{"id":73731,"date":"2026-08-01T23:10:36","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T23:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/yama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T23:10:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T23:10:58","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tr\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"73731\" class=\"elementor elementor-73731 elementor-1997\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, Hindu gelene\u011finin tanr\u0131s\u0131<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama, Hindu gelene\u011finin tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p><strong>\u0130lk \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc, \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve ruhlar\u0131n yarg\u0131c\u0131.<\/strong> Yama, en eski Hint tanr\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir; k\u00f6t\u00fc de\u011fil, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kendisi gibi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. \u00d6len ilk insan olarak \u00f6te d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, yani \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm'de g\u00f6rev ve kozmik d\u00fczen; Budizm'de Buda'n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretisi.\">Dharma<\/span>&#8216;s\u0131 olan Yamadharma h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Yama, asas\u0131yla (Danda) ve sad\u0131k mandas\u0131 Nandi ile d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131r, \u00f6lmekte olan ruhlar\u0131 kavrar ve onlar\u0131 mahkeme huzuruna \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Hinduizm&#8217;de Yama bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zararl\u0131 veya ikircikli etki atfedilen ruhani varl\u0131k.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015feytan<\/span> de\u011fil, kozmik d\u00fczenin zorunlu bir g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 \/ Tanr\u0131\u00e7a: Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn panteonunda ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f y\u00fcce g\u00fc\u00e7; do\u011fa kuvvetleri, kader, sava\u015f ve bereket gibi belirgin sorumluluk alanlar\u0131yla. K\u00fcltler, kurbanlar ve tap\u0131nak kurumlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fcceltilir.\">Tanr\u0131<\/span><a href=\"\/tr\/hinduizm-tanrilari\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vedik d\u00f6nemden tantrik d\u00f6neme uzanan Hindu tanr\u0131lar, asuralar ve koruyucu d\u00fcnyalar\u0131.\">Hinduizm<\/a><a href=\"\/tr\/olum-tanrilari\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6te d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fc yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131, ruh rehberleri.\">\u00d6l\u00fcm Tanr\u0131s\u0131<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Bu sayfada ba\\u015fl\\u0131k bulunamad\\u0131.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u0130\u00e7indekiler\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1731\" alt=\"Yama - G\u00f6tter aus der Hinduismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bir Bak\u0131\u015fta: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>T\u00fcr:<\/strong> Hindu-Budist ana tanr\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fc yarg\u0131c\u0131 ve yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin veya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Hinduizm, Budizm (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>\u0130\u015flev: \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc ilk ya\u015fayan \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc; \u015fimdi t\u00fcm \u00f6l\u00fclerin yarg\u0131c\u0131, Naraka&#8217;n\u0131n efendisi<br>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca nitelikler: Binek hayvan\u0131 olarak siyah manda, g\u00fcrz (Danda), kement (Pasha), \u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131<br>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca K\u00fclt Merkezleri: Tamil Nadu&#8217;daki Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131naklar\u0131<\/span>, Tibet manast\u0131rlar\u0131 (Cham dans\u0131), Japonya (Enma-O)<br>Budist \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirme: Yamaraja (Tibet dahil), Enma-O (Japonya), Yeomra (Kore)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metinlerin D\u00f6nemi<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama, <em>Rigveda<\/em>&#8216;da (M.\u00d6. 1200-900) ilk \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc olarak belgelenmi\u015ftir; \u00f6l\u00fcler d\u00fcnyas\u0131na giden yolu ilk o a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve orada h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmektedir. Daha sonraki epik gelenekte (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>) kat\u0131 bir \u00f6l\u00fc yarg\u0131c\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><p>Budizm&#8217;de <em>Yamaraja<\/em> olarak benimsenmi\u015f ve geni\u015fletilmi\u015f bir cehennem kozmolojisiyle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tibet&#8217;te M.S. