{"id":73235,"date":"2026-08-01T22:39:15","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T22:39:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/supay-and-daglarinin-zarar-veren-ruhlari-ve-yeralti-efendisi\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T22:39:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T22:39:36","slug":"supay","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tr\/supay\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay &#8211; And Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Zarar Veren Ruhlar\u0131 ve Yeralt\u0131 Efendisi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"73235\" class=\"elementor elementor-73235 elementor-2580\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, zararl\u0131 ruhlar, yeralt\u0131 efendisi ve And yaylas\u0131n\u0131n maden demonu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay (Quechua <em>supay<\/em>, Aymara <em>supaya<\/em>), And gelene\u011finde hem zarar veren ruhlar\u0131n bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 hem de \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yeralt\u0131 fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eder. Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n madencilik b\u00f6lgesinde Potos\u00ed ve Oruro&#8217;nun g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinin t\u00fcnel demonu olan <em>Tio<\/em>&#8216;ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"And \/ \u0130nka gelene\u011finin zararl\u0131 ruhu.\">Zararl\u0131 Ruh<\/span><a href=\"\/tr\/anden-inka\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"And \/ \u0130nka gelene\u011finin mitolojisi.\">And \/ \u0130nka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Yeralt\u0131 demonu.\">Yeralt\u0131 Demonu<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Bu sayfada ba\\u015fl\\u0131k bulunamad\\u0131.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u0130\u00e7indekiler\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2675\" alt=\"Supay - Geister aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">And Panteonundaki Konumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay, And dini i\u00e7inde kategorize edilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 bir fig\u00fcrd\u00fcr. Devlet d\u00fczeyindeki y\u00fcce tanr\u0131lar olan <a href=\"\/tr\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"\/tr\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a> ve <a href=\"\/tr\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n aksine Supay ne ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir yarat\u0131c\u0131 ne de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f tekil bir tanr\u0131d\u0131r. En erken Quechua kaynaklar\u0131nda zararl\u0131, bedensiz varl\u0131klar\u0131n bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131, yani \u00f6l\u00fc ruhlar\u0131n\u0131, hastal\u0131k demonlar\u0131n\u0131 ve geceleri rahats\u0131zl\u0131k yaratanlar\u0131 ifade eder; ayn\u0131 zamanda yeralt\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de kar\u015f\u0131lar.<\/p><p>\u0130spanyol misyonerler, <em>supay<\/em> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Hristiyan \u015eeytan&#8217;\u0131n (<em>diablo<\/em>) Quechua kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131.<\/p><p>Bu \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirme, \u00f6zg\u00fcn anlam i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7arp\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Hristiyan \u015eeytan salt k\u00f6t\u00fc bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak tasarlan\u0131rken supay, \u0130spanyol \u00f6ncesi And <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">ilahiyat\u0131nda<\/span> ahlaki a\u00e7\u0131dan ikircikli bir fig\u00fcrd\u00fc; tehlikeliydi, ancak ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re yard\u0131mc\u0131 da olabilirdi ve her hal\u00fckarda salt k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck de\u011fildi.<\/p><p>Perulu antropolog Manuel Marzal, <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971) adl\u0131 eserinde supay\/diablo \u00e7arp\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde betimlemi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Din bilimleri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131nda Supay, <em>khthonik numinositeler<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen geni\u015f kategoriye girer; bu kategori derinliklerin, yerin i\u00e7inin, ma\u011faralar\u0131n ve \u015faft yollar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapsar.<\/p><p>Yap\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131dan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir fig\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda Yunan Hades&#8217;i, Germen Hel&#8217;i, Mezoamerikal\u0131 Mictlantecuhtli ve belirli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Vodou gelene\u011findeki Baron Samedi say\u0131labilir. T\u00fcm bu vakalarda s\u00f6z konusu varl\u0131klar \u00f6l\u00fcler d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve yeralt\u0131 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Quechua konu\u015fan \u0130nkalar\u0131n mutlak k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin erken d\u00f6nem \u0130spanyol g\u00f6zlemi dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Polo de Ondegardo 1559&#8217;da \u0130nkalar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok zararl\u0131 varl\u0131k tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak Hristiyan \u015eeytan gibi tekil bir k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6z\u00fcnden haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaydetmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Bu g\u00f6zlem, misyonerlerce ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">ilahiyat<\/span> eksikli\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve supay\/diablo \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmesiyle giderilmi\u015ftir; bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 din tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek me\u015fgul etmeye devam etmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ad ve Etimoloji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Quechua terimi <em>supay<\/em>, en eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemi s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerinden bu yana belgelenmi\u015ftir. Diego Gonzalez Holguin 1608 y\u0131l\u0131nda anlam\u0131n\u0131 <em>demonio o sombra<\/em> olarak vermektedir, yani <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zararl\u0131 veya ikircikli etki atfedilen ruhani varl\u0131k.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u015feytan<\/span> veya g\u00f6lge. Bu \u00e7ifte anlam a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r: <em>Sombra<\/em> yaln\u0131zca optik g\u00f6lgeyi de\u011fil, ya\u015fayanlara yap\u0131\u015fabilen bir t\u00fcr maddesiz varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ifade eder. \u00c7o\u011ful bi\u00e7imi <em>supaykuna<\/em> ise bu t\u00fcr g\u00f6lgemsi varl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7oklu\u011funu anlat\u0131r.<\/p><p>Aymara dil alan\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 <em>supaya<\/em> veya <em>saxra<\/em>d\u0131r. \u0130kincisi bug\u00fcn Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n Aymara k\u00f6ylerinde daha yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan terimdir ve belirli do\u011fa olgular\u0131nda (girdaplar, kaya yar\u0131klar\u0131, ma\u011faralar) ya\u015fayan zararl\u0131 ruhlar\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p><p>Modern Quechua konu\u015fulan k\u00f6ylerde <em>supay<\/em> farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir kavram tarihine sahip olmu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen, <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) adl\u0131 eserinde \u00fc\u00e7 anlamsal alan ay\u0131rt etmektedir: birincisi <em>supay<\/em>&#8216;\u0131n Hristiyan iblisleri i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 bir adland\u0131rma olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131 (misyoner \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmesi anlam\u0131nda), ikincisi <em>supay<\/em>&#8216;\u0131n g\u00f6lgemsi bir zarar ruhunu ifade eden genel bir ad olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise <em>supay<\/em>&#8216;\u0131n belirli da\u011f efendilerinin (Apu) veya ata mumyalar\u0131n\u0131n (mallqui) sayg\u0131n bir unvan\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131; bu varl\u0131klar sayg\u0131l\u0131 bir ihtiyata davet eder.<\/p><p><em>Supay<\/em>&#8216;\u0131n Quechua fiili <em>supay-<\/em> (r\u00fczgarla savrulanmak, s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmek) ile etimolojik yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, baz\u0131 dilbilimcileri temel anlam\u0131n <em>r\u00fczgarla savrulmu\u015f bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00fcnyada etki g\u00f6stermesi atfedilen bedensiz varl\u0131k.\" tabindex=\"0\">ruh<\/span><\/em> oldu\u011fu, yani \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan r\u00fczgar taraf\u0131ndan ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131na geri ta\u015f\u0131nan bir varl\u0131k oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6neltmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Bu dilbilimsel-tarihsel hipotez kesin olarak do\u011frulanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ancak supay&#8217;\u0131n etnografik olarak g\u00f6zlemlenen <em>r\u00fczgar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00fcnyada etki g\u00f6stermesi atfedilen bedensiz varl\u0131k.\" tabindex=\"0\">ruhu<\/span><\/em> tasar\u0131m\u0131yla uyum i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betimleme ve \u0130konografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erken d\u00f6nem kroniklerde Supay, bi\u00e7imsiz bir varl\u0131k olarak betimlenir; ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 uyku s\u0131ras\u0131nda, hastal\u0131kta ya da geceleyin ziyaret eden g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez ve u\u00e7ucu bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu ikonografik bo\u015fluk, zararl\u0131 ruhlara ili\u015fkin eski And anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fidir; bu ruhlar belirli bir bi\u00e7imde tasvir edilmez, g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir varl\u0131k olarak korku kayna\u011f\u0131 olurlard\u0131.