{"id":73452,"date":"2026-08-01T22:52:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T22:52:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tsongkhapa-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T22:53:23","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T22:53:23","slug":"tsongkhapa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tr\/tsongkhapa\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsongkhapa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"73452\" class=\"elementor elementor-73452 elementor-3052\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff07ec5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff07ec5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2587cd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2587cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2283551 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2283551\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c119749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c119749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsongkhapa, Gelug Okulu'nun Kurucusu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f77872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f77872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357-1419), Tibetli bir bilgin, manast\u0131r reformcusu ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Tibet Budizmi&#8217;nde din\u00ee ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan bask\u0131n ak\u0131m olan Gelug gelene\u011finin (&#8220;Erdemliler Okulu&#8221;) kurucusuydu.<\/p><p>Bu okuldan Dalai Lama ve Panchen Lama silsileleri do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Tsongkhapa, Tibet Budizmi tarihinin en \u00f6nemli sistemcilerinden biri olarak kabul edilmekte; kapsaml\u0131 eserleri ve Ganden Manast\u0131r\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 kurmas\u0131yla skolastik gelene\u011fi derinden \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab9f544 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ab9f544\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85aa6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c85aa6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 \/ Tanr\u0131\u00e7a: Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn panteonunda ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f y\u00fcce g\u00fc\u00e7; do\u011fa kuvvetleri, kader, sava\u015f ve bereket gibi belirgin sorumluluk alanlar\u0131yla. K\u00fcltler, kurbanlar ve tap\u0131nak kurumlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fcceltilir.\">Tanr\u0131<\/span><a href=\"\/tr\/tibet\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tibet Budizmi ve Bon gelene\u011fi: Yidam, Dharmapala, Naga d\u00fcnyas\u0131.\">Tibet<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9c56ca e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c9c56ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d86f7 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"16d86f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Bu sayfada ba\\u015fl\\u0131k bulunamad\\u0131.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u0130\u00e7indekiler\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__16d86f7\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-473c36f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"473c36f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c53db iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07c53db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3272\" alt=\"Tsongkhapa - G\u00f6tter aus der Tibet-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_tibet_tsongkhapa.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec5b4e8 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec5b4e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c96e6c7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c96e6c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238d336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"238d336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ya\u015fam S\u00fcreci ve Biyografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54cceea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54cceea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Qinghai iline ait Do\u011fu Tibet b\u00f6lgesi Amdo&#8217;da d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fum yeri Tsongkha olarak tan\u0131mlanmakta olup bu durum ona &#8220;Tsongkha&#8217;l\u0131 adam&#8221; lakab\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk din\u00ee e\u011fitimini yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki bir nyingma ve kadampa gelene\u011fine ait manast\u0131rda tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>16 ya\u015f\u0131nda Sangphu ve Nethang&#8217;\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck manast\u0131rlar\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmek \u00fczere Orta Tibet&#8217;e gitmi\u015ftir. Sonraki otuz y\u0131l boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli manast\u0131rlar aras\u0131nda dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00f6nemin t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli geleneklerinden gelen \u00f6\u011fretmenlerden ders alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n<p>Robert Thurman, &#8220;Life and Teachings of Tsong Khapa&#8221; (1982) adl\u0131 eserinde Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n ya\u015fam yolunu ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015f ve onun e\u011fitim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00f6nemin t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma geleneklerini bilin\u00e7li olarak b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirmeyi hedefledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>En \u00f6nemli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmeni Drakpa Gyaltsen&#8217;di; tantrik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar alan\u0131nda ise ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6\u011fretmenleri Khedrup Je ve Gyaltsab Je olmu\u015ftur. Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli \u00f6\u011fretmeni, onu \u00f6zellikle Madhyamaka felsefesi konusunda yeti\u015ftiren Sakya ustas\u0131 Rendawa Shy\u00f6nnu Lodr\u00f6 idi. Bu geni\u015f e\u011fitim temeli, sonraki d\u00f6nemde Gelug okulunun profilini \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64bbb4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f64bbb4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f9ab83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f9ab83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Din\u00ee-Felsefi Program<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bbbea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bbbea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n felsefi program\u0131, bilgin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> gelene\u011fi ile tantrik prati\u011fin s\u0131k\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesini hedefliyordu.<\/p><p>Her iki yolun da belirli bir s\u0131rayla izlenmesi gerekti\u011finde \u0131srar etti: \u00f6nce manast\u0131r kural\u0131n\u0131n (Vinaya) temelleri, ard\u0131ndan Madhyamaka ve Pramana \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine g\u00f6re sistematik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> felsefesi, son olarak da tantrik inisiyasyonlar ve uygulamalar. Bu a\u015famal\u0131 yap\u0131, Gelug \u00f6\u011frenim reformunun temeli ve sonraki Tibet manast\u0131r e\u011fitiminin normu haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n<p>En \u00f6nemli eseri, 1402&#8217;de tamamlanan ve bir Bodhisattva&#8217;n\u0131n manevi yolunu \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famada (az, orta ve y\u00fcksek g\u00fcd\u00fc) sunan &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221; yani &#8220;Ayd\u0131nlanmaya Giden Kademeli Yolun B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6\u011fretimi&#8221;dir.<\/p><p>Donald Lopez ve Joshua Cutler eseri birka\u00e7 cilt halinde \u0130ngilizceye \u00e7evirmi\u015f ve felsefi \u00f6n kabullerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eser, Gelug gelene\u011finin merkezi ders kitab\u0131 olarak kabul edilmekte ve bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 manast\u0131rlarda ezberlenerek yorumlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157b82d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"157b82d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b04173 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b04173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Madhyamaka Yorumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8154cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8154cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Felsefi alanda Tsongkhapa, \u00f6zellikle Nagarjuna&#8217;n\u0131n Madhyamaka okulusunun yorumuyla tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Nihai ger\u00e7eklik hakk\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm i\u00e7eriksel iddialar\u0131 reddeden ve &#8220;bo\u015fluk&#8221; (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101) \u00f6\u011fretisini tutarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde diyalektik olarak geli\u015ftiren &#8220;prasangika-madhyamaka&#8221; konumunu savundu.<\/p><p>Bu alandaki ba\u015fl\u0131ca eseri olan &#8220;D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131&#8221; (&#8220;dgongs pa rab gsal&#8221;) adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda Hintli Madhyamika Candrakirti&#8217;nin yorum gelene\u011fini benimseyerek farkl\u0131 yorumlara kar\u015f\u0131 savundu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n, &#8220;A Dose of Emptiness&#8221; (1992) adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n Madhyamaka anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nceki Tibet yorumlar\u0131ndan belirleyici noktalarda ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle bo\u015flu\u011fun, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc ve olumlu bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131mlanabilir bir mutlak olarak anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc reddetti.<\/p><p>Bu tutum, kendisine a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olumsuzculuk izafe eden Nyingma ve Sakya okullar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcilerinden itiraz g\u00f6rd\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan &#8220;bo\u015fluk tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131&#8221;, Tibet felsefesini birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca etkiledi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3deba7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3deba7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea81549 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea81549\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tantrik Eserler<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b27c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b27c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Tsongkhapa, en y\u00fcksek tantrik yogalar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir bilgini ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. &#8220;Sngags rim chen mo&#8221; (&#8220;Mantralara \u0130li\u015fkin B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6\u011fretim&#8221;, 1405) adl\u0131 eseri, &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221;nun tantrik kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Tantrik uygulamalar\u0131 d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131fa (Kriya-, Carya-, Yoga-, Anuttarayoga-Tantra) ay\u0131rarak her biri i\u00e7in \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131, y\u00f6ntemleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 belirtir. Bu sistematik d\u00fczenleme, Gelug Tantra e\u011fitiminin temeli oldu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa ayr\u0131ca en merkezi Anuttarayoga-Tantra olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Guhyasamaja-Tantra&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir yorumcusuydu. Chakrasamvara ve Yamantaka Tantralar\u0131 da yo\u011fun yorum \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Christian Wedemeyer, Aryadeva ve Candrakirti \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n Tantra gelene\u011fini Madhyamaka felsefesiyle nas\u0131l b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik bir genel tasar\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b335914 