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Yama-Dharmaraja olarak \u00f6fkeli tanr\u0131lar panteonlar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu Asya&#8217;da Enma-O, Yeomra ve Yanluo adlar\u0131yla, her birinde yerel uyarlamalarla varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yay\u0131l\u0131m Alan\u0131<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hindistan&#8217;da Yama&#8217;ya adanm\u0131\u015f <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131naklar<\/span> nadirdir; \u00f6l\u00fc yarg\u0131c\u0131ndan korkulur, ona y\u00f6nelik k\u00fcltik ilgi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00f6nemlileri: Tamil Nadu&#8217;daki Yamadharma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131naklar\u0131<\/span> ve Nepal&#8217;deki Yama Mandirleri. Tibet&#8217;te Gelug manast\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle Drepung, Ganden ve Sera) Cham dans\u0131 g\u00f6sterimlerinde merkezi bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Japonya&#8217;da her Budist mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Enma-O heykeli bulunmaktad\u0131r. Kore&#8217;de ise Yeomra, \u015famanik Mu-sok gelene\u011finde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kaynak Durumu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Temel kaynaklar: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14-18 (Yama ilk \u00f6l\u00fc olarak), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (I. Kitap, Sabha-Parva: Yama Sabha betimlemesi), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (cehennem betimlemeleri). Budist kaynaklar: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, Tibet\u00e7e <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em>. \u0130kincil literat\u00fcr: O&#8217;Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama, ye\u015fil tenli ya da k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 bir adam olarak tasvir edilir; \u00e7o\u011funlukla kraliyet z\u0131rh\u0131 i\u00e7indedir. Ceza ve d\u00fczenin niteli\u011fi olan bir asa (<em>Danda<\/em>) ve ruhlar\u0131 ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in s\u0131kl\u0131kla bir kement (<em>Pasha<\/em>) ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><p>Mandas\u0131 <em>Nandi<\/em>, onun en \u00f6nemli hayvan\u0131d\u0131r; bazen atlara da biner ya da ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n aras\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Sonraki ikonografik metinlerde ye\u015fil ya da gri-siyah bir y\u00fcze sahiptir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betimleme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama, itiraz kabul etmez bir yarg\u0131\u00e7t\u0131r. Hi\u00e7bir aldatmaca ondan gizlenemez. Ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi sona erdi\u011finde Yama bizzat gelir ya da katibi Chitragupta kay\u0131tlar\u0131 tutarak ruhu almaya gider. Ruh ard\u0131ndan <em>Yamaloka<\/em>&#8216;ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve orada eylemleri (<em>Karma<\/em>) tart\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm, Budizm ve Jainizm'de eylem-sonu\u00e7 yasas\u0131: Her eylem sonraki varolu\u015flar\u0131 etkiler.\">Karma<\/span>&#8216;ya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bir sonraki yeniden do\u011fu\u015ftan \u00f6nce ceza (<em>Naraka<\/em>) ya da \u00f6d\u00fcl (<em>Swarga<\/em>) verilir. \u00d6l\u00fcler i\u00e7in icra edilen rit\u00fceller (<em>Shraddha<\/em>), Yama&#8217;y\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ve ruhlar\u0131 bir sonraki ya\u015fama daha \u00e7abuk kavu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d6zet Bilgi: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama&#8217;n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli y\u00f6nleri bir bak\u0131\u015fta sunulmaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki alanlar k\u00f6ken, i\u015flev, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm, ibadet, semboller ve paralel fig\u00fcrleri \u00f6zetlemektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama'n\u0131n K\u00f6keni<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama, g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Vivasvat&#8217;\u0131n (Surya) ve Saranyu&#8217;nun o\u011flu, Yami&#8217;nin ikiz karde\u015fidir. En eski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131lar, k\u00f6kenler ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131nda ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan anlat\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>te \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bulan ilk insan olarak \u00f6l\u00fcler d\u00fcnyas\u0131na giden yolu ilk o a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve orada h\u00fckmetmektedir.<\/p><p>Daha sonraki geleneklerde Dhumorna ile evlidir; yol bek\u00e7ileri olarak iki di\u015fi k\u00f6pe\u011fi (Sarama soyundan) vard\u0131r. Evi g\u00fcneyde bulunur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama'n\u0131n Etki Alan\u0131<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0130lk \u00f6l\u00fc olarak \u00f6l\u00fclerin kral\u0131d\u0131r. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (G\u00f6rev Kral\u0131), her \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn karmas\u0131na g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcm veren yarg\u0131\u00e7t\u0131r. 21 cehennemin (Naraka) ve cennet \u00f6d\u00fcllerinin y\u00f6neticisidir. Budizm&#8217;de eylem-sonu\u00e7 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kozmik yasan\u0131n (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hint dinlerinde \u00f6\u011freti ve eylemin do\u011fru d\u00fczeni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span>) resmi bek\u00e7isidir. Tibet&#8217;te \u00f6fkeli bir tanr\u0131 olarak olumsuzluklara kar\u015f\u0131 okul gelene\u011finin de koruyucusudur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama'n\u0131n G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hindu gelene\u011finde: koyu tenli (ye\u015fil-mavi-siyah) bir fig\u00fcr, renkli s\u00fcslerle bezeli; elinde <em>Danda<\/em> (mahkeme g\u00fcrz\u00fc) ve <em>Pasha<\/em> (ruhlar\u0131 yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kement) ta\u015f\u0131r, siyah bir mandan\u0131n \u00fczerinde oturur.<\/p><p>K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 giysili. Tibet&#8217;te <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> olarak: manda ba\u015f\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6z, alevli hale, kemik s\u00fcslemeleri, k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 sa\u00e7 tac\u0131; kafatas\u0131 k\u00e2sesi ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 tutar. K\u0131z karde\u015fi Yami ve bir hizmetk\u00e2r ordusu e\u015fli\u011finde bulunur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faaliyet Alan\u0131<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Etki Alan\u0131:<\/strong> Hindistan&#8217;da Yama&#8217;ya koruma i\u00e7in nadiren do\u011frudan dua edilir; kat\u0131 biri olarak ondan korkulur. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fc rit\u00fcellerinde merkezi bir konumdad\u0131r; geride kalanlar, \u00f6lenin iyi muamele g\u00f6rmesini dilerler.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibet Budizm'inde iki varolu\u015f aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00e2li; Bardo Th\u00f6dol \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki evreyi betimler.\">Bardo<\/span> Thodol&#8217;da (Tibet\u00e7e \u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131) \u00f6len ki\u015fiye <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibet Budizm'inde iki varolu\u015f aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015f h\u00e2li; Bardo Th\u00f6dol \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki evreyi betimler.\">Bardo<\/span> h\u00e2linde s\u0131nay\u0131c\u0131 bir fig\u00fcr olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Japonya&#8217;da Enma-O, halk Budizmi \u00f6l\u00fc rit\u00fcellerinin ba\u015f fig\u00fcr\u00fc olup her mezarl\u0131kta merkezi bir yere sahiptir. Tibet&#8217;teki Cham danslar\u0131nda ise korku sal\u0131c\u0131 bir maskeli oyuncu olarak yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Semboller ve Nitelikler<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siyah manda (binek hayvan\u0131), Danda (g\u00fcrz), Pasha (kement), \u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131, Karma aynas\u0131 (Karma-Darpana), kafatas\u0131 k\u00e2sesi (Tibet), manda ba\u015f\u0131 (Tibet), alevli hale, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00f6z. Bitkiler: siyah \u00e7i\u00e7ekler. Kutsal y\u00f6n: g\u00fcney.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralel Fig\u00fcrler<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (Budizm), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japonya), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Kore), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (\u00c7in, on cehennem kral\u0131n\u0131n birincisi), <em>Hades<\/em> (Yunanistan, yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kral\u0131), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Roma), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (M\u0131s\u0131r, \u00f6l\u00fc rehberi ve \u00f6l\u00fc yarg\u0131c\u0131), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germen, yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (Aztek). Hint-Avrupa k\u00f6k\u00fc, Yama-Yima-Yumis grubunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr (Vedik Yama, Avestik Yima, Balt\u0131k Yumis).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Koruma Prati\u011fi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0130badet Rit\u00fcelleri<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama, Vedik ev rit\u00fcellerinde adak sunular\u0131yla (Havis) y\u00fcceltilir; ata anma t\u00f6renlerinde (Pinda-Daan) s\u00fct, tereya\u011f\u0131 ve tah\u0131l sunulur. Rigveda 10.14, onurlu bir \u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in ibadet form\u00fcllerini belgelemektedir. Hindu defin rit\u00fcelinde ate\u015fte yakma t\u00f6reninden \u00f6nce Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de tekrarlayarak s\u00f6ylenen kutsal hece veya form\u00fcl.