{"id":72195,"date":"2026-08-01T21:34:20","date_gmt":"2026-08-01T21:34:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/buddha-gautama-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T21:34:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T21:34:51","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/tr\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"72195\" class=\"elementor elementor-72195 elementor-3035\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, Budizm'in kurucusu<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama, tarihsel bir ki\u015fi olarak Budizm&#8217;in kurucusudur. Din bilimleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, biyografik olarak kavranabilir \u00f6\u011fretici fig\u00fcr ile sonraki mito-din\u00ee yeniden bi\u00e7imlenme aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yapmak gerekmektedir.<\/p><p>Etkinli\u011finin temel noktalar\u0131 milattan \u00f6nce 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Kuzeydo\u011fu Hindistan\u0131&#8217;nda konumland\u0131r\u0131labilse de, kanonik metinlerdeki ya\u015fam anlat\u0131s\u0131 zaten g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hagiografik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden ge\u00e7mi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 bu nedenle tarihsel olabilirli\u011fi ve din\u00ee anlam atf\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele alan \u00e7ift okuma y\u00f6ntemini benimsemektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Tanr\u0131 \/ Tanr\u0131\u00e7a: Bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn panteonunda ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015f y\u00fcce g\u00fc\u00e7; do\u011fa kuvvetleri, kader, sava\u015f ve bereket gibi belirgin sorumluluk alanlar\u0131yla. K\u00fcltler, kurbanlar ve tap\u0131nak kurumlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00fcceltilir.\">Tanr\u0131<\/span><a href=\"\/tr\/budizm\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bodhisattvalar, koruyucu tanr\u0131lar, a\u00e7 ruhlar ve cehennem bek\u00e7ileriyle Budist gelenek.\">Budizm<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Bu sayfada ba\\u015fl\\u0131k bulunamad\\u0131.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u0130\u00e7indekiler\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3273\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama - G\u00f6tter aus der Buddhismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarihsel Ki\u015fi ve Tarihlendirme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uzun s\u00fcre, milattan \u00f6nce 563 ile 483 temel tarihleri ile tan\u0131mlanan &#8220;uzun kronoloji&#8221; standart olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert, 1980&#8217;lerden itibaren birka\u00e7 ciltte (&#8220;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, G\u00f6ttingen 1991-1997) kaynaklar\u0131 ele\u015ftirel bi\u00e7imde yeniden de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f ve milattan \u00f6nce yakla\u015f\u0131k 480 ile 400 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam tarihlerini i\u015faret eden &#8220;k\u0131sa kronoloji&#8221;ye ili\u015fkin kan\u0131tlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Uluslararas\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar o tarihten bu yana milattan \u00f6nce 410 ile 380 aras\u0131nda bir \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihine y\u00f6nelmektedir. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (&#8220;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982) daha \u00f6nce uzun tarihleri savunmu\u015ftu.<\/p><p>Bu tart\u0131\u015fma kapanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir; ancak metodolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan, tarihlendirmenin Maurya krallar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle Ashoka&#8217;n\u0131n kronolojisine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6reli bir kesinlik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, mutlak anlamda kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Biyografik \u00e7ekirdek olarak kabul edilen husus \u015fudur: Siddhartha, Shakya kabilesinin topraklar\u0131nda, Himalaya&#8217;n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Lumbini&#8217;de do\u011fmu\u015ftur; babas\u0131 Suddhodana bir aristokrat ya da se\u00e7ilmi\u015f kabile reisiydi, sonraki anlamda kal\u0131tsal bir krall\u0131k unvan\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yordu. Lumbini, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Nepal&#8217;de Hindistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n bir konumdad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Yerin tespiti, milattan \u00f6nce 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda dikilmi\u015f ve do\u011fum yerini ad\u0131yla belirten Lumbini Ashoka S\u00fctunu&#8217;na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Klaus-Josef Notz (&#8220;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002) bu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sert bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131nan veya oyulan metin.