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b335914\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd96f2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd96f2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ganden Manast\u0131r\u0131'n\u0131n Kurulu\u015fu ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Dua<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a857d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a857d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa, 1409 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tibet Yeni Y\u0131l\u0131&#8217;nda her y\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve binlerce ke\u015fi\u015f ile laik\u0131 bir araya getiren 21 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir manast\u0131r \u015fenli\u011fi olan &#8220;Monlam Chenmo&#8221;yu, yani &#8220;Lhasa&#8217;n\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0130nsan\u0131n bir tanr\u0131ya dil arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00f6nelmesi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Duas\u0131<\/span>&#8220;n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p><p>Bu \u015fenlik, Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n reform hareketini Tibet&#8217;in din\u00ee ya\u015fam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak yerle\u015ftirdi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Lhasa&#8217;n\u0131n do\u011fusundaki bir da\u011f \u00fczerinde Gelug gelene\u011finin ana manast\u0131r\u0131 olan Ganden Manast\u0131r\u0131&#8217;n\u0131 kurdu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Drepung (1416&#8217;da Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencisi Jamyang Choje taraf\u0131ndan) ve Sera (1419&#8217;da yine bir \u00f6\u011frenci olan Sakya Yeshe taraf\u0131ndan) manast\u0131rlar\u0131 kuruldu. &#8220;\u00dc\u00e7 Bilgelik Taht\u0131&#8221; olarak an\u0131lan bu \u00fc\u00e7 manast\u0131r, Tibet Budizmi&#8217;nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck manast\u0131r k\u00fclliyelerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda her birinde birka\u00e7 bin ke\u015fi\u015f bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p><p>Per S\u00f8rensen, Tibet manast\u0131r tarihi \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki Gelug okulu kurulu\u015f dalgas\u0131n\u0131n Orta Tibet&#8217;te ekonomik ve siyasi bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc de beraberinde getirdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68a198a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68a198a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e0675 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e0675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manast\u0131r D\u00fczeninin Reformu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83c8358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83c8358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa, manast\u0131r kural\u0131 olan Vinaya&#8217;n\u0131n titizlikle uygulanmas\u0131na \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nem verdi. Kendi d\u00f6neminde yayg\u0131n olan manast\u0131r kural\u0131 ile tantrik prati\u011fin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mesini ele\u015ftirerek ke\u015fi\u015flerin bekarl\u0131k yeminini korumalar\u0131 ve geleneksel yiyecek kurallar\u0131na uymalar\u0131 gerekti\u011finde \u0131srar etti.<\/p><p>Bu kat\u0131l\u0131k ona, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 Gelug gelene\u011finde kullan\u0131lan &#8220;ikinci Buddha&#8221; (&#8220;sangs rgyas gnyis pa&#8221;) lakab\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n<p>Reform \u00f6\u011frenim d\u00fczenini de kaps\u0131yordu. Tsongkhapa, belirli bir temel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fturdu: Vinaya, Abhidharma, Pramana, Madhyamaka ve Prajnaparamita. Her \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma birka\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcrmekte ve m\u00fcnazaralar ile s\u0131navlarla tamamlanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p><p>Onun ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 &#8220;Geshe s\u0131navlar\u0131&#8221; sistemi, sonunda Gelug Okulu&#8217;nun en y\u00fcksek akademik derecesi olan &#8220;Geshe Lharampa&#8221;ya giden yolu a\u00e7t\u0131. Donald Lopez, &#8220;The Madman&#8217;s Middle Way&#8221; (2006) adl\u0131 eserinde bu reformun epistemik ve kurumsal \u00f6nemini kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b3008 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29b3008\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-890b427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"890b427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Miras\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1fb4c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa 1419 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ganden Manast\u0131r\u0131&#8217;nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Mumyalanm\u0131\u015f bedeni orada bir stupa i\u00e7inde muhafaza edildi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda manast\u0131r\u0131n tahrip edilmesine dek Tibet Budizmi&#8217;nin en \u00f6nemli hac mek\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p><p>Eserleri 18 cilt halinde derlendi ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda me\u015fhur Lhasa bask\u0131s\u0131nda kapal\u0131 bir k\u00fclliyat olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131. Sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00e7ok say\u0131da bilgin eserlerini yorumlad\u0131; yaln\u0131zca &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221; 100&#8217;den fazla Tibet yorumuna konu oldu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fc olan 10. Tibet ay\u0131n\u0131n 25. g\u00fcn\u00fc, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 &#8220;Ganden Ngamcho&#8221; olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck ya\u011f kandili \u015fenlikleriyle kutlanmaktad\u0131r. Modern Tibet Budizmi&#8217;nde onun fig\u00fcr\u00fc yaln\u0131zca Gelug okuluyla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmamaktad\u0131r; felsefi tutumlar\u0131n\u0131n reddedildi\u011fi geleneklerde bile \u00f6nemli bir bilgin olarak takdir g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p><p>Geoffrey Samuel, Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n