<\/p><p>\u0130spanyol misyonuyla birlikte ve Hristiyan \u015eeytan&#8217;\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmesinin ard\u0131ndan ikonografi k\u00f6kl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemi Cusquena ve Potos\u00ed resim sanat\u0131nda Supay giderek Avrupal\u0131 \u015feytan k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belirir: boynuzlu, uzun kuyruklu, ke\u00e7i bacakl\u0131, zaman zaman k\u00fck\u00fcrt duman\u0131yla sar\u0131l\u0131.<\/p><p>\u00dcnl\u00fc <em>Aziz Mikail&#8217;in Zaferi<\/em> tablosu (Cusquena Okulu, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l), ba\u015fmele\u011fin ayaklar\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki bir\u00e7ok Supay fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p><p>Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n madencilik b\u00f6lgesinde 17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir Tio ikonografisi geli\u015fmi\u015ftir: alt\u0131n g\u00f6zl\u00fc, boynuzlu ba\u015fl\u0131, a\u011fz\u0131nda t\u00fct\u00fcn sigaras\u0131 olan ve belirgin bi\u00e7imde ereksiyon halinde bir fallusa sahip kilden erkek heykelcikler; bu fallus, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc do\u011furan yerin bereketini simgeler.<\/p><p>Bu Tio fig\u00fcrleri bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 Potos\u00ed-Oruro b\u00f6lgesinin neredeyse her maden t\u00fcnelinde bulunmaktad\u0131r. June Nash bunlar\u0131 <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979) adl\u0131 eserinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde belgelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolojik Anlat\u0131lar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay hakk\u0131ndaki mitolojik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bilginin ve anlat\u0131lar\u0131n nesiller boyunca aktar\u0131lmas\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">rivayet<\/span> par\u00e7al\u0131 niteliktedir. Huarochiri Yazmas\u0131&#8217;nda (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1608) bir\u00e7ok supay varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kahraman fig\u00fcrlerin antagonisti olarak yer almaktad\u0131r; bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla kurnazl\u0131kla yenilmekte ya da rit\u00fcel uygulamalarla uzak tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Cristobal de Albornoz, <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde (yakla\u015f\u0131k 1581) \u00e7e\u015fitli supay s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 betimlemektedir; bunlar aras\u0131nda <em>aya supay<\/em> (\u00f6l\u00fc ruhlar\u0131), <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (m\u0131zrak ruhlar\u0131, yani sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 iblisler) ve <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (ortaya \u00e7\u0131kanlar, yani dola\u015fan hayalet ruhlar\u0131) yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Quechua dili konu\u015fulan k\u00f6ylerin anlat\u0131lar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir konu <em>condenado<\/em>&#8216;yu (lanetli olan\u0131) ele almaktad\u0131r: ensest, cinayet veya ba\u015fka a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lar nedeniyle \u00f6te d\u00fcnyaya kabul edilemeyen ve dola\u015fan bir Supay olarak ortal\u0131kta gezen \u00f6l\u00fc bir ruh.<\/p><p>Bu condenadolar \u00f6zellikle da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde geceleri dola\u015f\u0131r, yolculara h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc ama \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bir yolda\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcme s\u00fcr\u00fcklemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Catherine Allen, Sonqo k\u00f6y\u00fc i\u00e7in bu t\u00fcr bir\u00e7ok condenado anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131t alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bolivya Andleri&#8217;nin madencilik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan tanr\u0131 anlat\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitolojisinde<\/span> Supay\/Tio, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f yataklar\u0131n\u0131n efendisi olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Merkezi bir anlat\u0131, ilk madencinin bir Tio heykeliyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131p onu sorgulamas\u0131n\u0131 betimlemektedir: Tio bol g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f vaat etmi\u015f, ancak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda koka, i\u00e7ki ve zaman zaman bir insan can\u0131 istemi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Bu hikaye her ne kadar efsanev\u00ee nitelikte olsa da galerilerindeki fiilen g\u00f6zlemlenen kaza riskini son derece isabetli bi\u00e7imde yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r; bu risk, Tio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla rit\u00fcel pratik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015flenmektedir.<\/p><p>Bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli anlat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem And k\u00f6ylerinde \u00f6zel bir ilgi g\u00f6ren ve Supay akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcl bir bi\u00e7imini olu\u015fturan <em>pishtaco<\/em> varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 konu almaktad\u0131r. Pishtacolar, beyaz tenli ve ya\u011f emici varl\u0131klard\u0131r; <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u015e\u00fckran, dilek veya sayg\u0131y\u0131 dile getirmek amac\u0131yla bir tanr\u0131ya sunulan arma\u011fan.