{"id":72603,"date":"2026-08-01T22:00:23","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T22:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/pachamama-and-daglarinin-toprak-anasi\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T22:00:49","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T22:00:49","slug":"pachamama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tr\/pachamama\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachamama &#8211; And Da\u011flar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Toprak Anas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"72603\" class=\"elementor elementor-72603 elementor-2575\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama, And d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n toprak anas\u0131 ve bereket tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama, And Da\u011flar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n toprak anas\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de Quechua ve Aymara konu\u015fan y\u00fcksek ova n\u00fcfusunun g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli din\u00ee ba\u015fvuru fig\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devlet-imparatorluk niteli\u011findeki <a href=\"\/tr\/inti\/\">Inti<\/a>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span>n\u00fcn aksine Pachamama tap\u0131m\u0131, tar\u0131msal y\u0131l ve ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fclerine derinden k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f olup s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015fmeyi senkretik bir bi\u00e7imde atlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"And \/ \u0130nka gelene\u011finin tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131.\">Tanr\u0131\u00e7a<\/span><a href=\"\/tr\/anden-inka\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"And \/ \u0130nka gelene\u011finin mitolojisi.\">And \/ \u0130nka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Toprak Anas\u0131.\">Toprak Anas\u0131<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Bu sayfada ba\\u015fl\\u0131k bulunamad\\u0131.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u0130\u00e7indekiler\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2683\" alt=\"Pachamama - G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">And Panteonundaki Konumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama (Quechua: <em>pacha<\/em>, d\u00fcnya, zaman, uzam; <em>mama<\/em>, ana) And yaylas\u0131 geleneksel dinlerinde; bereketli toprakta, ekili tarlalarda ve canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcremesinde etkin olan di\u015fil numinositeyi ifade eder.<\/p><p>\u0130nka d\u00f6nemi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">teoloji<\/span>sinden bu yana Inti, g\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc tanr\u0131s\u0131 <a href=\"\/tr\/illapa\/\">Illapa<\/a>, ay tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 <a href=\"\/tr\/mama-killa\/\">Mama Killa<\/a> ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 <a href=\"\/tr\/viracocha\/\">Viracocha<\/a>&#8216;n\u0131n yan\u0131nda en merkezi y\u00fcce varl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p><p>Din etnolojisi uzman\u0131 Joseph Bastien (<em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em>, 1978), Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n Aymara yaylalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Pachamama&#8217;n\u0131n yerel alg\u0131da ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir tanr\u0131\u00e7a olarak de\u011fil, topra\u011f\u0131n bizzat canl\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fc olarak deneyimlendi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Bu t\u00f6z niteli\u011fi, onu yap\u0131sal olarak Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok klasik toprak ana fig\u00fcr\u00fcnden (Demeter, Gaia) ay\u0131r\u0131r; zira bu fig\u00fcrler mitolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Devlet niteli\u011findeki <a href=\"\/tr\/anden-inka\/\">\u0130nka<\/a> <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 ve bir dinin inanc\u0131 \u00fczerine bilimsel \u00f6\u011freti.\" tabindex=\"0\">teoloji<\/span>siyle ili\u015fkisinde Pachamama kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir ast konumu i\u015fgal ediyordu: Resmi imparatorluk k\u00fclt\u00fc erkek Inti&#8217;yi \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfus \u00e7o\u011funlukla Pachamama&#8217;ya adaklar sunuyordu.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen (<em>The Hold Life Has<\/em>, 2002), bu ili\u015fkiyi, erkek g\u00fcne\u015f teolojisinin daha eski bir di\u015fil toprak teolojisinin \u00fczerinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 And din sisteminin cinsiyete \u00f6zg\u00fc katmanl\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ad ve Etimoloji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Quechua terimi <em>pacha<\/em> anlamsal a\u00e7\u0131dan son derece \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 anda zaman (somut bir \u00e7a\u011f), uzam (bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak d\u00fcnya) ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir halini ifade eder.