{"id":73730,"date":"2026-08-01T23:10:31","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T23:10:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gula-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T23:10:58","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T23:10:58","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tr\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"73730\" class=\"elementor elementor-73730 elementor-3020\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n Babil tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula, iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n Babil tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve k\u00f6peklerin han\u0131m\u0131 olarak tasvir edilir; bu hayvan, iyile\u015fmenin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Soyut bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi temsil eden somut imge.\" tabindex=\"0\">simgesi<\/span> say\u0131l\u0131r. Gula, eski Mezopotamya dininin en \u00f6nemli \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fta Eski Babil ve Yeni Asur d\u00f6nemlerinde y\u00fcceltilmi\u015f; iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n, hekimlerin ve ebelerin koruyucusu olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><p>Niteli\u011fi k\u00f6pektir; bu hayvan, eski Mezopotamya tasar\u0131m\u0131nda hem \u015fifa hem de ya\u015fam ile \u00f6l\u00fcm aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fikle ili\u015fkilendirilirdi. En \u00f6nemli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131naklar\u0131<\/span> Isin, Nippur ve Babil&#8217;de yer almaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 \/ Tanr\u0131\u00e7a: Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn panteonunda ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f y\u00fcce g\u00fc\u00e7; do\u011fa kuvvetleri, kader, sava\u015f ve bereket gibi belirgin sorumluluk alanlar\u0131yla. K\u00fcltler, kurbanlar ve tap\u0131nak kurumlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fcceltilir.\">Tanr\u0131<\/span><a href=\"\/tr\/mezopotamya-tanrilari\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Belgelenmi\u015f dinin be\u015fi\u011fi: Sumer, Akad, Babil, Asur (yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 3500 - M.\u00d6. 330).\">Mezopotamya<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Bu sayfada ba\\u015fl\\u0131k bulunamad\\u0131.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u0130\u00e7indekiler\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3251\" alt=\"Gula - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitoloji ve K\u00f6ken<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula, ba\u015fta eski Sumer \u015fehir devletleri Isin, Laga\u015f ve Sippar&#8217;da y\u00fcceltilen Ninisina, Bau ve Ninkarrak olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok eski \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n daha sonraki ve daha kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imidir. Ninisina, yani &#8220;Isin&#8217;in Han\u0131m\u0131&#8221;, en \u00f6nemli \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p><p>Yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131na ait Isin Hanedan\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n kraliyet yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda bile o, ba\u015f \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 ve \u015fehir tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Eski Babil d\u00f6neminde i\u015flevleri ve \u00f6zellikleri, Gula&#8217;n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik fig\u00fcr\u00fcnde birle\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p>Gula ad\u0131 Akadca&#8217;da &#8220;B\u00fcy\u00fck Olan&#8221; anlam\u0131na gelir. Yaz\u0131tlar onu azugallu, yani &#8220;b\u00fcy\u00fck hekim&#8221; olarak anar. O, g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc tanr\u0131s\u0131 Anu&#8217;nun ya da ba\u015fka geleneklerde Enlil&#8217;in k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. E\u015fi, sava\u015f ve pulluk tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ninurta&#8217;d\u0131r; ikisi tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7ift olu\u015fturur: o sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 fetih i\u00e7in, Gula ise iyile\u015ftirici yeniden yap\u0131lanma i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00f6nemli kutsal mek\u00e2nlar\u0131, g\u00fcney Mezopotamya&#8217;da bir \u015fehir olan Isin&#8217;de ve din\u00ee merkez \u015fehir Nippur&#8217;da yer almaktayd\u0131. Babil&#8217;de Eski Babil d\u00f6neminde ona E-galmah adl\u0131 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131nak<\/span> in\u015fa edildi. Sippar&#8217;da ise Ninkarrak k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ikamet ederdi. Bu co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m, tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n b\u00f6lgeleraras\u0131 \u00f6nemini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Gula&#8217;ya adanm\u0131\u015f tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir ilahi olan &#8220;Bullussa-rabi \u0130lahisi&#8221;, Orta Babil d\u00f6nemine aittir ve tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00f6z-sunumunu bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130lahide Gula kendini hekim, hasta bak\u0131c\u0131, ebe ve ayn\u0131 zamanda adil yarg\u0131\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlar. \u0130lahi, tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n merkezi i\u015flevlerini edebi a\u00e7\u0131dan y\u00fcksek bir bi\u00e7imde \u00f6zetledi\u011finden din tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Semboller ve Nitelikler<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula&#8217;n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli niteli\u011fi k\u00f6pektir. Kudurru s\u0131n\u0131r ta\u015flar\u0131 ve kabartmalarda bir k\u00f6pek, taht\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ya da ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n dibinde oturur.