\" tabindex=\"0\">kurbanlar\u0131n\u0131n<\/span> ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanayi makinelerine katmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p><p>Bu anlat\u0131 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren belgelenmi\u015f olup her ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm evresinde yeniden canlanmaktad\u0131r. Mary Weismantel, <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde (2001) bu anlat\u0131n\u0131n yerli halk ile yerli olmayan g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki yap\u0131sal gerilimleri din\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00fclt ve Madencilik Rit\u00fceli<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0130nka d\u00f6nemine ait Supay <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span> yaln\u0131zca olumsuz bi\u00e7imde var oluyordu: Supay&#8217;lar tap\u0131n\u0131lan tanr\u0131lar de\u011fil, zararlar\u0131 rit\u00fcel \u00f6nlemlerle savu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gereken ruhlard\u0131.<\/p><p>En \u00f6nemli \u00f6rnek, Cusco&#8217;daki y\u0131ll\u0131k <em>Citua<\/em> temizlik festivalidir (Eyl\u00fcl). Bu festivalde sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar me\u015falelerle \u015fehri dola\u015f\u0131r, t\u00fcm hastal\u0131klar\u0131, bilinen t\u00fcm supay varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcm bozukluklar\u0131 kentten kovar, bunlar\u0131 sembolik olarak d\u00f6rt y\u00f6ne ak\u0131t\u0131p savard\u0131.<\/p><p>17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n madencilik b\u00f6lgelerinde, salt savu\u015fturman\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7en ve t\u00fcnel demonuyla aktif ili\u015fki besleyi\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Tio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span> olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Madenciler her Sal\u0131 ve Cuma g\u00fcn\u00fc Tio&#8217;ya kurbanda bulunur: dizinin \u00fczerine koka yapraklar\u0131 koyar, a\u011fz\u0131na i\u00e7ki d\u00f6ker, yanan sigara t\u0131kar ve onu g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc serbest b\u0131rakmas\u0131 ile t\u00fcnelleri g\u00fcvende tutmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yalvar\u0131r.<\/p><p>Doruk noktas\u0131n\u0131 2001&#8217;den itibaren UNESCO Somut Olmayan K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Miras listesinde yer alan y\u0131ll\u0131k <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (Madenci Karnaval\u0131) Oruro&#8217;da olu\u015fturur.<\/p><p>Merkezinde <em>Diablada<\/em> dans\u0131 yer al\u0131r; bu dans, Tio&#8217;nun ba\u015fmelek Mikail kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki yenilgisini canland\u0131r\u0131r ve \u0130spanyol \u00f6ncesi Supay <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">ilahiyat\u0131n\u0131<\/span> Katolik demon doktriniyle koreografik bi\u00e7imde birle\u015ftirir. Oruro Karnaval\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Diablo maskeleri ayn\u0131 zamanda sanat tarihi ve din tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kayda de\u011fer birer olgudur.<\/p><p>Potos\u00ed madencilik b\u00f6lgesi, 1545&#8217;te g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f yataklar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffinden bu yana \u0130spanyol s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ekonomisinin ekonomik merkezi konumundayd\u0131. Potos\u00ed \u015fehri 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda 160.000&#8217;i a\u015fk\u0131n n\u00fcfusuyla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinden biri oldu.<\/p><p>Yerli mita i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndaki muazzam \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131, her y\u0131l binlerce madenci c\u0131va zehirlenmesi, kaza ve t\u00fckenmi\u015flik nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti, Tio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">ilahiyat\u0131n\u0131<\/span> bi\u00e7imlendirdi ve ona g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Oruro-Bolivya karnaval anlat\u0131lar\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 canl\u0131 olan kanl\u0131 bir arka plan kazand\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Koruma Prati\u011fi ve Apotropaik Unsurlar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay&#8217;lara kar\u015f\u0131 uygulanan koruma prati\u011fi, And halk dinin en zengin b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden birini olu\u015fturur. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien ve Olivia Harris, etnografik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda k\u00f6ylerdeki bu prati\u011fi sistematik bi\u00e7imde betimlemi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Temel koruma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: bile\u011fe k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 y\u00fcn ipli\u011fi takmak (\u00f6zellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in), evin giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ha\u00e7 d\u00fczene\u011fi koymak, evi okalipt\u00fcs ve muna yapraklar\u0131yla (y\u00fcksek yayla yabani nanesi) t\u00fcts\u00fclemek ve boyuna sar\u0131msak ya da sedef otu par\u00e7alar\u0131 asmak. Bu uygulamalar ayr\u0131nt\u0131da Avrupal\u0131 halk hekimli\u011fi geleneklerinin senkretik etkisiyle bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>\u00d6zg\u00fcn bir koruma prati\u011fi <em>almas en pena<\/em> (ac\u0131 \u00e7eken ruhlar) ve <em>condenado<\/em>&#8216;larla ilgilidir: Azizler G\u00fcn\u00fc&#8217;nde (1\/2 Kas\u0131m) \u00f6l\u00fcler i\u00e7in rit\u00fcele uygun yemek haz\u0131rlamayan ki\u015fi, vefat etmi\u015f atalar\u0131n\u0131n Supay olarak geri d\u00f6nme riskiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u00d6zel olarak pi\u015firilmi\u015f ekmek fig\u00fcrinleri (<em>t&#8217;antawawa<\/em>), choclo, m\u0131s\u0131r \u015fekerleri ve koka yapraklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 <em>Todos Santos<\/em> sofras\u0131, hem \u00f6l\u00fclere sayg\u0131n\u0131n hem de k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ruhlar\u0131n misillemesine kar\u015f\u0131 koruma prati\u011finin ifadesidir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Di\u011fer K\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle Paraleller<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay\/Tio bile\u015fimi, bilimsel literat\u00fcrde b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; zira <em>din\u00ee inversiyon<\/em> olgusunun \u00f6rnek bir vakas\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmektedir: \u00d6z\u00fcnde korku uyand\u0131ran bir fig\u00fcr, ekonomik hayatta kalma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcyle ara\u00e7sal bir yak\u0131nla\u015fmay\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle madencilik prati\u011finde aktif bi\u00e7imde beslenen bir ili\u015fkiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr.<\/p><p>Yap\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131dan paralel olgular Mezoamerikal\u0131 Tlazolteotl ve Mictlantecuhtli <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">ilahiyat\u0131nda<\/span>, Bat\u0131 Asya&#8217;n\u0131n Lilith gelene\u011finde (hem zararl\u0131 hem de koruyucu ruh olabilen) ve Afrika&#8217;n\u0131n Eshu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">ilahiyat\u0131nda<\/span> bulunur. June Nash, Bolivyal\u0131 Tio&#8217;yu <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) adl\u0131 eserinde, hem Marksist hem de din etnolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan okunabilecek bir <em>i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ilahiyat\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a nitelendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>And co\u011frafyas\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc olan husus, Supay\/Tio b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn <a href=\"\/tr\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a> b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mesidir. Bolivya madenlerinde Tio ile Pachamama tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7ift olarak kavran\u0131r: Tio t\u00fcnel i\u00e7inde, Pachamama ise d\u0131\u015far\u0131da t\u00fcnel a\u011fz\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu tamamlay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, And gelene\u011findeki genel <em>yanantin<\/em> \u00e7ift-e\u015f ilkesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir.<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli bir paralel, ikili y\u00fczl\u00fc bir fig\u00fcr olarak hem zararl\u0131 ruh hem de ko\u015fullara g\u00f6re eri\u015filebilir arac\u0131 konumunda bulunan Yahudi <em>Lilith<\/em> gelene\u011fidir.<\/p><p>Japon <em>oni<\/em> kavram\u0131 da bu ba\u011flamda akrabad\u0131r; zira oni varl\u0131klar\u0131 da ahlaki a\u00e7\u0131dan belirsiz bi\u00e7imde, salt k\u00f6t\u00fc de\u011fil ikircikli olarak betimlenir. Ancak bu yap\u0131sal paraleller tipolojik bir e\u015fitlemeye yol a\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r: Her gelene\u011fin tarihsel-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zg\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirleyici olmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Alg\u0131 ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bolivya madenlerinin Tio <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span>, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015f din\u00ee pratik b\u00fct\u00fcnlerinden biridir. June Nash (1979), Tristan Platt (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) ve Frans\u0131z madencilik etnologu Tristan Platt&#8217;\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u0130spanyol s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminden bu yana k\u00fclt\u00fcn s\u00fcreklili\u011fini ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde betimlemi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Supay&#8217;\u0131n Hristiyan \u015eeytan&#8217;\u0131yla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilme tarihi dikkat \u00e7ekicidir: Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta olduk\u00e7a g\u00f6lgemsi ve ahlaki a\u00e7\u0131dan ikircikli olan bir ruhlar b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u0130spanyol misyon stratejisi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir kar\u015f\u0131-tanr\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc; bu fig\u00fcr madencilik prati\u011finde paradoks bir bi\u00e7imde yeniden kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u015e\u00fckran, dilek veya sayg\u0131y\u0131 dile getirmek amac\u0131yla bir tanr\u0131ya sunulan arma\u011fan.