<\/p><p>Diego Gonzalez Holguin, <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608) adl\u0131 eserinde bu terimi ba\u011flama g\u00f6re <em>mundo<\/em>, <em>tiempo<\/em> ya da <em>suelo<\/em> olarak \u00e7evirir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Pachamama, <em>t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya-ger\u00e7ekli\u011finin anas\u0131<\/em>d\u0131r; yaln\u0131zca topra\u011f\u0131n de\u011fil.<\/p><p>Bolivya Andlar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n Aymara dilinde de <em>Pachamama<\/em> e\u015fde\u011feri bulunmakta, zaman zaman erkek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in <em>Pachatata<\/em> (Baba-Toprak) bi\u00e7imine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Cajamarca Quechuas\u0131&#8217;nda ve Ayacucho b\u00f6lgesinde bile\u015fenlerin s\u0131ras\u0131 tersine \u00e7evrilmi\u015f <em>Mama Pacha<\/em> bi\u00e7imi b\u00f6lgesel olarak kullan\u0131lmakla birlikte ayn\u0131 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir din i\u00e7inde tanr\u0131sal olarak y\u00fcceltilen varl\u0131k.\" tabindex=\"0\">tanr\u0131<\/span>y\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p><p>Alternatif bir etimoloji <em>pacha<\/em>&#8216;y\u0131 kozmolojik d\u00fczen kavram\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirir.<\/p><p>Din tarih\u00e7isi Frank Salomon, <em>Native Lords of Quito<\/em> (1986) adl\u0131 eserinde <em>pacha<\/em>&#8216;n\u0131n \u0130nka d\u00f6nemi dilinde tarihsel basamakl\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da (\u0130nka \u00f6ncesi, \u0130nka, fetih sonras\u0131) ifade etti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eker; bu durumda Pachamama <em>t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n anas\u0131<\/em> olarak anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, Pachakuti mitlerinde (d\u00fcnya alt-\u00fcst olu\u015flar\u0131) \u00f6zel bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Betimleme ve \u0130konografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Belirli bir k\u00fcltsel betim nesnesi (Punchao) bulunan Inti&#8217;nin aksine Pachamama, \u0130nka d\u00f6nemi ikonografisinde neredeyse hi\u00e7 antropomorfik bi\u00e7imde tasvir edilmemi\u015ftir. Daha \u00e7ok rit\u00fcel mekan ve nesneler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tezah\u00fcr eder: s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f toprak, da\u011f ge\u00e7itlerindeki <em>apacheta<\/em> ta\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131, <em>mesa<\/em> adak platformlar\u0131 ve kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f adak \u00e7ukurlar\u0131.<\/p><p>S\u00f6m\u00fcrge d\u00f6nemi ve modern halk sanat\u0131nda giderek artan bi\u00e7imde geleneksel giysi i\u00e7inde, bol <em>pollera<\/em> ete\u011fi, manto ve melon \u015fapkas\u0131yla (Bolivya Aymara ba\u011flam\u0131nda) tasvir edilmektedir. Zaman zaman kuca\u011f\u0131nda bir \u00e7ocuk ya da And tah\u0131llar\u0131yla dolu bir <em>aguayo<\/em> ta\u015f\u0131ma bezi ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bu tasvirler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Meryem Ana ikonografisinin etkisiyle Hristiyan-senkretik bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131r; \u00f6zellikle toprak anan\u0131n ve Meryem tap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi Copacabana Madonnas\u0131 ile Madonna del Cerro (Potosi) fig\u00fcrleri belirleyicidir.<\/p><p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan Moche ve Wari k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc seramiklerinde belirgin birincil ve ikincil cinsiyet \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan kad\u0131n fig\u00fcrleri bulunmaktad\u0131r; bunlar arkeolojik \u00e7evrelerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla <em>Pachamama \u00f6nc\u00fclleri<\/em> olarak yorumlansa da emik adland\u0131rma elimizde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu at\u0131f spek\u00fclatif kalmaktad\u0131r. Christopher Donnan, <em>Moche Art<\/em> (1978) adl\u0131 eserinde bu t\u00fcr \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmelerde ihtiyatl\u0131 olunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mitolojik Anlat\u0131lar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama&#8217;ya ili\u015fkin mitolojik <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bilginin ve anlat\u0131lar\u0131n nesiller boyunca aktar\u0131lmas\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">gelenek<\/span>, erken d\u00f6nem kroniklerde \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde zay\u0131f kalmaktad\u0131r; Pierre Duviols bunu \u0130spanyol kronik\u00e7ilerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak erkek-imparatorluk perspektifinin sonucu olarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ula\u015f\u0131labilen veriler \u00e7o\u011funlukla kozmogonique dizili\u015flerin par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan ibarettir: k\u0131y\u0131 kesiminde Pachakamak&#8217;\u0131n e\u015fi ya da k\u0131z karde\u015fi olarak Pachamama, yaylada Viracocha&#8217;n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131, Aymara co\u011frafyas\u0131nda Pachatata&#8217;n\u0131n e\u015fi olarak.