\" tabindex=\"0\">yaz\u0131t<\/span>\u0131, Buddha&#8217;y\u0131 somut bir yerle ili\u015fkilendiren en erken arkeolojik kan\u0131t olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pali Kanonu'ndaki Ya\u015fam Anlat\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ya\u015fam\u0131n sonuna ili\u015fkin en kapsaml\u0131 kanonik kaynak, Mahaparinibbana-Sutta&#8217;d\u0131r (Digha Nikaya 16). Metin, son aylar\u0131, Rajagriha&#8217;dan Kushinagara&#8217;ya yap\u0131lan yolculu\u011fu ve iki Sala a\u011fac\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aktarmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu metin kompozisyon a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan karma\u015f\u0131k kabul edilmekte olup bir yolculuk kroni\u011fini, \u00f6\u011freti nutuklar\u0131 ve defin rit\u00fcellerinin betimlemesiyle birle\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p><p>Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26) gibi di\u011fer metinler ise birinci \u015fah\u0131s a\u011fz\u0131ndan bilginin aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, ebeveyn evinden ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve Alara Kalama ile Uddaka Ramaputta adl\u0131 \u00e7ileci \u00f6\u011fretmenlerle ili\u015fkinin kesilmesini aktarmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Milattan sonra 3. ile 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bir Sanskrit metni olan Lalitavistara, bu anlat\u0131lar\u0131 kozmik mucizelerle bezeli ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir hagiografiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Gen\u00e7 Siddhartha&#8217;n\u0131n bir ya\u015fl\u0131, bir hasta, bir \u00f6l\u00fc ve gezgin bir \u00e7ileci g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcnl\u00fc &#8220;d\u00f6rt \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f&#8221;, kanonun en eski katman malzemesinde bu kapal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde belgelenmemektedir.<\/p><p>Bu anlat\u0131lar, ge\u00e7icilikle y\u00fczle\u015fmeyi d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n tetikleyicisi olarak yorumlayan teolojik bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sanatta veya anlat\u0131da yinelenen i\u00e7erik unsuru.\" tabindex=\"0\">motif<\/span>i yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Edward Conze (&#8220;Der Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953), bunlar\u0131n Budizm \u00f6ncesi \u00e7ileci literat\u00fcr\u00fcnden daha eski anlat\u0131 kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 devralan anlat\u0131sal bir kompozisyon oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u00d6\u011freti ve D\u00f6rt Y\u00fcce Ger\u00e7ek<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sarnath vaaz\u0131 olan Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), d\u00f6rt &#8220;Y\u00fcce Ger\u00e7e\u011fi&#8221; dile getirmektedir: varolu\u015f ac\u0131yla damgalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (dukkha), ac\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keni arzudad\u0131r (tanha), ac\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (nirodha), oraya giden bir yol vard\u0131r: sekiz basamakl\u0131 yol (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Sekiz basamak \u015funlard\u0131r: do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, do\u011fru niyet, do\u011fru s\u00f6z, do\u011fru eylem, do\u011fru ge\u00e7im, do\u011fru \u00e7aba, do\u011fru fark\u0131ndal\u0131k ve do\u011fru yo\u011funla\u015fma. Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yetkili derlemesi olarak kabul edilen koleksiyon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanon<\/span>&#8216;da birden fazla kez belgelenmi\u015f olup tarihsel Buddha&#8217;ya makul bi\u00e7imde atfedilebilecek en eski sistematik \u00f6\u011freti \u00e7ekirde\u011fi olarak kabul g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (&#8220;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996), D\u00f6rt Ger\u00e7e\u011fi eski Hint t\u0131p te\u015fhisinin \u015femas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmektedir: belirti, neden, iyile\u015ftirilebilirlik, tedavi. Bu t\u0131bbi arka plan, Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yetkili derlemesi olarak kabul edilen koleksiyon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanonu<\/span>&#8216;nda \u00f6rne\u011fin Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n kendisini &#8220;hekim&#8221; olarak nitelendirdi\u011fi yerlerde defalarca a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6\u011freti bu bak\u0131mdan spek\u00fclatif de\u011fil, pratik kurtulu\u015fa y\u00f6nelik olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha ve \u00d6\u011freticilik Faaliyeti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bodh Gaya&#8217;daki ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Magadha, Kosala ve Videha b\u00f6lgelerine yo\u011funla\u015fan 45 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00f6\u011freticilik faaliyeti ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En eski ke\u015fi\u015f topluluklar\u0131 Sarnath, Rajagriha (Veluvana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00fclt yeri olarak hizmet veren kutsal a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alan.