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantras\u0131<\/span> okunur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki uygulama: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hint dinlerinde \u00f6\u011freti ve eylemin do\u011fru d\u00fczeni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> Kral\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n onuruna \u00f6l\u00fcm yata\u011f\u0131nda ya da ata anma t\u00f6renlerinde meditasyon yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p><strong>B\u00fcy\u00fcler ve Yakar\u0131\u015flar<\/strong><\/p><p>Rigveda 10.14.1-2&#8217;den klasik Yama \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131: &#8220;Yame pathivratah &#8230;&#8221;, &#8220;Yama&#8217;n\u0131n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hint dinlerinde \u00f6\u011freti ve eylemin do\u011fru d\u00fczeni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla y\u00fcr\u00fcmek &#8230;&#8221;. \u00d6l\u00fcm korkusunu yenmeye y\u00f6nelik mantralar, Katha Upanishad&#8217;da (Yama ile Nachiketas diyalogu) yer almaktad\u0131r. Tibet tantorolojisi, Yamantaka&#8217;y\u0131 (Yama&#8217;y\u0131 alt etme) mutlak a\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k yakar\u0131\u015flar\u0131na dahil eder.<\/p><p><strong>Muskalar ve Koruyucu Semboller<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama sembolleri, ta\u015f\u0131nabilir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Koruyucu ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir etki atfedilen ta\u015f\u0131nan nesne.\" tabindex=\"0\">muska<\/span> olarak nadiren kullan\u0131l\u0131r; ba\u011flant\u0131 daha \u00e7ok kavramsal d\u00fczeydedir. M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;da \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131s\u0131 Anubis ile Yama benzerliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan tarihi skarabeler k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeye i\u015faret eder. Yama y\u00fcceltmesine ili\u015fkin arkeolojik belgeler, M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma Hint tap\u0131naklar\u0131ndaki Vedik rit\u00fcel metinlerinde ve yaz\u0131tlarda bulunmakta olup nesne muska bi\u00e7iminde de\u011fildir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, Di\u011fer K\u00fclt\u00fcrlerdeki Paraleller<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama, Yunanlar\u0131n Hades&#8217;ine, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n Dis Pater&#8217;ine ve M\u0131s\u0131r&#8217;\u0131n Osiris&#8217;ine benzer; hepsi yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ve yarg\u0131n\u0131n tanr\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Katibi Chitragupta ile birlikte Yama, ruhlar\u0131n kitab\u0131yla Aziz Petrus&#8217;un Hristiyan tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ancak Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131lar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak Yama k\u00f6t\u00fc bir kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil, h\u00fckm\u00fc adil ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olan kozmik bir g\u00f6revlidir.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0130lk \u00d6l\u00fcml\u00fc Miti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hint <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bilginin ve anlat\u0131lar\u0131n nesiller boyunca aktar\u0131lmas\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">gelene\u011finin<\/span> en eski katman\u0131 Yama&#8217;y\u0131 ceza veren bir yarg\u0131\u00e7 olarak de\u011fil, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bulan ilk insan olarak tan\u0131r. <em>Rigveda<\/em>&#8216;n\u0131n onuncu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de kozmosu betimleyen dairesel \u015fema.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandalas\u0131<\/span>, bu tasar\u0131m\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan birka\u00e7 ilahi i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p><p><em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14&#8217;te Yama, \u00f6te d\u00fcnyaya giden yolu ilk o olarak bulan ve b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm torunlar\u0131na a\u00e7an ki\u015fi olarak yakar\u0131lan tanr\u0131d\u0131r. Orada g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Vivasvant&#8217;\u0131n o\u011flu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insan soyuyla akraba biri olarak kabul edilir.<\/p><p>\u00d6zellikle \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ilahi, Yama ile ikiz k\u0131z karde\u015fi Yami aras\u0131ndaki diyalogun yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10&#8217;dur. Yami, insan soyunun s\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in Yama&#8217;y\u0131 birle\u015fmeye zorlar; Yama ise karde\u015fler aras\u0131ndaki ensest yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6zetimini gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek reddeder.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephanie Jamison ve Joel Brereton&#8217;\u0131n 2014 tarihli Rigveda \u00e7evirisi gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu ilahiyi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6ken a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, izin verilen akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00fczerine bir yans\u0131ma olarak okumaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p><p>Dikkat \u00e7ekici olan, <em>Avesta<\/em>&#8216;da da ilk kral ve yeralt\u0131 bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n efendisi olarak beliren eski \u0130rani Yima ile Yama aras\u0131ndaki dilbilimsel yak\u0131nl\u0131kt\u0131r. Her iki ad da Hint-\u0130rani k\u00f6kte &#8220;ikiz&#8221; anlam\u0131na d\u00f6ner.