<\/p><p>Merkezi bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131lar, k\u00f6kenler ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131nda ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lan anlat\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">mit<\/span>, Pachamama&#8217;y\u0131 kurakl\u0131k ve ya\u011fmur d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilendirir. Mart\/Nisan aylar\u0131nda hasattan sonra tok ve \u015fi\u015fman oldu\u011funa, kuru aylar olan May\u0131s-Eyl\u00fcl aras\u0131nda ise a\u00e7 ve susuz oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131r; bu nedenle s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ok daha fazla <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u015e\u00fckran, dilek veya sayg\u0131y\u0131 dile getirmek amac\u0131yla bir tanr\u0131ya sunulan arma\u011fan.\" tabindex=\"0\">adak<\/span> sunulur.<\/p><p>Arjantin&#8217;in And da\u011f b\u00f6lgelerinde (Salta, Jujuy) en \u00f6nemli Pachamama \u015fenli\u011fi A\u011fustos&#8217;ta kutlan\u0131r; 1 A\u011fustos&#8217;ta \u00e7ift\u00e7iler topra\u011fa sembolik olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ukur a\u00e7ar ve ilk adaklar\u0131 (chicha, coca yapraklar\u0131, ekmek, ya\u011f) i\u00e7ine koyar.<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli bir anlat\u0131 Pachamama&#8217;y\u0131 Haziran ay\u0131ndaki Pleiades do\u011fu\u015fuyla ili\u015fkilendirir. Pleiades&#8217;in sabah g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde yedi haftal\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 onun insan ekinlerine dikkat g\u00f6stermesi olarak yorumlan\u0131r; Pleiades parlak do\u011fdu\u011funda bol bir hasat y\u0131l\u0131 beklenir.<\/p><p>Tom Zuidema ve Gary Urton bu And arkeoloji-astronomi korelasyonunu <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981) adl\u0131 eserlerinde sistematik bi\u00e7imde betimlemi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>G\u00fcney Peru&#8217;da Pachamama ayr\u0131ca <em>Mama Pacha<\/em> mitolojik fig\u00fcr\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilendirilir; bu fig\u00fcr <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bilginin ve anlat\u0131lar\u0131n nesiller boyunca aktar\u0131lmas\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">gelene\u011fe<\/span> g\u00f6re yeterince adak sunulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Pakaqtanpu&#8217;da toprak kaymalar\u0131na ve depremlere yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p><p>Toprak anan\u0131n bu ceza boyutu Arjantin Andlar\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; A\u011fustos, a\u00e7 toprak anan\u0131n \u00f6zel ilgi gerektirdi\u011fi ve dikkatsiz gezginlerin hastalanabilece\u011fine inan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 <em>mes peligroso<\/em> (tehlikeli ay) olarak bilinir. Din etnolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ilgin\u00e7 olan husus, bu ceza boyutunun Bat\u0131l\u0131 New Age&#8217;in Pachamama al\u0131mlamas\u0131nda sistematik bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6rmezden gelinmesidir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00fclt ve Adak Prati\u011fi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span> g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de yaylan\u0131n k\u00f6ylerindeki en canl\u0131 din\u00ee pratiktir.<\/p><p>Merkezini, coca yapraklar\u0131, \u015fekerlemeler, lama ya\u011f\u0131, lama embriyo adaklar\u0131 (<em>sullu<\/em>), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kil figurinler ve \u015farap ya da chicha sunular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zenle d\u00fczenlenip topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 <em>despacho<\/em> ya da <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> (topra\u011fa \u00f6deme) <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Din\u00ee veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlam ta\u015f\u0131yan, kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131 sembolik eylemler dizisi.\" tabindex=\"0\">rit\u00fceli<\/span> olu\u015fturur.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen, Sonqo k\u00f6y\u00fc (Paucartambo ili) i\u00e7in tekrarlayan <em>kintu<\/em> unsurunu betimler: \u00fcst \u00fcste konulan \u00fc\u00e7 tam coca yapra\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm y\u00f6n noktalar\u0131na \u00fcflenir, ard\u0131ndan topra\u011fa, da\u011flara ve y\u00fcceltilen atalara sunulur. Joseph Bastien, paralel Aymara prati\u011fini La Paz yaylas\u0131nda belgelemi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Rit\u00fcel uzmanlar b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6re <em>yatiri<\/em> (Aymara), <em>paqo<\/em> (Quechua) veya <em>altomisayoq<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131r. Bunlar, \u0130nka d\u00f6nemi Coricancha g\u00f6revlileri gibi kurumsal din adamlar\u0131 de\u011fil, k\u00f6ye ba\u011fl\u0131 falc\u0131 ve \u015fifac\u0131lard\u0131r; mesleklerine genellikle y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7arpmas\u0131 deneyimi (Illapa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kavu\u015furlar.