\" tabindex=\"0\">Korusu<\/span>) ve Shravasti&#8217;de (Jetavana <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"K\u00fclt yeri olarak hizmet veren kutsal a\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131k alan.\" tabindex=\"0\">Korusu<\/span>) olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Sonuncusunun t\u00fcccar Anathapindika taraf\u0131ndan tarikata ba\u011f\u0131\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilmektedir.<\/p><p>Sangha d\u00f6rt gruptan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131: ke\u015fi\u015fler (bhikkhu), rahibeler (bhikkhuni), erkek ve kad\u0131n laik takip\u00e7iler. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kabul\u00fc, Ananda ve \u00fcvey anne Mahapajapati arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olup Cullavagga&#8217;da (Vinaya-Pitaka) aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bunu eski Hint din tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir ad\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendirmekle birlikte, tarihsel g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Semboller, \u0130konografi ve Relikler<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En erken Budist sanat, \u00f6rne\u011fin Sanchi ve Bharhut kabartmalar\u0131 (milattan \u00f6nce 2. ile 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l), antropomorfik bir Buddha tasvirini tan\u0131mamaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u00d6\u011fretici, bo\u015f tahtlar, ayak izleri, \u00f6\u011freti \u00e7ark\u0131 (dharmacakra), Bodhi a\u011fac\u0131 ve stupa arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla simgelenmektedir. \u0130nsan bi\u00e7imli ikonografi ancak milattan sonra 1. ile 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki Gandhara okulunda, Helenistik heykelcilikten etkilenerek geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Sonraki metinlerdeki otuz iki &#8220;ana nitelik&#8221; (mahapurusalaksana), aralar\u0131nda Ushnisha (kafa tac\u0131), Urna (al\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131), uzun kulak memelerinin ve taban izlerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u00f6zellikler temsili bi\u00e7imselle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. El jestleri (mudra) \u00f6\u011freti durumlar\u0131n\u0131 kodlamaktad\u0131r: yere dokunu\u015f (bhumisparsha), korkusuzluk jesti (abhaya), \u00f6\u011freti jesti (dharmacakra) ve derin meditasyon jesti (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Parinirvana&#8217;n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan k\u00fcl ve kemik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 sekiz krall\u0131\u011fa da\u011f\u0131t\u0131larak stupalara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ashoka&#8217;n\u0131n milattan \u00f6nce 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bu stupalar\u0131 yeniden a\u00e7t\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve reliklerini 84.000 yeni yap\u0131ya da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilmektedir.<\/p><p>Bu say\u0131 semboliktir; ancak arkeolojik bulgular, stupa k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn Mauryalar d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015fledi\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etki ve Din\u00ee D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Milattan \u00f6nce 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Mahayana Budizmi&#8217;nde tarihsel Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra &#8220;\u00fc\u00e7 bedenli&#8221; bir \u00f6\u011freti (trikaya) yer almaktad\u0131r: Siddhartha&#8217;n\u0131n tarihsel ki\u015fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm bedeni (nirmanakaya), zevk bedeni (sambhogakaya) ve zamans\u0131z ger\u00e7eklik olarak <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hint dinlerinde \u00f6\u011freti ve eylemin do\u011fru d\u00fczeni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span> bedeni (dharmakaya).<\/p><p>Saddharmapundarika <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>&#8216;da (Lotus <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>, yakla\u015f\u0131k milattan sonra 1. y\u00fczy\u0131l) Shakyamuni yaln\u0131zca sonsuz zaman \u00f6nce ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tezah\u00fcr bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. Donald Lopez (&#8220;The Story of Buddhism&#8221;, San Francisco 2001), bu kaymay\u0131 bireysel ki\u015finin kozmik bir i\u015fleve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dinler tarihsel bir genelle\u015ftirme olarak izlemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell ve Donald Lopez (&#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014), tarihsel-ele\u015ftirel Buddha ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ile modern Asyal\u0131 Budizmde din\u00ee Buddha sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde paralel seyretti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p><p>Bechert gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131 akademik tarihlendirme tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Sri Lanka, Tayland veya Tibet&#8217;teki geleneksel manast\u0131rlarda \u015fimdiye dek \u00e7ok az yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Din bilimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu gerilim bizatihi ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n konusudur; biyografik ger\u00e7eklik ile din\u00ee anlam aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin gelene\u011fin aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda nas\u0131l konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusuna g\u00f6t\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avrupa'daki Al\u0131mlanma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Avrupa&#8217;da Buddha bilgisi, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Pali ve Sanskrit&#8217;ten yap\u0131lan \u00e7evirilerle ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf, &#8220;Introduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien&#8221; (Paris 1844) adl\u0131 eseriyle temeli atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hermann Oldenberg ise &#8220;Buddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8221; (Berlin 1881) adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla filoloji ile din tarihini bir araya getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Schopenhauer, Budist motifleri dolayl\u0131 kaynaklardan benimseyerek akademik Hindoloji&#8217;nin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde bir etki b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Theravada ke\u015fi\u015fi Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth), Almanca konu\u015fulan d\u00fcnyada Buddha \u00f6\u011fretisini sistematik Pali \u00e7evirileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bi\u00e7imlendirmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7izgi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz akademik ve meditasyon prati\u011fine dayal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara dek s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kaynaklar ve \u0130leri Okumalar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Birincil kaynaklar: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span> (Lotus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduizm ve Budizm'de \u00f6zl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011freti metni.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kincil literat\u00fcr:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (Hg.), &#8220;Die Datierung des historischen Buddha&#8221;, 3 B\u00e4nde, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 bis 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, &#8220;Der historische Buddha&#8221;, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8220;Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, &#8220;Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie&#8221;, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, &#8220;Der Buddhismus&#8221;, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, &#8220;The Story of Buddhism&#8221;, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell und Donald Lopez, &#8220;Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism&#8221;, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, &#8220;Buddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde&#8221;, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erken Ke\u015fi\u015f Toplulu\u011fu ve Ekol Olu\u015fumu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6\u011freticilik faaliyeti, daha kendi ya\u015fam\u0131nda g\u00f6rece heterojen bir topluluk olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Parinirvana&#8217;dan sonraki ilk nesil i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 yorum pratikleri belirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f; bu durum, s\u00f6zde Vaishali \u0130kinci Konsili&#8217;nde (Parinirvana&#8217;dan yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131l sonra) ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Theravadalar (&#8220;Ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00d6\u011fretmenleri&#8221;) ve Mahasanghikalar (&#8220;B\u00fcy\u00fck Topluluk&#8221;) birbirinden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; tart\u0131\u015fma noktalar\u0131, para kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve Vinaya kurallar\u0131n\u0131n yorumlanmas\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere on disiplin meselesine ili\u015fkindi.<\/p><p>Mahasanghikalardan birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde Mahayana&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc kabul edilen ak\u0131mlar do\u011farken, Theravada \u00e7izgisi ba\u015fta Sri Lanka&#8217;da g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Heinz Bechert, \u00e7e\u015fitli denemelerinde bu erken ekol b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinin metodolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan erken Budist tarihinin en \u00f6nemli tarihlendirme sorununu do\u011frudan ilgilendirdi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur; zira Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n ya\u015fam tarihleri i\u00e7in g\u00f6reli bir referans noktas\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tarihsel \u0130\u015faretleyiciler Olarak Ashoka S\u00fctunlar\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maurya \u0130mparatoru Ashoka&#8217;n\u0131n yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k milattan \u00f6nce 268-232 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr) Budist tarihinin en eski tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z tarihsel kan\u0131tlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bu yaz\u0131tlar Buddha&#8217;y\u0131 ismiyle anmakta, do\u011fum ve \u00f6\u011freti mek\u00e2nlar\u0131na yap\u0131lan hac ziyaretlerini betimlemekte ve Sangha&#8217;n\u0131n imparatorluk taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi\u011fini belgelemektedir. Lumbini S\u00fctunu (Rummindei <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sert bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131nan veya oyulan metin.