{"id":87354,"date":"2026-08-02T22:06:19","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T22:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tunupa-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-02T22:06:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T22:06:38","slug":"tunupa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/tunupa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tunupa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"87354\" class=\"elementor elementor-87354 elementor-19010\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunupa, th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunupa l\u00e0 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt.\" tabindex=\"0\">th\u1ea7n<\/span> trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara.<\/p><p><strong>V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eeda c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ea7n \/ N\u1eef th\u1ea7n: Quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a trong \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd.\">Th\u1ea7n<\/span><span class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Andes c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara tr\u00ean Altiplano v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Achachila v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd n\u00fai.\">Aymara<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Kh\\u00f4ng t\\u00ecm th\\u1ea5y ti\\u00eau \\u0111\\u1ec1 n\\u00e0o tr\\u00ean trang n\\u00e0y.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tM\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/goetter_aymara_tunupa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-20035\" alt=\"Tunupa, die alte Andengottheit am Salzsee\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/goetter_aymara_tunupa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/goetter_aymara_tunupa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/goetter_aymara_tunupa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/goetter_aymara_tunupa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tunupa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunupa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Aymara ti\u1ec1n-Inca thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng h\u1ed3 Titicaca, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean Salar de Uyuni. C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 gi\u1eefa ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n: v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n h\u1ed3, c\u00f2n ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda cao kho\u1ea3ng 5.321 m\u00e9t.<\/p><p>Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch gi\u00e0, r\u00e2u d\u00e0i, da s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7m g\u1eady, \u0111i t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1, rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u00e8 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3, khi\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng R\u00edo Desaguadero m\u1edf ra. Bertonio ghi n\u0103m 1612 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i Tunupa c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u1ed5ng quan: Tunupa<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> Th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara<br>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c: V\u00f9ng Titicaca v\u00e0 Collao, ti\u1ec1n-Inca<br>V\u0103n b\u1ea3n: Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1603, Bertonio 1612, Ramos Gavil\u00e1n 1621<br>Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba<br>Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o: L\u1eef kh\u00e1ch gi\u00e0, r\u00e2u d\u00e0i, da s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7m g\u1eady; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1eddng minh trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1603; c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00ean c\u0169 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Taguapaca v\u00e0 Tuapaca. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u00f9ng Titicaca v\u00e0 Collao, c\u00f9ng Salar de Uyuni \u1edf Bolivia, n\u01a1i Volc\u00e1n Tunupa n\u1eb1m \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda b\u1eafc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n: bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1603, Bertonio v\u00e0 Ramos Gavil\u00e1n; c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00fai v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Aymara:<\/strong> T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 S\u1ea5m s\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c Tia s\u00e9t, Ramos Gavil\u00e1n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 B\u1eadc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00ean c\u0169 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Taguapaca v\u00e0 Tuapaca. Bertonio ghi n\u0103m 1612 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i Tunupa c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p><p>V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch gi\u00e0, r\u00e2u d\u00e0i, da s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7m g\u1eady. C\u00f2n Volc\u00e1n Tunupa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Salar de Uyuni v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hang \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9a x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp; ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Achachila thi\u00eang li\u00eang.<\/p><p><strong>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p><p>Tunupa g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Salar, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du l\u1ecbch h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai quanh h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u00e0 s\u1eefa hay n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Tunupa t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t mu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Tunupa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Andes c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Aymara ti\u1ec1n-Inca thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng Titicaca, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1603 th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Andes \u1edf Collao: Tunupa \u0111i qua v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1, rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u1eef kh\u00e1ch gi\u00e0, r\u00e2u d\u00e0i, da s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7m g\u1eady; b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft v\u1edbi hang \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp \u1edf r\u00eca ph\u00eda b\u1eafc h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u1eeda, s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda, c\u00f9ng vai tr\u00f2 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean; t\u1ea1i n\u00fai l\u1eeda ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt Despacho nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Th\u1ea7n sung t\u00fac Ekeko c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Alasita; m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft xem Tunupa l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n \u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Viracocha c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Inca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u1eef kh\u00e1ch tr\u00ean b\u00e8: th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00ean n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1eddng minh trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1603, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00ean c\u0169 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Taguapaca v\u00e0 Tuapaca; Bertonio ghi n\u0103m 1612 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i Tunupa c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i Th\u1ea7n. C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 S\u1ea5m s\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c Tia s\u00e9t, Ramos Gavil\u00e1n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 B\u1eadc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3.<\/p><p>Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch gi\u00e0, r\u00e2u d\u00e0i, da s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7m g\u1eady, \u0111i t\u1eeb b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng nam, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1, rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00f3i \u00f4ng l\u00ean b\u00e8 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3; khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u00f4ng R\u00edo Desaguadero m\u1edf ra. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1621, nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed Ramos Gavil\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1edbm v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>N\u00fai l\u1eeda Tunupa v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1edd ng\u00e0nh du l\u1ecbch Uyuni, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0m m\u1edd \u0111i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Andes c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a; v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, Tunupa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua ng\u00e0nh Andinistik.