<\/p><p>Perulu antropolog Juan Nunez del Prado, 1970&#8217;lerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bu paqo uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n erginlenme basamaklar\u0131n\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>En \u00f6nemli takvim tarihi, Pachamama g\u00fcn\u00fc olarak kabul edilen 1 A\u011fustos&#8217;tur; bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tar\u0131m y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm kritik noktalar\u0131nda adak sunulur: ekim, ilk s\u00fcr\u00fcm, ilk hasat. Ev yap\u0131m\u0131, evlilik ve do\u011fumlarda da Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u015e\u00fckran, dilek veya sayg\u0131y\u0131 dile getirmek amac\u0131yla bir tanr\u0131ya sunulan arma\u011fan.\" tabindex=\"0\">ada\u011f\u0131<\/span> zorunludur.<\/p><p>And&#8217;lar\u0131n madencilik b\u00f6lgelerinde (Potosi, Oruro, Cerro de Pasco) ayr\u0131ca yer alt\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin, Pachamama&#8217;y\u0131 t\u00fcnel ruhu <em>Tio<\/em> ile birlikte y\u00fccelttikleri kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span> geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>June Nash, <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979) adl\u0131 eserinde Bolivya g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerindeki Pachamama\/Tio ikili k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc etnografik olarak belgelemi\u015f ve kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ile rit\u00fcel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisinin bu \u00e7ifte tanr\u0131sall\u0131k i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l m\u00fczakere edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Koruma Prati\u011fi ve Apotropaik Unsurlar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span> \u00f6z\u00fcnde dar anlamda bir koruma prati\u011fi de\u011fil, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fki bak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r (<em>ayni<\/em>). Apotropaik i\u015flevler atfedilen durumlarda bu, genellikle ba\u015fka varl\u0131klarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir: <a href=\"\/tr\/supay\/\">Supay<\/a> gibi zarar verici ruhlara kar\u015f\u0131 ya da <em>condenados<\/em>&#8216;a (lanetli ruhlara) kar\u015f\u0131 Pachamama ancak rit\u00fcel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k korunmu\u015fsa koruyucu bir i\u015flev \u00fcstlenir.<\/p><p>Pachamama ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki somut koruma pratikleri; yeni bir binada kap\u0131 e\u015fi\u011finin alt\u0131na coca yapraklar\u0131 koymay\u0131, ev giri\u015finin alt\u0131na \u015farap ve chicha dolu bir \u015fi\u015fe g\u00f6md\u00fcrmeyi ya da da\u011f ge\u00e7idinde bir apacheta (ta\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131) olu\u015fturmay\u0131 kapsar; bu son uygulamada ge\u00e7iden her yolcu bir ta\u015f ekleyerek yolun ortak g\u00fcvencesine katk\u0131da bulunur.<\/p><p>Din etnolojisi uzman\u0131 Olivia Harris, <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) adl\u0131 eserinde bu ta\u015f y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 prati\u011finin Bolivya y\u00fcksek ova yollar\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Din bilimleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan vurgulanmas\u0131 gereken husus \u015fudur: Bu pratikler etki b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fc olarak de\u011fil, her ada\u011f\u0131n bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bekledi\u011fi kozmik bir d\u00fczenin rit\u00fcel onay\u0131 olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. iWell Guard&#8217;\u0131n Pachamama gelene\u011fine ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a din g\u00f6zlemcisi niteli\u011findedir; herhangi bir etki vaadi ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Di\u011fer K\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle Ko\u015futluklar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama, genetik bir ba\u011f varsaymaks\u0131z\u0131n d\u00fcnya dinlerindeki di\u011fer toprak ana tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131yla yap\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131dan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. Din bilimleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en anlaml\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar antik Hint Prithivi, Yunan Gaia, Roma Tellus Mater, Germen Nerthus (Tacitus) ve Navajo&#8217;nun Kuzey Amerika&#8217;daki <a href=\"\/tr\/changing-woman\/\">Changing Woman<\/a> fig\u00fcrleriyle yap\u0131lanlard\u0131r.