<\/p><p>Eski Mezopotamya tasar\u0131m\u0131nda k\u00f6pek, \u015fifa ile \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bir araya getirirdi: t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fifa verici say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131; bu durum, kutsal alanlardaki k\u00f6pek kemikleri ve k\u00f6pe\u011fin t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerine b\u00fcy\u00fc form\u00fclleri okunan \u015fifa metinleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla arkeolojik olarak belgelenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan k\u00f6pekler, yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yolda\u015flar\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr ve \u00f6l\u00fclerin refakat\u00e7ileri olarak tasavvur edilirdi.<\/p>\n<p>Bir di\u011fer nitelik ise bisturi ya da t\u0131bbi asad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 tasvirlerde elinde cerrahi aletleri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran bir nesne tutar. M\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131lar\u0131nda ise \u00e7o\u011funlukla hasta bir ki\u015finin \u00f6n\u00fcnde, \u015fifa dolu bir y\u00f6neli\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Pek \u00e7ok Kudurru ta\u015f\u0131nda oturan k\u00f6pe\u011fin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir kavram veya anlam yerine ge\u00e7en i\u015faret.\" tabindex=\"0\">simgesi<\/span>, di\u011fer astral veya kozmik i\u015faretlerin yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Bu sayede Gula, s\u0131n\u0131r ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n teolojik co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p><p>K\u00f6pek semboli\u011fi, onu rakipsiz k\u0131lan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 i\u015faret olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Isin&#8217;deki arkeolojik bulgular, k\u00f6pe\u011fin onun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fcndeki<\/span> rit\u00fcel \u00f6nemini do\u011frulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; zira orada \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczende k\u00f6pek kemikleri bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Tap\u0131nak kabartmalar\u0131, Gula&#8217;y\u0131 bazen y\u0131ld\u0131z veya hilalle birlikte g\u00f6sterir; bu, y\u00fcceltilmesinin astral boyutuna i\u015faret eder. \u015eifa, y\u0131ld\u0131z yorumu ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6zel eylemler veya form\u00fcller arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla olaylar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmeyi ama\u00e7layan uygulamalar.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00fcy\u00fc<\/span> aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f eski Mezopotamya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde s\u0131k\u0131yd\u0131; Gula da \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olarak astral bilgi gelene\u011finin i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00fclt ve Y\u00fcceltme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula&#8217;n\u0131n ana k\u00fclt\u00fc, g\u00fcney Mezopotamya&#8217;daki Isin&#8217;de yer al\u0131yordu. E-gal-mah adl\u0131 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcceltilmesine adanm\u0131\u015f kutsal yer.\" tabindex=\"0\">kutsal alan<\/span>, hekimlerin, ebelerin ve hastalar\u0131n bulu\u015fma yeriydi. Hasta uzuvlar\u0131 bi\u00e7imindeki pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak adak nesneleri, g\u00fcney \u0130talya \u015fifa k\u00fcltlerindeki ex-voto hediyelerine benzer bi\u00e7imde orada b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Bu nesneler, uygulamaya do\u011frudan bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sunar: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Din\u00ee g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc olarak kutsal bir yere yolculuk yapan insan.\" tabindex=\"0\">hac\u0131lar<\/span>, \u015fifa umuduyla hasta g\u00f6zlerin, uzuvlar\u0131n veya kar\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerinin modellerini ona adard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Nippur&#8217;daki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/span> E-mah idi; burada hekimler koleji toplan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p><p>Yeni Asur d\u00f6neminde hekim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan yayg\u0131n bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck olan asu, onun i\u015flevinden t\u00fcremektedir. Sippar&#8217;da Ninkarrak ad\u0131yla, Babil&#8217;de ise E-galmah&#8217;ta y\u00fcceltildi. Babil&#8217;in karde\u015f kenti Borsippa&#8217;da ise yaz\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131 Nabu&#8217;nun e\u015flik eden tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olarak yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Onun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span>, \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131nlar ve hekimler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Eski Babil ve Yeni Asur d\u00f6nemlerine ait b\u00fcy\u00fc metinleri, do\u011fum, ate\u015f, y\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131rmas\u0131 ve ruhsal bozukluklar s\u0131ras\u0131nda ona seslenildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. A\u015furbanipal&#8217;in kraliyet k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinin b\u00fcy\u00fc derlemeleri, Gula&#8217;n\u0131n Marduk, Ea ve \u015eama\u015f ile birlikte \u015fifa tanr\u0131s\u0131 olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da metin i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n<p>Hasta yata\u011f\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda uygulanan b\u00fcy\u00fc prati\u011fi \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir\u00e7ok a\u015famay\u0131 kaps\u0131yordu. \u00d6nce b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc rahip asipu, Gula&#8217;y\u0131 kal\u0131psal bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan somut y\u00f6nergeler gelirdi; bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla ot kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ya da hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 simgesel olarak yok etmek i\u00e7in yak\u0131lan bir y\u00fcn ipli\u011fiyle ovu\u015fturma gibi rit\u00fcel eylemlerden olu\u015furdu.<\/p><p>Bu uygulama, rit\u00fcel hayvan olarak k\u00f6pekle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, y\u00fczlerce kil tablette belgelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Yeni Asur d\u00f6neminde Gula&#8217;ya y\u00f6nelik devlet y\u00fcceltmesi artt\u0131. A\u015furbanipal, onun metinlerini kopya ettirip k\u00fct\u00fcphanesine ald\u0131rtt\u0131. Kraliyet ailesinden kad\u0131nlar da ona ki\u015fisel adak nesneleri sundular; bu durum, tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n do\u011fum ve annelikle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d6nemli Mitler<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula, anlat\u0131 metinlerinde \u0130nanna veya Marduk kadar s\u0131k yer almaz. En \u00f6nemli metni, tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n 200 sat\u0131rl\u0131k kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6z-sunumu olan &#8220;Bullussa-rabi \u0130lahisi&#8221;dir.<\/p><p>Bu ilahide kendini Anu&#8217;nun k\u0131z\u0131, Ninurta&#8217;n\u0131n e\u015fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck tanr\u0131lar\u0131n hekimi, halklar\u0131n ebesi ve zay\u0131flar\u0131n adil koruyucusu olarak tan\u0131mlar. \u0130lahi, pek \u00e7ok \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n Gula ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda teolojik olarak peki\u015ftirilme s\u00fcrecini tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan din tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n<p>Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131lar, k\u00f6kenler ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131nda ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan anlat\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitinde<\/span> Gula do\u011frudan yer almaz; ancak sonraki versiyonlarda Ninurta&#8217;n\u0131n zaferinin ard\u0131ndan onunla birlikte an\u0131l\u0131r ve zafer \u015fenli\u011fine kat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flant\u0131 onu kozmik kahraman destan\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirir ve ona Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131lar, k\u00f6kenler ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131nda ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan anlat\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitiyle<\/span> anlat\u0131sal bir ili\u015fki kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir anlat\u0131, Gula&#8217;n\u0131n k\u00f6pe\u011finin bir g\u00fcn hastaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r. Tanr\u0131\u00e7a bizzat ona yard\u0131m etmek zorunda kald\u0131 ve bu s\u0131rada \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fifal\u0131 otlar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131.<\/p><p>Rivayete g\u00f6re iyile\u015ftirme yetene\u011fi, ac\u0131y\u0131 ilk kez kendi hayvan\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu deneyimden do\u011fdu. Baz\u0131 par\u00e7alarda korunan bu anlat\u0131, tanr\u0131\u00e7aya salt hukuki ve cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 tanr\u0131lardan onu ay\u0131ran empatik bir karakter kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Panteondaki \u0130li\u015fkiler<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula, sava\u015f ve pulluk tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ninurta ile evlidir. \u0130kisi, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 sars\u0131nt\u0131 ile iyile\u015ftirici yeniden yap\u0131lanman\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7ift olu\u015fturur. Gen\u00e7 bir \u015fifa tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve o\u011flu olan Damu ile yak\u0131n bir aile ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7indedir. Damu, \u015fifa i\u015flevinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla Gula&#8217;n\u0131n halefi olarak yorumlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Ninisina, Bau ve Ninkarrak ile k\u00fcltsel a\u00e7\u0131dan kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, Eski Babil d\u00f6neminin teolojik peki\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. Babil&#8217;in devlet tanr\u0131s\u0131 Marduk ile k\u00fcltsel i\u015f birli\u011fi ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7indedir: t\u0131bbi b\u00fcy\u00fc metinlerinde her ikisi de \u00e7o\u011funlukla birlikte an\u0131l\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Marduk, Babil <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolojisinde<\/span> giderek daha merkezi bir rol \u00fcstlendi ve \u015fifa i\u015flevlerini de kapsam alt\u0131na ald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Daha geni\u015f <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin veya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonda<\/span> Gula; g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 ve hukukun tanr\u0131s\u0131 \u015eama\u015f ile bilgelik tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ea ile ili\u015fki i\u00e7indedir. Ea ile ba\u011f \u00f6zellikle s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131r; zira Ea, kozmik iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretmeni say\u0131l\u0131r ve Gula onun yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki muadili i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Gula, teolojik An listesinde Akad&#8217;\u0131n bir \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olan Ninkarrak ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilir; bu tanr\u0131\u00e7a, Hammurabi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dikine duran, yaz\u0131l\u0131 veya resimli ta\u015f ya da ah\u015fap levha.\" tabindex=\"0\">Steli&#8217;nin<\/span> lanet form\u00fcllerinde t\u0131bbi cezalar\u0131n muhatab\u0131 olarak an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p>E\u015fi Pabilsag, ge\u00e7 Babil astronomisinde Yay tak\u0131my\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen bir sava\u015f ve \u015fifa tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 ile sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n bu birlikteli\u011fi, Mezopotamya i\u00e7in tipik bir \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcd\u00fcr; bu \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcde koruma ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131k ayn\u0131 tanr\u0131 \u00e7iftinde bir arada bulunur.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lgin\u00e7 bir \u00f6zel durum, baz\u0131 ge\u00e7 Babil ilahilerinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan Gula-\u0130\u015ftar \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmesidir; bu ilahiler iki tanr\u0131\u00e7ay\u0131 tek bir di\u015fil g\u00fcc\u00fcn y\u00f6nleri olarak kavramaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu kayna\u015fma tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olup, artan Marduk tektanr\u0131c\u0131 e\u011filiminin etkisiyle ba\u015fl\u0131ca di\u015fi tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 da birle\u015ftirmek isteyen ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem teolojik spek\u00fclasyonunun \u00f6zel bir durumu olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etki ve Al\u0131mlanma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula&#8217;n\u0131n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span>, Babil y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Selevkos d\u00f6neminde \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle sona erdi. Ancak onun \u015fifa metinleri \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmaya devam etti ve Helenistik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde muhafaza edildi. 19. ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n S\u00fcmeroloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, onu Mezopotamya t\u0131p tarihinin merkezi bir fig\u00fcr\u00fc olarak yeniden kurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Modern t\u0131p tarihinde Gula, \u015fifa sanat\u0131n\u0131n belgelenmi\u015f en eski koruyucu tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131ndan biri olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. \u0130sin&#8217;den kalma kabartmalar, t\u0131p tarihine dair pek \u00e7ok ders kitab\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. K\u00f6pe\u011fin din tarihinde ise k\u00f6pe\u011fin hem \u015fifa hem de \u00f6l\u00fcm yolda\u015f\u0131 olarak \u00fcstlendi\u011fi \u00e7ifte i\u015flevin \u00f6nemli bir kan\u0131t fig\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Gula pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcrde bug\u00fcn nadiren g\u00f6r\u00fclmekle birlikte, eski Do\u011fu t\u0131bb\u0131na ili\u015fkin metinlerde ve ebelik tarihini inceleyen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda merkezi bir ba\u015fvuru fig\u00fcr\u00fc olmaya devam etmektedir. Onun k\u00f6pek sembolizmas\u0131 ile sonraki k\u00f6pek sahibi \u015fifa tanr\u0131lar\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin Yunan d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda y\u0131lan ve k\u00f6pekle betimlenen Asklepios) aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 din ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Helenistik Mezopotamya&#8217;da Gula, Yunan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6zel eylemler veya form\u00fcller arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla olaylar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmeyi ama\u00e7layan uygulamalar.