\" tabindex=\"0\">Yaz\u0131t\u0131<\/span>, milattan \u00f6nce 250) do\u011fum yerini i\u015faretlemektedir.<\/p><p>Nigali Sagar&#8217;daki ba\u015fka bir <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sert bir y\u00fczeye kaz\u0131nan veya oyulan metin.\" tabindex=\"0\">yaz\u0131t<\/span> ise Konagamana adl\u0131 \u00f6nceki bir Buddha&#8217;ya at\u0131fta bulunmakta; bu durum, Ashoka&#8217;n\u0131n Shakyamuni&#8217;nin i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi bir Buddha silsilesine daha o d\u00f6nemde ilgi duydu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p><p>Bu yaz\u0131tlar metodolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir; zira milattan \u00f6nce 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir Budist toplulu\u011fun ve bir Buddha co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesin bi\u00e7imde belgelemektedir. B\u00f6ylece Buddha ki\u015fisinin bu tarihten \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu da g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r; bununla birlikte, kesin ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi bu sayede belirlenmemektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha'n\u0131n Tanr\u0131lar Hakk\u0131ndaki \u00d6\u011fretisi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Modern ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen bir mesele, Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n Vedik gelene\u011fin tanr\u0131lar\u0131na (deva) kar\u015f\u0131 tutumuna ili\u015fkindir. Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yetkili derlemesi olarak kabul edilen koleksiyon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanonu<\/span>, tanr\u0131lar\u0131 var olmayan varl\u0131klar olarak sunmamaktad\u0131r; onlar, hiyerar\u015fik d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir kozmos i\u00e7inde konumland\u0131r\u0131lmakta ve kendileri de yeniden do\u011fu\u015fa, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ac\u0131ya tabi tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Indra (Pali&#8217;de Sakka), Brahma, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131lar ve \u00fcst d\u00fcnya varl\u0131klar\u0131 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yetkili derlemesi olarak kabul edilen koleksiyon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanon<\/span>&#8216;da defalarca Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n muhataplar\u0131 olarak yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Onlar Buddha&#8217;dan \u00fcst\u00fcn de\u011fil, aksine onu \u00f6\u011fretmenleri olarak tan\u0131yan varl\u0131klard\u0131r. Bu ili\u015fki din fenomenolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r; Budizm ola\u011fan anlamda ne ateist ne de teisttir. Klaus-Josef Notz, &#8220;Buddhismus&#8221; adl\u0131 eserinde bu durumu &#8220;tanr\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na sahip ateist bir din&#8221; olarak nitelendirmi\u015ftir. Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015flevleri vard\u0131r, ancak onlar nihai referans noktalar\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaya ve Ke\u015fi\u015f D\u00fczeni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ke\u015fi\u015fler ve rahibelerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen disiplin kurallar\u0131 (Vinaya), bizzat Buddha&#8217;ya atfedilmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekte Vinaya-Pitaka, en eski \u00e7ekirde\u011fi Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6\u011freticilik d\u00f6nemine uzanan, katman katman b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f bir derlemedir. Ke\u015fi\u015fler i\u00e7in 227 Patimokkha kural\u0131 (rahibeler i\u00e7in 311), giyim, beslenme, konut ko\u015fullar\u0131, cinsel iffet ve laik kesimle ili\u015fkiyi d\u00fczenlemektedir.<\/p><p>Bu kurallar, disiplin konusundaki s\u00fcrekli bir bilin\u00e7 olu\u015fumunu sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla ayda iki kez Uposatha toplant\u0131s\u0131nda okunmaktad\u0131r. Bu uygulama, milattan \u00f6nce 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan bu yana kesintisiz bi\u00e7imde belgelenmi\u015f olup d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski din\u00ee disiplin bi\u00e7imlerinden birini temsil etmektedir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0130lk Konsiller ve \u00d6\u011fretinin Kodifikasyonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bilginin ve anlat\u0131lar\u0131n nesiller boyunca aktar\u0131lmas\u0131.