{"id":88133,"date":"2026-08-02T22:52:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T22:52:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/laozi-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T22:53:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T22:53:18","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"88133\" class=\"elementor elementor-88133 elementor-3065\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a &#8220;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh&#8221;, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn trong gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i; c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Laozi ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xoay quanh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3217\" alt=\"Laozi - G\u00f6tter aus der Daoismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 800 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.\" tabindex=\"0\">c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span> chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 Laozi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong &#8220;S\u1eed k\u00fd&#8221; (Shiji) c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 90 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean ghi l\u1ea1i ba phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 Laozi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p><p>Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng Laozi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Chu ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 th\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef vi\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i (551 \u0111\u1ebfn 479 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sau. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Laozi, v\u00ec th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 suy vong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 theo l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi canh c\u1eeda \u1ea3i Do\u00e3n H\u1ef7 t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda \u1ea3i H\u00e0m C\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh g\u1ed3m 5000 ch\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n<p>Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t Laozi v\u1edbi L\u00e3o Lai T\u1eed, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1eb7t \u00f4ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 100 n\u0103m mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho th\u1ea5y ngay c\u1ea3 T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller trong &#8220;Laotse&#8221; (1995) v\u00e0 &#8220;The Philosophy of the Daodejing&#8221; (2006) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u00edt \u1ecfi c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean mang t\u00ednh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Gi\u1edbi H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Laozi. Russell Kirkland trong &#8220;Taoism: The Enduring Tradition&#8221; (2004) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng Laozi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p><p>Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n b\u1ea3n: \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh theo quan ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebb tre ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1993 t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1ch \u0110i\u1ebfm (t\u1ec9nh H\u1ed3 B\u1eafc) ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/span><\/p><p>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng g\u00e1n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cho Laozi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa trong vi\u1ec7c quy thu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh (&#8220;Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c&#8221;) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m 81 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eafn, tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u01a1 ca v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n.<\/p><p>C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0110\u1ea1o&#8221; (Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean s\u01a1), &#8220;\u0110\u1ee9c&#8221; (\u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m), &#8220;V\u00f4 vi&#8221; (Kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng g\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e9p), &#8220;T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&#8221; (T\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1-l\u00e0-v\u1eady) v\u00e0 &#8220;Ph\u00e1c&#8221; (g\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebdo g\u1ecdt, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb nguy\u00ean s\u01a1). C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n\n<p>C\u00e1c b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eadt (226 \u0111\u1ebfn 249) v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean ho\u1eb7c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau: V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn, H\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1edf.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Livia Kohn trong &#8220;Daoism and Chinese Culture&#8221; (2001) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a Laozi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Laozi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ra. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean S\u01b0 (&#8220;Thi\u00ean S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o&#8221;), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1o L\u0103ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 142 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Laozi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o.<\/p><p>T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n ra v\u1edbi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1o L\u0103ng trong m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 trao cho \u00f4ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Qua \u0111\u00f3, Laozi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo. Trong <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (618 \u0111\u1ebfn 907), Laozi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e3o Qu\u00e2n (&#8220;Th\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e3o Qu\u00e2n&#8221;), m\u1ed9t trong ba v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y Thi\u00ean T\u00f4n (&#8220;Thi\u00ean T\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Kh\u1edfi Nguy\u00ean&#8221;) v\u00e0 Linh B\u1ea3o Thi\u00ean T\u00f4n (&#8220;Thi\u00ean T\u00f4n c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o V\u1eadt Linh Thi\u00eang&#8221;).<\/p><p>D\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, Laozi cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng gia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng gia. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng mang h\u1ecd L\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb Laozi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u0169ng mang h\u1ecd L\u00fd.<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span>. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec 712 \u0111\u1ebfn 756) trao cho Laozi danh hi\u1ec7u &#8220;\u0110\u1ea1i Th\u00e1nh T\u1ed5 Ti\u00ean, Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf Huy\u1ec1n Nguy\u00ean&#8221; v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter trong &#8220;The Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period&#8221; (1998) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Laozi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p><p>S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span>, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd<\/span> v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5<\/span> \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Laozi v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng Nho gi\u00e1o \u00edt mang t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc&#8221; (\u0110\u1ea1o gia) v\u00e0 &#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o&#8221; (\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o), m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n (206 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 220 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00e1nh trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet trong &#8220;Taoism: Growth of a Religion&#8221; (1997) v\u00e0 Harold Roth trong &#8220;Original Tao&#8221; (1999) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc theo h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, trong khi c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> \u1edf T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n th\u1edd Laozi. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng, Laozi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh trong m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n linh<\/span> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, t\u00e0i l\u1ed9c).<\/p><p>S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e9p k\u00edn m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi trong so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh Laozi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c (Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0, Socrates) \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa.<\/p><p>Laozi \u00edt mang t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Jesus hay Muhammad h\u01a1n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n<p>Trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa, Laozi \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi Trang T\u1eed (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f9ng t\u00ean &#8220;Trang T\u1eed&#8221; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p><p>C\u1ea3 hai th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o<\/span> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller v\u00e0 Harold Roth \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng hai v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n chung v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n Mawangdui v\u00e0 Guodian<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a &#8220;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1edfi hai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. N\u0103m 1973, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 3 \u1edf M\u00e3 V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4i g\u1ea7n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa (t\u1ec9nh H\u1ed3 Nam) hai b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o l\u1ee5a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 168 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/span><\/p><p>C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n &#8220;Mawangdui A&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;Mawangdui B&#8221; so v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: &#8220;ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c&#8221; (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 38 \u0111\u1ebfn 81 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chu\u1ea9n) \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc &#8220;ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1o&#8221; (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chu\u1ea9n. Robert G. Henricks trong &#8220;Lao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching&#8221; (New York 1989) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Mawangdui k\u00e8m b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra 130 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc so v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Vulgata c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n then ch\u1ed1t th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebb tre khai qu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1993 t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1ch \u0110i\u1ebfm (c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed3 Nam) t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 300 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p><p>Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a trong ba b\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng hai ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh. Robert Henricks trong &#8220;Lao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian&#8221; (New York 2000) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; Sarah Allan v\u00e0 Crispin Williams trong tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp &#8220;The Guodian Laozi&#8221; (Berkeley 2000) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth trong &#8220;Original Tao&#8221; (New York 1999) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ebb tre Qu\u00e1ch \u0110i\u1ebfm \u0111\u1eb7t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 suy t\u01b0 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn s\u01a1 k\u1ef3, d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong &#8220;N\u1ed9i Nghi\u1ec7p&#8221; v\u00e0 &#8220;H\u1ea1c Quan T\u1eed&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng qua truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p><p>Ba b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc coi l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\" tabindex=\"0\">kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/span>. &#8220;H\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng ch\u00fa&#8221; (&#8220;B\u00ecnh ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng&#8221;), theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi H\u00e1n (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng N\u1ed9i \u0110an (neidan) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes n\u0103m 1950 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed &#8220;Artibus Asiae&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 H\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng ch\u00fa b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y; Alan K. L. Chan trong &#8220;Two Visions of the Way&#8221; (Albany 1991) \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh H\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00f4ng ch\u00fa v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ch\u00fa kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 hai.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>B\u00ecnh ch\u00fa th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eadt (226 \u0111\u1ebfn 249), \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a &#8220;huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc&#8221; (xuanxue, &#8220;H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Huy\u1ec1n B\u00ed&#8221;) th\u1eddi Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n theo m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 &#8220;V\u00f4&#8221; (wu) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p><p>B\u00ecnh ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa v\u1ec1 sau v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n chu\u1ea9n ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p><p>B\u00ecnh ch\u00fa trung t\u00e2m th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 &#8220;T\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u0129 ch\u00fa&#8221; (&#8220;Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u01a1i&#8221;), h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Thi\u00ean S\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01a1 k\u1ef3.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp trong &#8220;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221; (Berkeley 1997) \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 T\u01b0\u1edfng Nh\u0129 ch\u00fa sang ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Laozi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n &#8220;Th\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng L\u00e3o Qu\u00e2n&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong t\u1ea7ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Linh B\u1ea3o v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thanh.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau Kinh Th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18; trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Richard Wilhelm, James Legge v\u00e0 Arthur Waley gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p><p>Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Laozi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 trong phong tr\u00e0o huy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Laozi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i.<\/p><p>M\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn: c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 Laozi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho \u00f4ng, v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Laozi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a &#8220;\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh&#8221;, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Trung [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o 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