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00fcy\u00fc<\/span> ve k\u00f6pek tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Hekate ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirildi. Bu \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirme, ba\u015fta M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait iki dilli bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir aufrecht stehende, beschriftete oder bebilderte Stein- oder Holzplatte.\" tabindex=\"0\">stel<\/span> olmak \u00fczere Uruk&#8217;taki Selevkos d\u00f6nemi yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda epigrafik olarak belgelenmi\u015ftir. Ortak nokta, k\u00f6pek niteli\u011fi ve gece vakti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u015fifa i\u015flevidir.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert, &#8220;Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis&#8221; adl\u0131 eserinde Gula&#8217;dan Hekate&#8217;ye ve oradan sonraki Diana&#8217;ya uzanan din tarihi \u00e7izgisini ana hatlar\u0131yla ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>T\u0131p tarihinde Gula, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir mesle\u011fe hamilik yapan, ad\u0131 bilinen en eski \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Onun k\u00fclt\u00fc, sonraki Asklepios-Hippokrates karma\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcd\u00fcr; bunu Vivian Nutton &#8220;Ancient Medicine&#8221; (2004) adl\u0131 eserinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p><p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz t\u0131p tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, Gula gelene\u011fini Yunan \u015fifa sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n tarihinin \u00f6nemli bir unsuru olarak g\u00f6rmekte; farmakoji ve tan\u0131bilim alanlar\u0131nda somut izler ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Din Bilimleri A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011ferlendirme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen, Gula&#8217;y\u0131 Eski Babil d\u00f6neminde i\u015flevi \u015fifa ve do\u011fuma odaklanan b\u00fcy\u00fck di\u015fil koruyucu tanr\u0131\u00e7alar \u00e7evresinde konumland\u0131r\u0131r. Onun Ninisina ile kayna\u015fmas\u0131nda, birden fazla \u015fehir tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n imparatorluk \u00e7ap\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli tek bir fig\u00fcrde birle\u015fti\u011fi tipik bir peki\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecini g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn toplumsal i\u015flevini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Gula, t\u0131bbi-rit\u00fcel uzmanlar olan asu ve asipu&#8217;dan olu\u015fan b\u00fct\u00fcn bir meslek grubunun koruyucusuydu. Bu meslek grubunun <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131nakla<\/span> ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, eski Mezopotamya toplumunun \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131sal bile\u015feniydi.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul, kehanet sanat\u0131 ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6zel eylemler veya form\u00fcller arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla olaylar\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmeyi ama\u00e7layan uygulamalar.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00fcy\u00fc<\/span> \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Gula <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span> ile b\u00fcy\u00fc uygulamas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131 belgelemi\u015ftir. Walther Sallaberger ve Andrew George, Isin ve Nippur&#8217;daki tap\u0131nak k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc arkeolojik ve metinsel a\u00e7\u0131dan yeniden kurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert, &#8220;Bullussa-rabi \u0130lahisi&#8221;ni ele\u015ftirel bi\u00e7imde yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Gula&#8217;y\u0131 eski Mezopotamya t\u0131bb\u0131n\u0131 ve dinini anlaman\u0131n en \u00f6nemli anahtarlar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bullussa-rabi'nin Gula \u0130lahisi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tanr\u0131\u00e7aya ili\u015fkin en \u00f6nemli edebi metin, Orta Babil d\u00f6neminden, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla M.\u00d6. 12. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan, ad\u0131 bilinen bir kad\u0131n k\u00e2tip olan Bullussa-rabi&#8217;nin b\u00fcy\u00fck Gula \u0130lahisi&#8217;dir. 200 sat\u0131rdan olu\u015fan metin birden fazla n\u00fcshada g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; en \u00f6nemli tabletler Assur, Niniveh ve Babil k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinden gelmektedir.