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln&#8217;\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Hint-Avrupa dilbilimi, bunda ilk insan\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda ilk \u00f6l\u00fc ve atalar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 oldu\u011fu ortak bir yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcm mitinin kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><p>Cehennemler ve eylem kay\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tasarruf eden sonraki destan ve Purana Yama&#8217;s\u0131, bu erken fig\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama'n\u0131n \u00dclkesi ve Eylemlerin Kayd\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Destan ve Purana literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Yama, kutlu atalar\u0131n efendisinden ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00f6te d\u00fcnya y\u00f6neticisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Metinlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa g\u00f6re g\u00fcneyde yer alan ikametgah\u0131 <em>Yamaloka<\/em> ya da <em>Yamapura<\/em>, rit\u00fcel co\u011frafyas\u0131nda g\u00fcney\u0131n Yama&#8217;n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fc olarak kabul edilmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p><p>\u00d6lmek ve ruhun yolculu\u011funa ili\u015fkin tasar\u0131mlar i\u00e7in merkezi bir metin olan <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, \u00f6lenin k\u0131zg\u0131n nehir <em>Vaitarani<\/em>&#8216;yi ge\u00e7erek Yama&#8217;n\u0131n taht\u0131na ula\u015fana kadarki yolculu\u011funu betimler.<\/p><p>Yama&#8217;n\u0131n yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda her insan\u0131n eylemini bir sicilde kaydeden katip <em>Chitragupta<\/em> durur.<\/p><p>Genellikle <em>Agrasandhani<\/em> ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu kitap, \u00f6l\u00fcm an\u0131nda y\u00fcksek sesle okunur ve Yama bu i\u00e7eri\u011fe g\u00f6re bir sonraki yol hakk\u0131nda h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc verir. Chitragupta, Kuzey Hindistan&#8217;da Kayastha yaz\u0131c\u0131 kast\u0131n\u0131n ata babas\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f ve bu kast onu soylar\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu olarak y\u00fcceltmektedir. Burada mitolojik bir fig\u00fcr\u00fcn toplumsal kimli\u011fi nas\u0131l bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p><p>Yama&#8217;n\u0131n cehennemlerindeki, yani <em>Naraka<\/em>&#8216;daki cezalar <em>Garuda Purana<\/em>&#8216;da ve <em>Manusmriti<\/em>&#8216;nin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde tek tek g\u00fcnahlara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelecek bi\u00e7imde s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak belirleyici olan nokta \u015fudur: Klasik \u00f6\u011fretiye g\u00f6re bu cehennemler ebedi yerler de\u011fildir.<\/p><p>Bunlar yeniden do\u011fu\u015f d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn duraklar\u0131 olup k\u00f6t\u00fc eylemlerin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7ekildikten sonra ruhun yolculu\u011fu devam eder.<\/p><p>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Yama, kesin bir lanet tanr\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok kozmik yasan\u0131n bir uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hint dinlerinde \u00f6\u011freti ve eylemin do\u011fru d\u00fczeni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> Kral\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen bile\u015fik ad\u0131 <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, tam da bunu ifade etmektedir: O bir d\u00fczen icra eder, onu icat etmez.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bhagavadgita ve Katha Upanishad'da Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0130ki klasik metin Yama&#8217;ya salt yarg\u0131lama i\u015flevinin \u00f6tesinde bir rol y\u00fckler. <em>Katha Upanishad<\/em>&#8216;da Yama bir \u00f6\u011fretmendir. Gen\u00e7 Brahman Nachiketas, \u00f6fkeli babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcme adan\u0131r ve Yama&#8217;n\u0131n kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn bekler.<\/p><p>Tazminat olarak Yama ona \u00fc\u00e7 dilek hakk\u0131 tan\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra insana ne oldu\u011fu sorusudur.