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade, <em>Din ve Kutsal<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde hemen t\u00fcm tar\u0131m y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir toprak ana \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc saptam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: bereket, d\u00f6ng\u00fcsellik, tohum ve \u00f6l\u00fcmle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 di\u015fil bir numinosite. Pachamama bu \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcye uymakla birlikte <em>pacha<\/em> boyutlulu\u011fu (zaman, d\u00fcnya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131) sayesinde daha geni\u015f bir anlamsal ufuk ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p><p>And&#8217;lara \u00f6zg\u00fc olan ise Pachamama&#8217;n\u0131n yerel da\u011f ruhlar\u0131 <em>Apu<\/em> ile ili\u015fkisidir (bkz. <a href=\"\/tr\/apu-ausangate\/\">Apu Ausangate<\/a>). Bu erkek da\u011f efendileri ile di\u015fil toprak ana, And <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr i\u00e7inde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131ndaki tasar\u0131m.\" tabindex=\"0\">kozmoloji<\/span>sinde kar\u015f\u0131t \u00e7iftlerin \u00fcretken gerilimi olan <em>yanantin<\/em> olarak ifade edilen tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir cinsiyet sistemi olu\u015fturur.<\/p><p>\u00d6nemli bir ba\u015fka ko\u015futluk; di\u015fil numinositenin su, bereket ve koruyuculukla ba\u011flant\u0131land\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Orisha <em>Yemaya<\/em>&#8216;n\u0131n Afro-Amerikan tap\u0131m\u0131nda ya da Vodou Loa Erzulie&#8217;de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Burada da tar\u0131msal dinselli\u011fin yak\u0131nsak yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmekte olup tarihsel akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkisi kurulmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p><em>Magna Mater<\/em> (b\u00fcy\u00fck anne) bilimsel kategorisi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Johann Jakob Bachofen&#8217;den bu yana tekrar tekrar tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; ancak t\u00fcm toprak ana tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 tek bir arketipal ilk-bi\u00e7ime indirgemek bug\u00fcn y\u00f6ntemsel a\u00e7\u0131dan ele\u015ftirel bir de\u011ferlendirmeyle kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rma ve Senkretizm<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0130spanyol misyonu Pachamama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131ya veya kutsal varl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik din\u00ee tap\u0131nma eylemlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/span>n\u00fc hi\u00e7bir zaman tam anlam\u0131yla bast\u0131ramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yerine Amerika dinler tarihinin en dikkat \u00e7ekici senkretizasyonlar\u0131ndan biri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Pachamama&#8217;n\u0131n Katolik Meryem tap\u0131m\u0131yla, \u00f6zellikle Copacabana Madonnas\u0131 (Bolivya) ve Madonna del Cerro (Potosi) ile birle\u015fmesi.<\/p><p>\u00dcnl\u00fc <em>Virgen del Cerro<\/em> tablosunda (anonim, yakl. 1720, Potosi) Madonna bizzat Potosi g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f da\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr; k\u0131yafeti da\u011f sil\u00fcetini olu\u015fturur, tepe noktas\u0131nda ta\u00e7 yer al\u0131r, da\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde madenciler se\u00e7ilir.<\/p><p>Teresa Gisbert bu tabloyu Pachamama-Meryem senkrezinin ikonografik bir bildirisi olarak yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada Madonna da\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilmemi\u015f, da\u011f\u0131n kendisidir; bu nedenle ayn\u0131 zamanda toprak anad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Titicaca G\u00f6l\u00fc k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Copacabana&#8217;n\u0131n merkezi hac mek\u00e2n\u0131 da daha eski bir \u0130nka <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir tanr\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcceltilmesine adanm\u0131\u015f kutsal yer.\" tabindex=\"0\">kutsal alan\u0131<\/span> \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Orada y\u00fcceltilen <em>Virgen Morena<\/em> (esmer tenli Madonna) bug\u00fcn hem Bolivya&#8217;n\u0131n Hristiyan koruyucu azizesi hem de Pachamama&#8217;n\u0131n bir tezah\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kabul g\u00f6rmektedir. Sabine MacCormack (<em>Religion in the Andes<\/em>, 1991) bu \u00e7ifte kimlik s\u00fcrecini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde incelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Al\u0131mlama ve Ara\u015ft\u0131rma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama bug\u00fcn dar din\u00ee ba\u011flam\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde G\u00fcney Amerika yerli siyasi hareketlerinin bir \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fme fig\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bolivya&#8217;da Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Evo