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>\u0130lahi ilk kez 1967 y\u0131l\u0131nda Wilfred G. Lambert taraf\u0131ndan Orientalia 36&#8217;da kapsaml\u0131 yorum ve \u00e7eviriyle yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Metin, Gula&#8217;n\u0131n birinci ki\u015fi a\u011fz\u0131ndan \u00f6zelliklerini, g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ve \u015fifa i\u015flevlerini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z-nitelendirme \u00fcslubuyla kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi, tanr\u0131\u00e7ay\u0131 isimlerinin ve i\u015flevlerinin ansiklopedik bir d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcyle sunar. O; Sumer&#8217;in farkl\u0131 \u015fehirlerinde y\u00fcceltilen Belet-ili yani tanr\u0131lar\u0131n han\u0131m\u0131, Nintinugga, Bauu ve Ninisinna&#8217;d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bask\u0131n bir ad alt\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n bu bi\u00e7imde art arda s\u0131ralanmas\u0131, yerel k\u00fcltlerin bir ana ad alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirildi\u011fi Mezopotamya senkretik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">teolojisinin<\/span> bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. \u0130lahi, din tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r; zira \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n tek bir Gula fig\u00fcr\u00fcnde teolojik olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirilmesini aktarmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u00e7erik olarak ilahi, Gula&#8217;n\u0131n hekim olarak etkinli\u011fini betimler. O, &#8220;s\u0131z\u0131y\u0131 sevince \u00e7eviren b\u00fcy\u00fck hekim&#8221;dir, &#8220;yaray\u0131 sararak yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r&#8221;, &#8220;\u00f6l\u00fcy\u00fc hayata geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr&#8221;.<\/p><p>Son ifade abart\u0131l\u0131 olmakla birlikte, atfedilen \u015fifa g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Metnin dikkat \u00e7ekici bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, modern ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n tam botanik kimli\u011fini belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekti\u011fi \u015fifal\u0131 otlar\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. Stefan Maul, bu farmakopeyi Babil iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isin ve Tap\u0131nak Arkeolojisi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn ana merkezi Isin&#8217;di; a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 F\u0131rat k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki bu \u015fehirde tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir veya birden fazla tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nmaya hizmet eden yap\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/span> &#8220;b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fcce saray&#8221; anlam\u0131na gelen E-gal-mah ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p><p>\u015eehir, kendilerini &#8220;Ninisinna&#8217;n\u0131n (yani Gula&#8217;n\u0131n) evinden se\u00e7ilmi\u015f&#8221; olarak ilan eden Isin Hanedan\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda M.\u00d6. 20. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131. Lipit-\u0130\u015ftar ve Enlil-bani&#8217;nin yap\u0131 yaz\u0131tlar\u0131; tap\u0131nak onar\u0131mlar\u0131, heykel ithaflar\u0131 ve \u015fifa mek\u00e2n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeleri dahil kapsaml\u0131 vak\u0131f ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 belgelemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Barthel Hrouda y\u00f6netiminde 1973 ile 1989 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen Alman Isin kaz\u0131lar\u0131, E-gal-mah&#8217;\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Tap\u0131nak avlusunda, \u015fifadan sonra adak olarak k\u00f6pek fig\u00fcrleri at\u0131lan bir kuyu bulundu.<\/p><p>Kaz\u0131 ekibi, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca suya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak k\u00f6pek kurtard\u0131. Bu s\u0131rad\u0131\u015f\u0131 kaynak t\u00fcr\u00fc, ilahide s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n k\u00f6pek semboli\u011fini do\u011frulamakta ve \u015fifa arayanlar\u0131n halk dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli bir pencere a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcceltilmesine adanm\u0131\u015f kutsal yer.\" tabindex=\"0\">kutsal alan<\/span> Nippur&#8217;dayd\u0131; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise ge\u00e7 Babil d\u00f6neminde Gula&#8217;n\u0131n devlet teolojisinin merkezine yerle\u015fti\u011fi Babil&#8217;deydi. II. Nebukadnezar&#8217;\u0131n tap\u0131nak yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 onu, a\u011f\u0131r bir hastal\u0131k sonras\u0131 kral\u0131n iyile\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan tanr\u0131\u00e7a olarak anar.<\/p><p>Asur&#8217;daki A\u015fur \u015fehrinde de Sennacherib ve A\u015furbanipal taraf\u0131ndan yenilenen bir E-gal-mah bulunuyordu. Bu b\u00f6lgeleraras\u0131 varl\u0131k, Gula&#8217;y\u0131 etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130\u015ftar veya Marduk ile k\u0131yaslanabilir Mezopotamya genelindeki ba\u015fl\u0131ca tanr\u0131lar aras\u0131na sokmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00f6pek: Nitelik ve Adak Prati\u011fi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00f6pek, Gula&#8217;n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli niteli\u011fidir; bu durum Mezopotamya <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin veya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonunda<\/span> e\u015fsiz bir \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131r. Di\u011fer tanr\u0131lar\u0131n bo\u011falar, aslanlar veya ejderhalar gibi kutsal hayvanlar\u0131 vard\u0131r; ancak k\u00f6pe\u011fi hayvan yolda\u015f\u0131 olarak yaln\u0131zca Gula kullan\u0131r.