\" tabindex=\"0\">kurban<\/span> ili\u015fkisinin muhatap fig\u00fcr\u00fc h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p><p>Bu ironik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda yerli k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin <em>din\u00ee yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> klasik bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p><p>Bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan Supay\/Tio, yerli zararl\u0131 ruhlar\u0131n Hristiyan \u015eeytan&#8217;\u0131yla kolayca \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir uyar\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. S\u00f6m\u00fcrge k\u00f6kenli <em>diablo<\/em> kategorisi, supay b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcn And ahlaki ikircikli\u011fini \u00f6rterek onu bilimsel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaz k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. iWell Guard ba\u011flam\u0131 bu tespiti tarihsel olarak aktar\u0131r, herhangi bir etki vaadinde bulunmaz.<\/p><p>G\u00fcncel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Supay b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ayr\u0131ca yerli adalet anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 sorusuyla ili\u015fkilendirmektedir. Geleneksel devlet adalet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde supay-condenado tasar\u0131m\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde ahlaki denge mekanizmas\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr: Su\u00e7 y\u00fcklenen ki\u015fi, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde gezgin bir Supay olarak geri d\u00f6necek ve kendi cezas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekecektir.<\/p><p>Supay <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">ilahiyat\u0131n\u0131n<\/span> bu etik boyutu, Allen, Bastien ve Salomon taraf\u0131ndan Quechua-Aymara dinselli\u011finin <em>ahlaki ekolojisi<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kaynaklar ve Literat\u00fcr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki se\u00e7ki, \u00f6zellikle Bolivya madencilik etnografyas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olmak \u00fczere merkezi And b\u00f6lgesinin supay\/Tio gelene\u011fine ili\u015fkin temel eserleri listelemektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00d6ncesi Tasar\u0131m ile Hristiyan Yeniden Yorumu Aras\u0131nda Supay<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Terim <em>supay<\/em>, \u0130spanyol s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla anlam\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015fen s\u00f6zc\u00fckler aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Domingo de Santo Tom\u00e1s&#8217;\u0131n <em>Lexicon<\/em>&#8216;u (1560) ve Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn&#8217;in s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (1608) gibi erken Quechua s\u00f6zl\u00fcklerinde <em>supay<\/em>, \u00f6l\u00fcler ve yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"D\u00fcnyada etki g\u00f6stermesi atfedilen bedensiz varl\u0131k.\" tabindex=\"0\">ruh<\/span> veya g\u00f6lge varl\u0131k olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>S\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme kesin bi\u00e7imde olumsuz bir ahlaki de\u011ferlendirme atfetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p><p>Ne var ki Hristiyan misyonerler <em>supay<\/em>&#8216;\u0131 tutarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u015feytan ve <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zararl\u0131 veya ikircikli etki atfedilen ruhani varl\u0131k.\" tabindex=\"0\">iblis<\/span> olarak terc\u00fcme etti. B\u00f6ylece And d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Hristiyan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir fig\u00fcr\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirme, Lima \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Konsili&#8217;nin 1583&#8217;ten itibaren Quechua ve Aymara dillerinde yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 din e\u011fitimi kitaplar\u0131nda da yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Sabine MacCormack ve Gerald Taylor&#8217;\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge metinlerinin bu yolla daha \u00f6nce var olmayan bir kategori yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>And halk\u0131n\u0131n bu yeniden yorumlamay\u0131 k\u0131smen benimsemesi, k\u0131smen de alt\u00fcst etmesi tabloyu daha da karma\u015f\u0131k bir hale getirmektedir. Yeralt\u0131 alan\u0131, tasar\u0131mlarda zenginlik ve madenlerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 kalmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f; b\u00f6ylece <em>supay<\/em> ayn\u0131 zamanda madenlerin efendisi haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Potos\u00ed ve di\u011fer maden merkezlerinde madencilerin bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 adak sundu\u011fu <em>t\u00edo<\/em>, yani yeralt\u0131n\u0131n efendisi fig\u00fcr\u00fc bu gelene\u011fin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bu fig\u00fcr s\u0131radan bir Hristiyan \u015feytan\u0131 de\u011fil, da\u011f\u0131n hazinelerine sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Benzer bir ikircikli\u011fi, kendisine de adak sunulmas\u0131 gereken <a href=\"\/tr\/pachamama\/\">Pachamama<\/a> ile olan ili\u015fki de yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diablada ve \u015eeytan Dans\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 canl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ba\u011flamlardan biri, ba\u015fta Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n Oruro Karnaval\u0131 ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen <em>Diablada<\/em>, yani \u015feytan dans\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki temel bi\u00e7imiyle belgelenen bu festivalde, dans topluluklar\u0131 g\u00f6rkemli \u015feytan maskeleriyle \u015fehri dola\u015f\u0131r. Maskelilerin canland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 <em>supay<\/em> fig\u00fcrleri ordusu, sonunda ba\u015fmelek Mikail fig\u00fcr\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan sembolik olarak yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bilimsel yorum <em>Diablada<\/em>&#8216;da iki katman\u0131n birle\u015fimini g\u00f6rmektedir. D\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7im, \u0130spanyol misyon oyunlar\u0131n\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyinin k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00fczerindeki zaferi \u015femas\u0131n\u0131 izler.<\/p><p>\u00d6te yandan yeralt\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr: Oruro bir madencilik \u015fehriydi ve merkezi hac mek\u00e2n\u0131, t\u00fcnel giri\u015fine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan Virgen del Socav\u00f3n (T\u00fcnel Bakiresi) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kutsal bir saklama yeri veya ibadet k\u00f6\u015fesi.\" tabindex=\"0\">tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/span>, madenlerin efendisine ait bir yerde konumlanmaktad\u0131r. Dans Bakireye sunulmakta, ancak da\u011f\u0131n efendisine ait bir mek\u00e2nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p><p>Thomas Abercrombie gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n bu \u00e7ift anlam\u0131 birbirinden farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde yorumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Kimi i\u00e7in dans bir kefaret sunumu, kimi i\u00e7in ise da\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr. UNESCO, Carnaval de Oruro&#8217;yu 2001&#8217;de somut olmayan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras listesine ald\u0131; bu durum, daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir standartla\u015fmaya ve ticarile\u015fmeye yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p><p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, turistik de\u011fer kazan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n rit\u00fcel anlam\u0131 k\u0131smen \u00f6rtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 saptamaktad\u0131r. <em>Diablada<\/em>, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6neminde yeniden anlamland\u0131r\u0131lan bir fig\u00fcr\u00fcn kamusal bir festivalde ya\u015famay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken yeni anlamlar kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n iyi belgelenmi\u015f bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 D\u00fcnya \u0130kili\u011fine \u0130li\u015fkin Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>And ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 sorular\u0131ndan biri, <em>supay<\/em>&#8216;\u0131n varsay\u0131lan s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesi bir d\u00fcnya modeliyle ili\u015fkisine dairdir.<\/p><p>Baz\u0131 betimlemeler And kozmolojisini \u00fc\u00e7 alana ay\u0131r\u0131r: \u00fcst d\u00fcnya, ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n orta d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ve yerin i\u00e7iyle \u00f6l\u00fclere ba\u011fl\u0131 alt d\u00fcnya. Bu yorumda <em>supay<\/em>, alt d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sakini ya da efendisi olarak konumland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu \u00fc\u00e7 katmanl\u0131 modelin ger\u00e7ekte ne kadar eski ve ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine varamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bruce Mannheim gibi ele\u015ftirmenler, modelin yeniden kuruldu\u011fu kaynaklar\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemine ait oldu\u011funa ve Hristiyan cennet, yery\u00fcz\u00fc ve cehennem tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermi\u015f olabilece\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Hristiyan bir \u015feman\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme yans\u0131t\u0131larak sonradan yerli \u00f6zg\u00fcn miras\u0131 gibi sunulmas\u0131 tehlikesi mevcuttur.