<\/p><p>Yama \u00f6nce Nachiketas&#8217;\u0131 zenginlik ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrle oyalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, ancak gen\u00e7 \u0131srar eder. Bunun \u00fczerine Yama ona ho\u015f olan ile erdemli olan aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretir ve \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz benlik olan <em>Atman<\/em> hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir. Burada \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131s\u0131, paradoks bi\u00e7imde \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u015fan bilginin aktar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p><p><em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>&#8216;n\u0131n onuncu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Krishna ilah\u00ee tezah\u00fcrlerini sayarken kendisinin dizginleyiciler ya da yarg\u0131\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda Yama oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/p><p>Bu ifadeyle Yama, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcce temsilcileri aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu ifade, klasik Hinduizm&#8217;de Yama&#8217;n\u0131n \u015feytani de\u011fil, d\u00fczenli ve me\u015fru bir g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011funu vurgular.<\/p><p>Bu metin gelene\u011fi, Yama&#8217;n\u0131n din bilimleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmesini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bi\u00e7imlendirmi\u015ftir. Pop\u00fcler betimlemeler onu yaln\u0131zca korku unsuruna indirgerken Wendy Doniger gibi Hindologlar, Sanskrit literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Yama&#8217;n\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6\u011fretici, adil ve zorunlu bir otorite olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc vurgular. Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm, d\u00fczenin kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 de\u011fil onun bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0130konografi ve Hindistan D\u0131\u015f\u0131na Yay\u0131l\u0131m<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u00f6rsel sanatta Yama genellikle koyu, \u00e7o\u011funlukla ye\u015fil ya da mavimsi tenli, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 giysili ve alt\u0131nda bir manda olarak tasvir edilir.<\/p><p>Ellerinde, bedenden ya\u015fam ruhunu \u00e7ekti\u011fi kement <em>Pasha<\/em> ve s\u0131kl\u0131kla bir asa ya da g\u00fcrz olan <em>Danda<\/em> bulunur. Bu nitelikler, Orta \u00c7a\u011f&#8217;dan bu yana tap\u0131nak kabartmalar\u0131nda ve minyat\u00fcr ressaml\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kararl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>D\u00fcnya y\u00f6nlerinin bek\u00e7ileri olan <em>Lokapalas<\/em>&#8216;tan biri olarak Yama, tap\u0131nak d\u0131\u015f duvarlar\u0131nda d\u00fczenli olarak g\u00fcney cephede yer al\u0131r.<\/p><p>Yama, Budizm arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Tibet&#8217;e, \u00c7in&#8217;e, Japonya&#8217;ya ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya&#8217;ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Tibet gelene\u011finde <em>Shinje<\/em> olarak \u00f6l\u00fc mahkemesinin efendisidir; ayn\u0131 zamanda Bodhisattva Manjushri&#8217;nin <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, yani Yama&#8217;y\u0131 alt edenin k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda onu teslim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir \u00f6\u011freti anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n konusudur.<\/p><p>\u00c7in&#8217;de on cehennem kral\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131 <em>Yanluo<\/em>&#8216;ya (bkz. <a href=\"\/tr\/yanluo-wang\/\">Yanluo<\/a>), Japonya&#8217;da ise <em>Enma<\/em>&#8216;ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu yolculuk, bir Hint tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n r\u00fc\u015fvet kabul etmez \u00f6l\u00fc mahkemesinin t\u00fcm Asya&#8217;ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Soyut bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi temsil eden somut imge.\" tabindex=\"0\">simgesi<\/span> h\u00e2line nas\u0131l gelebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p><p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Hindistan\u0131&#8217;nda Yama, ba\u015fta defin rit\u00fcellerinde, \u00f6l\u00fcm literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde ve Yama ile k\u0131z karde\u015fi Yami aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye dayanan <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> ya da <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em> bayram\u0131nda ya\u015famaya devam etmektedir.<\/p><p>Bu bayramda k\u0131z karde\u015f erkek karde\u015fini a\u011f\u0131rlar ve onun uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131 diler. B\u00f6ylece halk gelene\u011finde, en eski Vedik ilahide, yani ikizlerin diyalogunda \u00e7oktan tohumu at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sanatta veya anlat\u0131da yinelenen i\u00e7erik unsuru.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span> yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Tarihi ve Yorum Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda <em>Rigveda<\/em>&#8216;n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larca ke\u015ffedilmesiyle ba\u015flar. Hermann Oldenberg ve Abel Bergaigne gibi erken d\u00f6nem Hindologlar, Yama&#8217;n\u0131n k\u00f6keninin tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ilk insan m\u0131 yoksa ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri bir \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131s\u0131 m\u0131 oldu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bu tart\u0131\u015fma, 10.10 ve 10.14 numaral\u0131 ilahilerin nas\u0131l tarihlendirilip okunaca\u011f\u0131 sorusuyla yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 Hint-Avrupa dilbilimi, oda\u011f\u0131 Yama ile \u0130rani Yima aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye kayd\u0131rd\u0131. Georges Dum\u00e9zil ve onun izinden giden di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, buradan ilk \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fclerin efendisi oldu\u011fu Hint-\u0130rani, hatta olas\u0131 Hint-Avrupa k\u00f6kenli bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131lar, k\u00f6kenler ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131nda ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan anlat\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">miti<\/span> yeniden kurgulad\u0131lar.