Morales (2006, 2019) 1 A\u011fustos&#8217;u <em>Dia de la Pachamama<\/em> olarak ulusal bayram ilan etmi\u015f; 2009 anayasas\u0131 Pachamama inanc\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a at\u0131fta bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Ecuador&#8217;da da 2008 anayasas\u0131 Pachamama&#8217;y\u0131 kendi haklar\u0131yla donatm\u0131\u015f; bu ad\u0131m uluslararas\u0131 hukuk tarihinde dikkat \u00e7eken bir \u00f6rnek olmu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Ekoloji hareketi ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 New Age \u00e7evrelerinde Pachamama son on y\u0131llarda geni\u015f bir yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu al\u0131mlama ele\u015ftirel bir de\u011ferlendirmeyi hak etmektedir: Kavram\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla somut And ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopararak k\u00fcresel bir toprak ana \u015fifresine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p><p>Marisol de la Cadena (<em>Earth Beings<\/em>, 2015) gibi din etnologlar\u0131, And&#8217;lar\u0131n Pachamama&#8217;s\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 Gaia hipoteziyle \u00f6zde\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve onun kavramsal \u00e7er\u00e7evesine s\u0131\u011fd\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Vatikan&#8217;da Pachamama 2019&#8217;da Amazonia Sinodu s\u0131ras\u0131nda Roma&#8217;daki Santa Maria in Traspontina kilisesine ah\u015fap fig\u00fcrlerin yerle\u015ftirilmesinin ard\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir g\u00fcndem maddesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p><p>Bu geli\u015fme toprak ana sembolizminin 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la dek kesintisiz etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmada alan\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien, Frank Salomon ve Marisol de la Cadena&#8217;n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kaynaklar ve Literat\u00fcr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki se\u00e7ki, Pachamama ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in belirleyici olan And etnolojisi ve din tarihi alanlar\u0131n\u0131n temel eserlerini listelemektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21d1bd35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21d1bd35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp261bfd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp261bfd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pago a la Tierra ve Toprak Arma\u011fan\u0131 Gelene\u011fi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26889d35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26889d35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab2cdd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab2cdd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama ile ilgili iyi belgelenmi\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ya\u015fayan bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir toplulukta d\u00fczenli olarak yinelenen, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eylem.\" tabindex=\"0\">gelenek<\/span>, And \u00fclkelerinde genellikle <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> veya <em>despacho<\/em> ad\u0131yla bilinen toprak arma\u011fan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>B\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6re coca yapraklar\u0131, m\u0131s\u0131r taneleri, ya\u011f, \u015fekerlemeler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck figurinler ve ba\u015fka bile\u015fenler i\u00e7erebilen \u00e7e\u015fitli adaklardan olu\u015fan bir demet haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Demet, \u00e7o\u011funlukla belirlenmi\u015f yerlerde ve belirli zamanlarda g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr ya da yak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><p>G\u00fcney Peru ve Bolivya Andlar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde A\u011fustos, bu t\u00fcr adaklar\u0131n en s\u0131k sunuldu\u011fu ayd\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu d\u00f6nemde topra\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ve al\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131r. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir toplulukta d\u00fczenli olarak yinelenen, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eylem.\" tabindex=\"0\">Gelenek<\/span> \u00e7o\u011funlukla b\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye farkl\u0131 adlar alan rit\u00fcel uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen&#8217;\u0131n Cusco yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bir Quechua toplulu\u011funa ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gibi etnografik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, Pachamama&#8217;ya sunulan arma\u011fan\u0131n \u00e7evreyle kurulan g\u00fcndelik ili\u015fkiye i\u00e7kin oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u0130\u00e7meden \u00f6nce topra\u011fa biraz s\u0131v\u0131 d\u00f6kmek de ayn\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, bu kompleksin ne saf bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00f6ncesi prati\u011fin devam\u0131 ne de basit bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00f6re, anlat\u0131 ve t\u00fcrk\u00fclerden olu\u015fan ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklor<\/span> oldu\u011funu vurgular. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7inde Hristiyan unsurlar\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcmsemi\u015f, ancak \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmemi\u015ftir. Pachamama pek \u00e7ok yerde Katolik azizlerin yan\u0131nda y\u00fcceltilmekte, ayn\u0131 ki\u015filer hem ayin hem de toprak arma\u011fan\u0131 prati\u011fine kat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Arma\u011fan bir mucize dile\u011fi de\u011fil, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisinin bir ifadesidir: Topraktan alan topra\u011fa geri verir. And&#8217;larda \u00e7o\u011funlukla Quechua terimi <em>ayni<\/em> ile dile getirilen bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131ya g\u00f6re gelene\u011fi anlaman\u0131n as\u0131l anahtar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25fcc55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25fcc55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ebc69e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ebc69e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Pachamama: Siyasi ve Kilise \u0130\u00e7i Tart\u0131\u015fmalar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c41102 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23c41102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2eb276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pachamama din\u00ee alan\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek siyasi ve ideolojik bir referans noktas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bolivya ve Ecuador&#8217;da kavram, 2000&#8217;li ve 2010&#8217;lu y\u0131llar\u0131n anayasa ve yasa yap\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Ecuador 2008&#8217;de do\u011fan\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 anayasas\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f, Bolivya ise 2010&#8217;da <em>Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra<\/em> ad\u0131yla bilinen yasay\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. Pachamama burada do\u011faya \u00f6zsel bir de\u011fer tan\u0131yan bir \u00e7evre d\u00fczeninin <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Soyut bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi temsil eden somut imge.\" tabindex=\"0\">simgesi<\/span> olarak yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7evreleri, bu siyasi kullan\u0131m\u0131n yerel din\u00ee anlay\u0131\u015flarla ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ele\u015ftirel bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kimilerine g\u00f6re bu, And d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle anlaml\u0131 bir ba\u011f kurmaktad\u0131r; kimilerine g\u00f6re ise \u00e7e\u015fitli yerel bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir toplulukta d\u00fczenli olarak yinelenen, ku\u015faktan ku\u015fa\u011fa aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eylem.\" tabindex=\"0\">gelene\u011fi<\/span> ulusal bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir kavram veya anlam yerine ge\u00e7en i\u015faret.\" tabindex=\"0\">simge<\/span>ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ve bunu basitle\u015ftiren bir sahiplenme s\u00f6z konusudur. K\u00f6ylerdeki fiili rit\u00fcel pratik, devletin sembolik kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kalmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p><p>2019&#8217;da kilise \u00e7evrelerinde ayr\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131. Roma&#8217;daki s\u00f6zde Amazonia Sinodu s\u0131ras\u0131nda kamuoyu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Pachamama tasvirleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ah\u015fap fig\u00fcrler kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Katolik Kilisesi i\u00e7indeki baz\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2r \u00e7evreler bunu putperestlik olarak nitelendirdi; fig\u00fcrler kimli\u011fi belirsiz ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan bir Roma kilisesinden al\u0131narak Tiber&#8217;e at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p><p>Bu olay, kilisenin yerli din\u00ee ifade bi\u00e7imleriyle nas\u0131l ili\u015fki kurmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair kapsaml\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 beraberinde getirdi. Bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Pachamama&#8217;n\u0131n bug\u00fcn And b\u00f6lgesinin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde, ink\u00fcLt\u00fcrasyon, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Farkl\u0131 din\u00ee geleneklerden gelen tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n veya tanr\u0131lar\u0131n