Tibet Budizmi&#8217;nde kurumsal bir kilit fig\u00fcr olarak Katolik gelenekteki Thomas Aquinas&#8217;a ya da Rabbinik Yahudili\u011findeki Maimonides&#8217;e benzer bi\u00e7imde temel bir konum i\u015fgal etti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d3352 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91d3352\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432921e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432921e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uluslararas\u0131 Al\u0131mlama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d15be08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d15be08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bat\u0131 Tibetolojisi ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dinleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 ve inan\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131ran bilim dal\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">din bilimleri<\/span> alan\u0131nda Tsongkhapa, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki Giuseppe Tucci \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan bu yana yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>David Snellgrove, Robert Thurman, Donald Lopez, Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n ve Jan-Ulrich Sobisch, eserini bir\u00e7ok temel ara\u015ft\u0131rmada kapsaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221;su bug\u00fcn tam \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisiyle mevcuttur; se\u00e7ilmi\u015f tantrik metinler ise ele\u015ftirel bask\u0131larda eri\u015filebilir durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n<p>Modern Tibet s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcnde Tsongkhapa, Gelug gelene\u011finin kimlik fig\u00fcr\u00fc ve kurumsal s\u00fcreklili\u011fin g\u00fcvencesi olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rmektedir. 14. Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, pek \u00e7ok konferans ve kitab\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle &#8220;Lam Rim Chenmo&#8221; yorumlar\u0131nda Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Budist prati\u011fi i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcncelli\u011fi vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u00d6zg\u00fcl Budist al\u0131mlaman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Tsongkhapa, Avrupa ve Amerikan akademik felsefesinde en \u00f6nemli Bat\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sistemcilerden biri olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d55238 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d55238\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9b9305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9b9305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yaz\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fclliyat ve Bask\u0131 Tarihi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80b5746 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80b5746\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n &#8220;gsung &#8216;bum&#8221; (&#8220;Toplu Eserler&#8221;) k\u00fclliyat\u0131, geleneksel Ta\u015filhunpo bask\u0131s\u0131nda on sekiz cilt kapsamakta olup yakla\u015f\u0131k 210 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z eser ve mektup i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p><p>&#8220;Lamrim Chenmo&#8221; (&#8220;Ayd\u0131nlanmaya Giden B\u00fcy\u00fck A\u015famal\u0131 Yol&#8221;, 1402) ve &#8220;Ngakrim Chenmo&#8221; (&#8220;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de tekrarlayarak s\u00f6ylenen kutsal hece veya form\u00fcl.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mantra<\/span>&#8216;n\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck A\u015famal\u0131 Yolu&#8221;, 1405) yan\u0131 s\u0131ra &#8220;Drang-nges legs-bshad snying-po&#8221; (&#8220;Ge\u00e7ici ve Kesin Olan\u0131n Ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6z\u00fc&#8221;, 1408), &#8220;Rigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho&#8221; (&#8220;Ak\u0131l Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Okyanusu&#8221;, N\u0101g\u0101rjuna&#8217;n\u0131n M\u016blamadhyamakak\u0101rik\u0101&#8217;s\u0131na yorum) ve &#8220;Lhag mthong chen mo&#8221; (Lamrim Chenmo&#8217;dan i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fczerine arac\u0131 metin) en etkili metinler aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Robert A. F. Thurman, &#8220;Tsongkhapa&#8217;s Speech of Gold in the Essence of True Eloquence&#8221; (Princeton 1984) adl\u0131 eserinde &#8220;Drang-nges legs-bshad snying-po&#8221;nun kapsaml\u0131 bir din tarihi ayg\u0131t\u0131yla birlikte eksiksiz \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisini sunmu\u015ftur; Jos\u00e9 Ignacio Cabez\u00f3n ise &#8220;A Dose of Emptiness&#8221; (Albany 1992) adl\u0131 eserinde mKhas-grub-rje&#8217;nin Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n Madhyamaka \u00f6\u011fretisine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumun \u00e7evirisini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Tsongkhapa eserlerinin metin ele\u015ftirisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenmesi, son on y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde &#8220;Sera Jey Library&#8221; ve &#8220;Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center&#8221; (TBRC, 1999&#8217;dan itibaren E. Gene Smith&#8217;in dijitalle\u015ftirme projesi) sayesinde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ilerlemi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Donald S. Lopez Jr., &#8220;The Madman&#8217;s Middle Way&#8221; (Chicago 2006) adl\u0131 eserinde ve Gelug yorumbilimine ili\u015fkin makalelerinde Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n yorum tekni\u011finin y\u00f6ntemsel a\u00e7\u0131dan yenilik\u00e7i oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir: Candrak\u012brti&#8217;nin Hintli Prasa\u1e45gika \u00fcslubunu Dharmak\u012brti&#8217;ye dayanan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir epistemolojik analizle birle\u015ftirerek yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131la dek sonraki Gelug skolasti\u011fini bi\u00e7imlendiren bir sentez ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e02b96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e02b96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5134f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5134f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\"Svatantra\" Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 Etraf\u0131ndaki Polemik<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce88a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ce88a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n Tibet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihine katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezi \u00f6\u011freti tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biri, Madhyamaka&#8217;da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mant\u0131ksal gerek\u00e7elerin (svatantra-anumana, Tib. &#8220;rang rgyud&#8221;) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da yaln\u0131zca sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n (prasanga) uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 sorunuyla ilgilidir. Tsongkhapa, Bhavaviveka&#8217;n\u0131n svatantrika olarak okunan tutumuna kar\u015f\u0131 kesinlikle Buddhapaliata ve Candrakirti \u00e7izgisinde Prasangika olarak konumland\u0131.<\/p><p>Bu konumlanma &#8220;Lhag mthong chen mo&#8221; ve &#8220;Rigs pa&#8217;i rgya mtsho&#8221; adl\u0131 eserlerde i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. Sonraki okullar farkl\u0131 tepkiler verdi: Sakya \u00f6\u011fretmenleri Gorampa Sonam Senge (1429-1489) ve Shakya Chogden (1428-1507) Tsongkhapa&#8217;ya sert bi\u00e7imde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; buradan 15. ve 16. y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli Tibet i\u00e7i felsefi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n<p>Cabez\u00f3n ve Geshe Lobsang Dargyay, &#8220;Scholasticism&#8221; (Albany 1998) adl\u0131 derleme i\u00e7indeki \u00e7e\u015fitli makalelerinde bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n arg\u00fcmantasyon \u00e7izgilerini yeniden kurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Jos\u00e9 Cabez\u00f3n, &#8220;Freedom from Extremes&#8221; (Somerville 2007) adl\u0131 eserinde Gorampa&#8217;n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca yap\u0131t\u0131 &#8220;lTa ba&#8217;i shan &#8216;byed&#8221; (&#8220;G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin Ayr\u0131m\u0131&#8221;) \u00e7evirisini Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n tutumuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Janet Gyatso, &#8220;Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies&#8221; (Cilt 27, 2004) dergisinde tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yaln\u0131zca akademik d\u00fczeyde kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, aksine 17. y\u00fczy\u0131la dek tek tek manast\u0131r merkezlerinin konumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan siyasi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b68be83 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b68be83\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fd2180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4fd2180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bon Gelene\u011fiyle ve Eski Okullarla \u0130li\u015fki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c1090 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55c1090\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n reform program\u0131 mevcut Tibet din\u00ee ya\u015fam\u0131yla tam bir kopu\u015f de\u011fil, var olan gelenekler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yeni bir d\u00fczenleme niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p><p>11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hintli \u00f6\u011fretmen Atisha&#8217;ya uzanan Kadampa okulunun temel unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 alarak bunlar\u0131 geni\u015fletilmi\u015f felsefi ve tantrik bir tasar\u0131ma entegre etti. Budizm \u00f6ncesi Tibet gelene\u011fi olan Bon dinine kar\u015f\u0131 ise temsilcilerini zulme u\u011fratmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a mesafe korudu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Eski Hint ve Tibetli ustalar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok tantrik silsilesini muhafaza eden Nyingma-pa ve Kagyu-pa&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 da siyasi bir d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k sergilemedi.<\/p><p>Gelug ile Nyingma-pa ve Kagyu-pa gelenekleri aras\u0131ndaki sonraki kutupla\u015fma, Tsongkhapa&#8217;n\u0131n kendi miras\u0131ndan \u00e7ok 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki siyasi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bir sonucudur. Klaus-Dieter Mathes, Tibet Budizmi tarihine ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda bu ayr\u0131ma bir\u00e7ok kez dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tsongkhapa, Gelug Okulu&#8217;nun Kurucusu Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa (1357-1419), Tibetli bir bilgin, manast\u0131r reformcusu ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Tibet Budizmi&#8217;nde din\u00ee ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan bask\u0131n ak\u0131m olan Gelug gelene\u011finin (&#8220;Erdemliler Okulu&#8221;) kurucusuydu. Bu okuldan Dalai Lama ve Panchen Lama silsileleri do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Tsongkhapa, Tibet Budizmi tarihinin en \u00f6nemli sistemcilerinden biri olarak kabul edilmekte; kapsaml\u0131 eserleri ve Ganden [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3272,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tsongkhapa","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tsongkhapa - Gelug Okulu'nun Kurucusu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419), Tibet'teki Gelug Okulu'nun kurucusu ve Dalai Lama gelene\u011finin manevi atas\u0131d\u0131r. Lamrim \u00f6\u011fretisi, \u00fc\u00e7 temel husus ve \u00f6nemi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-73452","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tsongkhapa - Gelug Okulu&#039;nun Kurucusu | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tsongkhapa (1357-1419), Tibet&#039;teki Gelug Okulu&#039;nun kurucusu ve Dalai Lama gelene\u011finin manevi atas\u0131d\u0131r. 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