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln, <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde Yama ve ona benzer fig\u00fcrlerin ard\u0131nda, ilk \u00f6ld\u00fcrmenin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi ortak bir yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f \u015femas\u0131n\u0131n yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Vedik Yama&#8217;n\u0131n sonraki Purana Yama&#8217;s\u0131ndan ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olmaya devam etmektedir. Kimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar kesintisiz bir geli\u015fim g\u00f6r\u00fcrken kimileri erken d\u00f6nemin ata kral\u0131 ile klasik metinlerin cehennem y\u00f6neticisi aras\u0131nda bir kopu\u015f oldu\u011funu vurgular.<\/p><p>Katip Chitragupta&#8217;n\u0131n k\u00f6keni de a\u00e7\u0131k bir soru olarak kalmaktad\u0131r; zira en eski katmanlarda yer almamakta ve muhtemelen somut toplumsal gruplar\u0131n etkisiyle sonradan eklenmi\u015ftir. Kaynak durumu burada ihtiyatl\u0131 olmay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r: Yerle\u015fik bir Yama imgesi olarak kabul edilen pek \u00e7ok \u015fey, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca biriken \u00e7e\u015fitli metin geleneklerinin birikiminin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ek Ba\u011flant\u0131lar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"\/tr\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, Budist uyarlamas\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/tr\/yama-budizm\/\">Yama \u00f6l\u00fc yarg\u0131c\u0131 (Budizm)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/tr\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, Japon bi\u00e7imi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/tr\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, Kore bi\u00e7imi<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/tr\/hades\/\">Hades, Yunan paraleli<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/tr\/hinduizm-tanrilari\/\">Hinduizm, panteon genel bak\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/tr\/olum-tanrilari\/\">\u00d6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131lar\u0131, alt kategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fcr (Se\u00e7me)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&#8217;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14-18 (\u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7eviri).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (Lemma &#8220;Yama&#8221;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Kaynak\u00e7ada yer alan di\u011fer ba\u015fvuru eserleri: <a href=\"\/tr\/din-edebiyati\/\">Literat\u00fcr dizini<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Yama Hakk\u0131nda S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Budizm&#8217;de Yama kimdir?<\/h3><p>Yama, Budizm&#8217;de cehennem \u00fclkesinin (Naraka) h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fclerin yarg\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015ftan farkl\u0131 olarak Budist cehennem ebedi bir ceza yeri de\u011fil, zaman s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir yeniden do\u011fu\u015f dura\u011f\u0131d\u0131r; orada karmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyen ruh yeniden do\u011far.<\/p><p>Yama, her \u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki eylemler hakk\u0131nda sorguya \u00e7eker; Mahayana Budizmi, onu destekleyen t\u00fcm bir cehennem yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 saray\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131r. Yama&#8217;n\u0131n \u00fclkeleri, Budist <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr i\u00e7inde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131ndaki tasar\u0131m.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmolojisinde<\/span> (Abhidharma metinleri) ak\u0131l almaz bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131yla betimlenir.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Budizm&#8217;deki Yama, Hinduizm&#8217;deki Yamaraja&#8217;dan nas\u0131l ayr\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h3><p>Her iki fig\u00fcr de ortak k\u00f6kenini Vedik Yama&#8217;da (Rigveda 10,14), yani ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6l\u00fclerin efendisi olan ilk \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcde bulur. Hinduizm&#8217;de Yama, her ruhu kabul eden merkezi yarg\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131 olarak kald\u0131.