kayna\u015fmas\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">senkretizm<\/span> ve din\u00ee kimlik sorular\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma konusuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Literat\u00fcr (Se\u00e7me)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Joseph Bastien: <em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em> (1978)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li>Marisol de la Cadena: <em>Earth Beings<\/em> (2015)<\/li><li>Olivia Harris: <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000)<\/li><li>Diego Gonzalez Holguin: <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608)<\/li><li>Frank Salomon: <em>The Cord Keepers<\/em> (2004)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>And d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n <em>bereket tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131<\/em> olarak Pachamama; tar\u0131m\u0131, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve da\u011f tap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bir arada bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Coca, m\u0131s\u0131r ve chicha&#8217;dan olu\u015fan adaklar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de Bolivya, Peru ve Kuzey Arjantin&#8217;de ekim, hasat ve ev yap\u0131m\u0131na e\u015flik etmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>\u0130lgili anahtar kavramlar: Pachamama Quechua Aymara Ayni Despacho Paqo Yatiri Apacheta Sullu.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachamama\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard ve Koruma Gelenekleri<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard, <a href=\"\/tr\/anden-inka\/\">And \/ \u0130nka<\/a> gelene\u011fi ve d\u00fcnya genelinde pek \u00e7ok ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ta\u015f\u0131nabilir koruyucu nesnelerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel-tarihsel gelene\u011fine ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. 41 katman, alt\u0131n saf, platin, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Almanya&#8217;da \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. 30 g\u00fcn iade hakk\u0131.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">iWell Guard hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">iWell Guard hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Ki\u015fisel deneyimler farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. T\u0131bbi \u00fcr\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Sa\u011fl\u0131k vaadi i\u00e7ermez.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>t\u0131bbi bir \u00fcr\u00fcn de\u011fildir<\/strong> ve t\u0131bbi ya da psikoterap\u00f6tik tedavinin yerini tutmaz. Din bilimleri i\u00e7erikleri k\u00fclt\u00fcrel-tarihsel bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmad\u0131r; ruhsal uygulama tavsiyesi niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pachamama, And d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n toprak anas\u0131 ve bereket tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Pachamama, And Da\u011flar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n toprak anas\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de Quechua ve Aymara konu\u015fan y\u00fcksek ova n\u00fcfusunun g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli din\u00ee ba\u015fvuru fig\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Devlet-imparatorluk niteli\u011findeki Inti-k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn aksine Pachamama tap\u0131m\u0131, tar\u0131msal y\u0131l ve ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fclerine derinden k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f olup s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015fmeyi senkretik bir bi\u00e7imde atlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tanr\u0131\u00e7aAnd \/ \u0130nkaToprak Anas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7indekiler And [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2683,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachamama Toprak Ana And Da\u011flar\u0131","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachamama - And Toprak Anas\u0131 ve K\u00fclt\u00fc","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachamama, And Da\u011flar\u0131'n\u0131n toprak anas\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de And k\u00f6y ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n temel din\u00ee ba\u015fvuru fig\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Mit e\u015fli\u011finde din bilimleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-72603","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pachamama - And Toprak Anas\u0131 ve K\u00fclt\u00fc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pachamama, And Da\u011flar\u0131&#039;n\u0131n toprak anas\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de And k\u00f6y ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n temel din\u00ee ba\u015fvuru fig\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. 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