<\/p><p>D\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdc, Tunupa cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Andes c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111ang b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1edfi truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft du l\u1ecbch. N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m r\u00f5: ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, kho\u1ea3ng 5.321 m\u00e9t, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Chi\u1ec1u cao kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 6.542 m\u00e9t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Sajama. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eefa v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n du l\u1ecbch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tunupa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 Tunupa b\u1eb1ng Viracocha ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9a031aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9a031aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9193514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp9193514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u1eeb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt Despacho t\u1ea1i n\u00fai l\u1eeda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02ca0ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02ca0ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp444e0f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp444e0f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Tunupa \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean; nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed Ramos Gavil\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i Tunupa th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 n\u0103m 1621. T\u1ea1i n\u00fai l\u1eeda ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt Despacho nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai kh\u00e1c. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eefa v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n du l\u1ecbch b\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11de5b2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp11de5b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d35271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp8d35271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ekeko, Viracocha v\u00e0 C\u1ed5ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp02f26b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp02f26b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp58c4390 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp58c4390\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tunupa g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n sung t\u00fac Ekeko, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ed1ng trong l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i Alasita. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn coi Tunupa l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Aymara c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n b\u1ecb v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Inca <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a> ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean; h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Staff God tr\u00ean C\u1ed5ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi \u1edf Tiwanaku \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 Tunupa, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh lu\u1eadn. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai, Volc\u00e1n Tunupa x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/achachila\/\">Achachila<\/a>, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/sajama\/\">Sajama<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp406577c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp406577c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd9c543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdd9c543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 Tunupa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e731bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9e731bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa7c898c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa7c898c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tunupa l\u00e0 ai ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p><p>M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Aymara c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 l\u1eef h\u00e0nh, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean Salar de Uyuni.<\/p><p><strong>Ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda cao bao nhi\u00eau?<\/strong><\/p><p>Kho\u1ea3ng 5.321 m\u00e9t; con s\u1ed1 6.542 m\u00e9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Sajama.<\/p><p><strong>Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eefa t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/strong><\/p><p>C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n du l\u1ecbch b\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Li\u00ean k\u1ebft tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/achachila\/\">Achachila<\/a> &#8211; lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n n\u00fai t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a> &#8211; v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Inca trong gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/sajama\/\">Sajama<\/a> &#8211; ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t Bolivia th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/raeuchern\/\">X\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/amulett\/\">B\u00f9a h\u1ed9 m\u1ec7nh<\/a> &#8211; c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/schutz-kompass\/\">La b\u00e0n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/a> &#8211; t\u1ed5ng quan c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o (tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Medinacelli, Ximena: <em>Bertonio y el mito de Tunupa<\/em>. In: Revista Ciencia y Cultura 28. La Paz 2012.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Ponce Sangin\u00e9s, Carlos: <em>Tunupa y Ekako<\/em>. La Paz 1969.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gisbert, Teresa: <em>Iconograf\u00eda y mitos ind\u00edgenas en el arte<\/em>. La Paz 1980.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong <a href=\"\/vi\/literatur\/\">danh m\u1ee5c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-hulijing-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh Andes v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean Salar de Uyuni, Tunupa c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng k\u00e9p: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed, \u1edf kia l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eefa ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch Uyuni nghe.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tunupa, th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i Tunupa l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara. V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eeda c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Th\u1ea7nAymara M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c Tunupa Tunupa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Aymara ti\u1ec1n-Inca thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng h\u1ed3 Titicaca, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1eeda, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":20035,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"tunupa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tunupa - v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Andes c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00ean h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tunupa, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eeda c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean Salar de Uyuni. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eefa v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"aymara","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-87354","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tunupa - v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Andes c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00ean h\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1i<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tunupa, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eeda c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean Salar de Uyuni. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1eefa v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/vi\/tunupa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tunupa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tunupa, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1eeda c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aymara v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1eeda b\u00ean Salar de Uyuni. 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