\" tabindex=\"0\">Gelenek<\/span>e g\u00f6re, Parinirvana&#8217;n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan Mahakassapa&#8217;n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131yla Rajagriha&#8217;da ilk Budist konsili toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ananda \u00f6\u011freti nutuklerini (Sutta-Pitaka), Upali ise disiplin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 (Vinaya-Pitaka) ezbere okumu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Bu gelenek Cullavagga&#8217;da aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (&#8220;Histoire du bouddhisme indien&#8221;, Louvain 1958), konsil gelene\u011fini sonradan \u00fcretilmi\u015f bir me\u015fruiyet anlat\u0131s\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirmekle birlikte, tarihsel a\u00e7\u0131dan makul bir \u00e7ekirdek i\u00e7erdi\u011fini kabul etmektedir: standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tekrarlar yoluyla s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak aktar\u0131lan \u00f6\u011fretinin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/p><p>Vaishali&#8217;deki ikinci konsil (yakla\u015f\u0131k milattan \u00f6nce 380) on tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 disiplin noktas\u0131n\u0131 ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ashoka d\u00f6neminde Pataliputra&#8217;da toplanan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc konsil (yakla\u015f\u0131k milattan \u00f6nce 250), Theravada gelene\u011finde Tipitaka&#8217;n\u0131n kanonizasyonunun tamamlanmas\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p><p>Mahasanghika \u00e7izgisi bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc topant\u0131y\u0131 bu bi\u00e7imiyle tan\u0131mamaktad\u0131r; bu durum, okul tipi tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n erken evrede zaten mevcut oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Pali Kanonu&#8217;nun nihai yaz\u0131l\u0131 tespiti, ancak milattan \u00f6nce 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Sri Lanka&#8217;da Kral Vattagamani Abhaya d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Aluvihara&#8217;daki d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc konsilde metinler ilk kez palmiye yapraklar\u0131na yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bu k\u0131r\u0131lma, din tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir; saf bir ezber k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden yaz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ge\u00e7i\u015fi simgelemektedir. O tarihe dek uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ke\u015fi\u015f gruplar\u0131 (bhanaka), tek tek metin gruplar\u0131n\u0131 ezberleyerek aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha'n\u0131n \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00d6\u011fretmenlerle Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha, Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yetkili derlemesi olarak kabul edilen koleksiyon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanonu<\/span>&#8216;nda &#8220;alt\u0131 ba\u015fka \u00f6\u011fretmen&#8221; d\u00f6nemi olarak nitelendirilen dinsel \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fun hakim oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f ve etkinlik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu \u00f6\u011fretmenler aras\u0131nda Jainizm&#8217;in kurucusu Mahavira, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali ve Sanjaya Belatthiputta yer almaktad\u0131r. Samannaphala-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 2), bu \u00f6\u011fretilerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 bir betimlemesini sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu kaynaklar\u0131 Hindistan&#8217;\u0131n Eksen \u00c7a\u011f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarihsel profilini yeniden kurgulamak amac\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Karl Jaspers, &#8220;Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte&#8221; (1949) adl\u0131 eserinde bu tabloyu, \u00c7in, Hindistan, \u0130ran ve Yunanistan&#8217;da e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak yeni felsefi hareketlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fcresel Eksen \u00c7a\u011f\u0131&#8217;na dahil etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Mahavira ile yak\u0131nl\u0131k \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. Her ikisi de ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede \u00f6\u011freti vermi\u015f, her ikisi de Kshatriya aristokrasisinden taraftar kazanm\u0131\u015f, her ikisi de Vedik kurban k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Padmanabh Jaini (&#8220;The Jaina Path of Purification&#8221;, Berkeley 1979), benzerlikleri ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p><p>Jainalar kat\u0131 bir \u00e7ilecilik ve yar\u0131 maddi bir karma \u00f6\u011fretisini savunurken, Buddha, duyusal zevk ile \u00f6z i\u015fkence aras\u0131nda bir &#8220;orta yol&#8221; belirlemi\u015f ve \u00f6zsel ruh \u00f6\u011fretisinin yerine anatta ilkesini koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Hagiografisinin On \u0130ki Ana Motifi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sonraki hagiografi, Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Tibet\u00e7e gelenekte kodlanm\u0131\u015f olan on iki normatif ana olay halinde (&#8220;on iki eylem&#8221;, mdzad pa bcu gnyis) yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><p>Bu olaylar \u015funlar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r: Tushita Cenneti&#8217;nden ini\u015f, gebelik, do\u011fum, gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki yetenekler, evlilik ve zenginlik, ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ilecilik, Mara&#8217;ya kar\u015f\u0131 zafer, ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n elde edilmesi, \u00f6\u011freticilik faaliyeti ve Parinirvana.