<\/p><p>Budizm&#8217;de ise Yama \u00e7ok y\u00fczl\u00fc bir fig\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: Theravada&#8217;da daha \u00e7ok kavramsal bir varl\u0131k, Mahayana&#8217;da ve \u00f6zellikle Tibet Budizm&#8217;inde karma\u015f\u0131k bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00f6rsel i\u00e7erikleri ve anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografiye<\/span> sahip ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir cehennem h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 (\u00e7o\u011funlukla bo\u011fa ba\u015fl\u0131, Yama-Dharmaraja y\u00f6n\u00fc). Tibet&#8217;te dola\u015fan iblisler dans\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (Cham Festivali) \u00e7o\u011funlukla Yama&#8217;y\u0131 canland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Budizm'de Yama kimdir?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama, Budizm'de cehennem \u00fclkesinin (Naraka) h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fclerin yarg\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015ftan farkl\u0131 olarak Budist cehennem ebedi bir ceza yeri de\u011fil, zaman s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir yeniden do\u011fu\u015f dura\u011f\u0131d\u0131r; orada karmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyen ruh yeniden do\u011far. Yama, her \u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki eylemler hakk\u0131nda sorguya \u00e7eker; Mahayana Budizmi, onu destekleyen t\u00fcm bir cehennem yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131 saray\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131r. Yama'n\u0131n \u00fclkeleri, Budist <span class=\\\"iwg-fachbegriff\\\" data-tooltip=\\\"Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr i\u00e7inde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131ndaki tasar\u0131m.\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">kozmolojisinde<\/span> (Abhidharma metinleri) ak\u0131l almaz bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131yla betimlenir.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Budizm'deki Yama, Hinduizm'deki Yamaraja'dan nas\u0131l ayr\u0131l\u0131r?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Her iki fig\u00fcr de ortak k\u00f6kenini Vedik Yama'da (Rigveda 10,14), yani ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6l\u00fclerin efendisi olan ilk \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcde bulur. Hinduizm'de Yama, her ruhu kabul eden merkezi yarg\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131 olarak kald\u0131. Budizm'de ise Yama \u00e7ok y\u00fczl\u00fc bir fig\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: Theravada'da daha \u00e7ok kavramsal bir varl\u0131k, Mahayana'da ve \u00f6zellikle Tibet Budizm'inde karma\u015f\u0131k bir <span class=\\\"iwg-fachbegriff\\\" data-tooltip=\\\"G\u00f6rsel i\u00e7erikleri ve anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bilim dal\u0131.\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">ikonografiye<\/span> sahip ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir cehennem h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 (\u00e7o\u011funlukla bo\u011fa ba\u015fl\u0131, Yama-Dharmaraja y\u00f6n\u00fc). Tibet'te dola\u015fan iblisler dans\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (Cham Festivali) \u00e7o\u011funlukla Yama'y\u0131 canland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yama, Hindu gelene\u011finin tanr\u0131s\u0131 Yama, Hindu gelene\u011finin tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc, \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve ruhlar\u0131n yarg\u0131c\u0131. Yama, en eski Hint tanr\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir; k\u00f6t\u00fc de\u011fil, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kendisi gibi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. \u00d6len ilk insan olarak \u00f6te d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, yani \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn Dharma&#8217;s\u0131 olan Yamadharma h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Yama, asas\u0131yla (Danda) ve sad\u0131k mandas\u0131 Nandi ile d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131r, \u00f6lmekte olan ruhlar\u0131 kavrar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama - Hinduizm'de \u00d6l\u00fcm Tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131\u00e7","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, Hinduizm'de \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve ruhlar\u0131n yarg\u0131c\u0131. Asa ve manda Nandi, Yamaloka, Karma mahkemesi ve Vedik k\u00f6kenler - insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n atas\u0131.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"hinduismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-73731","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama - Hinduizm&#039;de \u00d6l\u00fcm Tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131\u00e7<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama, Hinduizm&#039;de \u00f6l\u00fcm tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve ruhlar\u0131n yarg\u0131c\u0131. 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