu k\u1ef3 C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, Th\u00e1nh Laurentius tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 10 th\u00e1ng 8, n\u1eb1m r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Volcanalia. S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb Vulcanus sang Laurentius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Robert Markus v\u00e0 Robin Lane Fox ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nghi l\u1ec5 v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 c\u0169, ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n linh nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6a196e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f6a196e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-019041b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"019041b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1012cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1012cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>: Vergilius &#8220;Aeneis&#8221;, Ovidius &#8220;Metamorphoses&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;Fasti&#8221;, Livius &#8220;Ab urbe condita&#8221;, Varro &#8220;De lingua latina&#8221;, Plinius &#8220;Naturalis historia&#8221;, ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Servius, Macrobius &#8220;Saturnalia&#8221;, Plutarchus &#8220;Romulus&#8221;, Dionysius x\u1ee9 Halicarnassus &#8220;Antiquitates Romanae&#8221;.<\/p>\n<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: Robert Schilling, &#8220;Rites, cultes, dieux de Rome&#8221;, Paris 1979. Kurt Latte, &#8220;R\u00f6mische Religionsgeschichte&#8221;, M\u00fcnchen 1960. Georges Dum\u00e9zil, &#8220;La religion romaine archa\u00efque&#8221;, Paris 1966. Mary Beard, John North, Simon Price, &#8220;Religions of Rome&#8221;, Cambridge 1998. John Scheid, &#8220;An Introduction to Roman Religion&#8221;, Edinburgh 2003. J\u00f6rg R\u00fcpke, &#8220;Die Religion der R\u00f6mer&#8221;, M\u00fcnchen 2001.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vulcanus, th\u1ea7n r\u00e8n La M\u00e3 Vulcanus l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda, ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. Nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Italia v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1edbp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Etruscan. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3262,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Vulcanus","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Vulcanus - Th\u1ea7n R\u00e8n v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n L\u1eeda La M\u00e3 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Vulcanus l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, quan th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. L\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Volcanalia, x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00e8n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai Etna - th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-88330","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vulcanus - Th\u1ea7n R\u00e8n v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n L\u1eeda La M\u00e3 | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Vulcanus l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3, quan th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. 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