<\/p><p>Orta Babil d\u00f6nemine ait Kudurru kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda, \u00f6zellikle Meli-Shipak&#8217;\u0131n Kudurru&#8217;sunda (M.\u00d6. 12. y\u00fczy\u0131l), Gula ayaklar\u0131nda oturan bir k\u00f6pekle tahtta oturur bi\u00e7imde resmedilir. Bu g\u00f6rsel gelenek, Babil&#8217;deki II. Nebukadnezar&#8217;\u0131n s\u0131rl\u0131 tu\u011flalar\u0131nda da belgelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan k\u00f6pek semboli\u011fi \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131d\u0131r. Mezopotamya&#8217;da k\u00f6pekler bir yandan kirli ve korkulan varl\u0131klar, \u00f6te yandan e\u015fi\u011fin bek\u00e7ileri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Hekimlik alan\u0131nda k\u00f6pek, muhtemelen t\u00fck\u00fcr\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yara yalamas\u0131n\u0131n geleneksel halk hekimli\u011finde yara iyile\u015ftirici say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 mistik \u015fifa hayvan\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten, Babil dini \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda k\u00f6pe\u011fin ayn\u0131 anda hem saf hem de kirli olarak alg\u0131lanan ikili anlam\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Karen Radner da \u00e7e\u015fitli makalelerinde \u015fifa rit\u00fceli ile k\u00f6pek k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimini incelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Adak prati\u011fi, pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak k\u00f6peklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hasta uzuv modellerini de kaps\u0131yordu. Tap\u0131nak kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda hastalar\u0131n dilek sunusu olarak b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 el, ayak, g\u00f6z ve \u00fcreme organ\u0131 kil replikalar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Bu prati\u011fin, iyile\u015fen hastalar\u0131n pi\u015fmi\u015f toprak uzuv fig\u00fcrlerini geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fta Epidauros olmak \u00fczere sonraki Yunan Asklepios tap\u0131naklar\u0131yla do\u011frudan paralellikleri vard\u0131r. Do\u011frudan bir din tarihsel s\u00fcreklilik tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte kesin olarak kan\u0131tlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kaynaklar ve Ek Literat\u00fcr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 800 ile M.S. 600 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki Yunan ve Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7a\u011f\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antik<\/span> kaynaklar: Gula&#8217;ya adanm\u0131\u015f &#8220;Bullussa-rabi \u0130lahisi&#8221;, Eski Babil ve Yeni Asur d\u00f6nemlerine ait t\u0131bbi ve b\u00fcy\u00fc metinleri, Isin, Nippur ve Sippar yaz\u0131tlar\u0131, Ninisina ve Ninkarrak&#8217;a ilahiler, ge\u00e7 versiyonlardaki Anzu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131lar, k\u00f6kenler ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131nda ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan anlat\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">miti<\/span>.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8220;Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, &#8220;Ancient Babylonian Medicine&#8221;, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Kaynak\u00e7ada yer alan di\u011fer ba\u015fvuru eserleri i\u00e7in bkz. <a href=\"\/tr\/din-edebiyati\/\">kaynak\u00e7a<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gula, iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n Babil tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Gula, iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n Babil tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve k\u00f6peklerin han\u0131m\u0131 olarak tasvir edilir; bu hayvan, iyile\u015fmenin simgesi say\u0131l\u0131r. Gula, eski Mezopotamya dininin en \u00f6nemli \u015fifa tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fta Eski Babil ve Yeni Asur d\u00f6nemlerinde y\u00fcceltilmi\u015f; iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n, hekimlerin ve ebelerin koruyucusu olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Niteli\u011fi k\u00f6pektir; bu hayvan, eski Mezopotamya tasar\u0131m\u0131nda hem \u015fifa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula - Babil \u0130yile\u015ftirme Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 ve K\u00f6peklerin Han\u0131m\u0131 | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula, iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n, t\u0131bb\u0131n ve yeniden canland\u0131rman\u0131n Babil tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kutsal hayvan\u0131 k\u00f6pektir. Mitoloji, semboller ve Esabad tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-73730","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gula - Babil \u0130yile\u015ftirme Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 ve K\u00f6peklerin Han\u0131m\u0131 | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gula, iyile\u015ftirme sanat\u0131n\u0131n, t\u0131bb\u0131n ve yeniden canland\u0131rman\u0131n Babil tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Kutsal hayvan\u0131 k\u00f6pektir. 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