<\/p><p>\u00d6te yandan baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, yakl. 1600&#8217;de Quechua dilinde derlenen yerel s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelenekler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olan Huarochir\u00ed yazmalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7evresinde, yeralt\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesinde de \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00f6rmektedir; ancak bu alan Hristiyan cehennem kavram\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmemekteydi. Bu durumda <em>supay<\/em>, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6l\u00fcler alan\u0131n\u0131n tarafs\u0131z ya da \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olurdu.<\/p><p>Tart\u0131\u015fma kapanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir; zira temelde s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesi And dininin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemine ait metinlerden \u00e7\u0131karsanmas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcvenilir bir sunum i\u00e7in bundan \u00e7ekingenlik do\u011far: Kesin kabul edilebilecek olan, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemindeki anlam kaymas\u0131; s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesine ili\u015fkin kesin bulgular de\u011fildir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fcr (Se\u00e7me)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Crist\u00f3bal de Albornoz: <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (yakl. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay, And din tarihi i\u00e7inde hem <em>yeralt\u0131 efendisi<\/em> hem de <em>maden demonu<\/em> olarak kabul g\u00f6rmekte; Potos\u00ed&#8217;nin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemi g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinde t\u00fcnel \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerini ve hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 savu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla madencilerin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u015e\u00fckran, dilek veya sayg\u0131y\u0131 dile getirmek amac\u0131yla bir tanr\u0131ya sunulan arma\u011fan.\" tabindex=\"0\">kurban<\/span> sundu\u011fu fig\u00fcr olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>\u0130lgili anahtar kavramlar: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potos\u00ed Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard ve Koruma Gelenekleri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard, ta\u015f\u0131nabilir koruyucu nesnelerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel-tarihsel gelene\u011fine ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r; <a href=\"\/tr\/anden-inka\/\">And \/ \u0130nka<\/a> gelene\u011fi ve d\u00fcnya genelinde pek \u00e7ok ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn miras\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. 41 katman, alt\u0131n saf, platin, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Almanya&#8217;da \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. 30 g\u00fcn iade hakk\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">iWell Guard hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">iWell Guard hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Ki\u015fisel deneyimler farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. T\u0131bbi \u00fcr\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Sa\u011fl\u0131k vaadi i\u00e7ermez.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>t\u0131bbi \u00fcr\u00fcn de\u011fildir<\/strong> ve t\u0131bbi ya da psikoterapi k\u00f6kenli bir tedavinin yerini tutmaz. Din bilimlerine ait i\u00e7erikler k\u00fclt\u00fcrel-tarihsel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r; manev\u00ee pratik tavsiyesi niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supay, zararl\u0131 ruhlar, yeralt\u0131 efendisi ve And yaylas\u0131n\u0131n maden demonu Supay (Quechua supay, Aymara supaya), And gelene\u011finde hem zarar veren ruhlar\u0131n bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 hem de \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yeralt\u0131 fig\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eder. Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n madencilik b\u00f6lgesinde Potos\u00ed ve Oruro&#8217;nun g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinin t\u00fcnel demonu olan Tio&#8216;ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Zararl\u0131 RuhAnd \/ \u0130nkaYeralt\u0131 Demonu \u0130\u00e7indekiler And Panteonundaki Konumu Supay, And [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Supay And Da\u011flar\u0131 zararl\u0131 ruh","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Supay - And Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Yeralt\u0131 Efendisi ve Zarar Veren Ruhu","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Supay, And gelene\u011finde zararl\u0131 ruhlar\u0131 ve bir yeralt\u0131 efendisini ifade eder. Madencilik b\u00f6lgesinde Potos\u00ed'nin Tio'suna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-73235","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Supay - And Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n Yeralt\u0131 Efendisi ve Zarar Veren Ruhu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Supay, And gelene\u011finde zararl\u0131 ruhlar\u0131 ve bir yeralt\u0131 efendisini ifade eder. 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