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\u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u06cc\u06a9\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<span data-nosnippet> Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Laotse&#8221; (1995) \u0627\u0648\u0631 &quot;The Philosophy of the Daodejing&#8221; (2006) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06cc\u06c1 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u06cc\u0645\u0627 \u0686\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u06c1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u0631\u067e\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 Russell Kirkland \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Taoism: The Enduring Tradition&#8221; (2004) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a 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data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af (&quot;\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9&#8221;) 81 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u06c1\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0648\u06c1\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u06d4 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0650 &quot;\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc&#8221; (&quot;\u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f&#8221;)\u060c \u062c\u0633\u06d2 \u0698\u0627\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0644\u0646\u06af \u0646\u06d2 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b 142 \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f 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(&quot;\u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0670 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0651&#8221;) \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u062a\u06be\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0624\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u062f\u0648 &quot;\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u064f\u0646&#8221; (&quot;\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1&#8221;) \u0627\u0648\u0631 &quot;\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u064f\u0646&#8221; (&quot;\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 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data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u06d2 \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0634\u06c1\u0646\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u060c \u062c\u0648 &quot;\u0644\u06cc&#8221; \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u06cc\u0670 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u060c \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u06cc &quot;\u0644\u06cc&#8221; \u0628\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p><p>\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645<\/span> \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0634\u06c1\u0646\u0634\u0627\u06c1 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0646\u06af (\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u062d\u06a9\u0648\u0645\u062a 712 \u062a\u0627 756) \u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 &quot;\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u06c1 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u062c\u062f\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0645\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0641\u0636\u06cc\u0644\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0628&#8221; \u06a9\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter \u0646\u06d2 &quot;The Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period&#8221; (1998) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062c\u0691\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u06be\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/p><p>\u0634\u0627\u06c1\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645<\/span> \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u062c \u06c1\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0624\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0634 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u06c1\u0648\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u06c1 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628<\/span> \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u06d2 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0648\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0634\u0633 \u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba &quot;\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645<\/span>&#8221; (\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u062c\u06cc\u0627) \u0627\u0648\u0631 &quot;\u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645<\/span>&#8221; (\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u062c\u06cc\u0627\u0624) \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 (206 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d \u062a\u0627 220 \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc) \u0633\u06d2 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062c \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u06c1 \u062e\u06cc\u0632 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u062f\u06be\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0622\u067e\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0636\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Taoism: Growth of a Religion&#8221; (1997) \u0627\u0648\u0631 Harold Roth \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Original Tao&#8221; (1999) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u062d\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0639\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06d4 \u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u06d2 \u062c\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles \u0646\u06d2 \u0633\u06cc \u0686\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645<\/span> \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u062c\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0644\u06c1\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u062b\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u0648\u062c\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0627<\/span> \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u062e \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba (\u0634\u0641\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a)\u06d4<\/p><p>\u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645<\/span> \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u06be\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06c1<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba (\u06a9\u0646\u0641\u06cc\u0648\u0634\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062f\u06be\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637) \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u0627\u06c1\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p><p>\u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0631\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u0670 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0610 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u0698\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0698\u06cc (\u0686\u0648\u062a\u06be\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d) \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u06c1\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 &quot;\u0698\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0698\u06cc&#8221; \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p><p>\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645<\/span> \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller \u0627\u0648\u0631 Harold Roth \u0646\u06d2 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u06d2 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0645\u0627\u0624\u0627\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0624\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>&quot;\u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af&#8221; \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc\u06ba \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u06af\u06cc\u0627\u06d4 1973 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u06c1 \u0646\u06d2 \u0686\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0627 (\u0635\u0648\u0628\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06ba) \u06a9\u06d2 \u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0624\u0627\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e 168 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/span><\/p><p>&quot;\u0645\u0627\u0624\u0627\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0641&#8221; \u0627\u0648\u0631 &quot;\u0645\u0627\u0624\u0627\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0628&#8221; \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u06cc \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0679\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2: &quot;\u062f\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u06c1&#8221; (\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 38 \u062a\u0627 81) &quot;\u062f\u0627\u0624 \u062d\u0635\u06d2&#8221; (\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 1 \u062a\u0627 37) \u0633\u06d2 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0622\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u06d2 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06c1 \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 Robert G. Henricks \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Lao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching&#8221; (New York 1989) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0627\u0624\u0627\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba 130 \u062c\u0648\u06c1\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06c1\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a 1993 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u0648\u0624\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646 (\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06ba) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b 300 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u062d \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u06a9\u06be\u0648\u062f\u06d2 \u06af\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0679\u06a9\u0691\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p><p>\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0679\u06be\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0648 \u067e\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0648\u0627\u06ba \u062d\u0635\u06c1 \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062a\u06a9 \u062f\u0648 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u06c1 \u0622\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u06c1\u062f \u0633\u0645\u062c\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 Robert Henricks \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Lao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian&#8221; (New York 2000) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u062e\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u061b Sarah Allan \u0627\u0648\u0631 Crispin Williams \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06c1 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a &quot;The Guodian Laozi&#8221; (Berkeley 2000) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u067e\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u06a9\u06cc\u06d4<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Original Tao&#8221; (New York 1999) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06af\u0648\u0624\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0679\u06a9\u0691\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u06be\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0635\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a &quot;\u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u06d2&#8221; \u0627\u0648\u0631 &quot;\u06c1\u06d2 \u06af\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0698\u06cc&#8221; \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u062f\u0627\u0624\u062f\u06d2 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0622\u06af\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p><p>\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06d4\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc<\/span> \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 &quot;\u06c1\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af \u06af\u0648\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0631\u062d&#8221; (&quot;\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d&#8221;)\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u064b \u06c1\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0631\u06a9\u06be\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 (\u062f\u0631\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06cc)\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u0691\u06be\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a (\u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u0627\u0646) \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes \u0646\u06d2 1950 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba &quot;Artibus Asiae&#8221; \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af \u06af\u0648\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u061b Alan K. L. Chan \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Two Visions of the Way&#8221; (Albany 1991) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af \u06af\u0648\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u06cc\u06c1 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06cc (226 \u062a\u0627 249) \u06a9\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0626\u06cc \u062c\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc &quot;\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06d2&#8221; (&quot;\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0645&#8221;) \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0646\u062f\u06d2 \u062a\u06be\u06d2\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0688\u06be\u0627\u0644\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba &quot;\u0639\u062f\u0645&#8221; (&quot;\u0648\u064f\u0648&#8221;) \u06a9\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u067e\u0691\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p><p>\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u0631\u067e\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p><p>\u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u062d &quot;\u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u062d&#8221; (&quot;\u0622\u067e \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0648\u0686 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u0631\u062d&#8221;) \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u06cc\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0635\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc &quot;\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u06cc&#8221; (\u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f) \u062f\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0632\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0622\u0626\u06cc\u06d4<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp \u0646\u06d2 &quot;Early Daoist Scriptures&#8221; (Berkeley 1997) \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0634\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062a\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0627 &quot;\u062a\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0627\u0624 \u062c\u064f\u0646&#8221; \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u06c1\u0628\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u067e\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0627\u0624 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u06af \u0686\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0628\u06be\u0631\u0627\u06d4<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget 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