<\/p><p>Bu standartla\u015fma, Mahayana ve Vajrayana&#8217;da milattan sonra ancak 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Lalitavistara en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u015fablonu sunmaktad\u0131r. Steven Collins (&#8220;Selfless Persons&#8221;, Cambridge 1982), bu kodifikasyonun din sosyolojik bir i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymu\u015ftur: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir din toplulu\u011funun ibadet d\u00fczeninin belirlenmi\u015f bi\u00e7imi.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturji<\/span> ve manast\u0131r e\u011fitiminde yeniden \u00fcretilebilen meditatif bir g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirme \u015femas\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha: Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ve \u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00d6\u011fretmeni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yetkili derlemesi olarak kabul edilen koleksiyon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanonu<\/span>&#8216;nda Buddha, &#8220;satthadevamanussanam&#8221;, yani &#8220;tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ve insanlar\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretmeni&#8221; unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu unvan, Ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f&#8217;\u0131n Hint Alt\u0131 \u00c2lem Modeli (tanr\u0131lar, yar\u0131 tanr\u0131lar, insanlar, hayvanlar, a\u00e7 ruhlar, cehennem varl\u0131klar\u0131) i\u00e7indeki kozmolojik konumunu yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131lar da Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencileri olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p><p>Bu hiyerar\u015file\u015ftirme, Vedik tanr\u0131 k\u00fcmesine y\u00f6nelik bir polemik de\u011fil, aksine onu Budist \u015femaya dahil etme amac\u0131 g\u00fctmektedir. Lambert Schmithausen (&#8220;Buddhism and Nature&#8221;, Tokyo 1991), erken Hint din\u00ee rekabetinin tipik bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan &#8220;kapsay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k&#8221; stratejisine dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p><p>Bodhi a\u011fac\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131c\u0131 antagonist Mara da ontolojik anlamda k\u00f6t\u00fc bir varl\u0131k olarak de\u011fil, varolu\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmenin psi\u015fik-kozmik bir ki\u015file\u015ftirilmesi olarak okunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha'n\u0131n \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Cunda Meselesi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-Sutta, Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nce demirci Cunda&#8217;n\u0131n evinde &#8220;sukara-maddava&#8221; olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir yemek yedi\u011fini aktarmaktad\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u00c7evirisi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r: &#8220;yumu\u015fak domuz eti&#8221; (Rhys Davids), &#8220;domuzlar\u0131n kazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mantarlar&#8221; (Walpola Rahula), &#8220;gen\u00e7 bambu filizleri&#8221;. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Buddha&#8217;n\u0131n bu yeme\u011fin ard\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r bir kar\u0131n krizi ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi konusunda hemfikirdir; muhtemelen bakteriyel bir g\u0131da zehirlenmesi ya da mezenterik enfarkt\u00fcs benzeri bir durumdur.<\/p><p>Buddha, Cunda&#8217;y\u0131 alenen savunarak bir ayd\u0131nlanmadan \u00f6nce gelen ikram yeme\u011finin ve Parinirvana&#8217;dan \u00f6nceki yeme\u011fin iki y\u00fcksek erdem oldu\u011funu ifade etmi\u015ftir.<\/p><p>Bu jest, \u00f6\u011fretmenin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden kaynaklanacak sorumlulu\u011fu simgesel olarak kayd\u0131rmas\u0131 ve su\u00e7luluk sorununu hafifletmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131larda geni\u015f yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hellmuth Hecker, Cunda \u00fczerine kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli denemelerde t\u0131bbi ve din fenomenolojik boyutu ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Tarihsel Buddha ne zaman ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/strong> Eski ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar onu milattan \u00f6nce 563 ile 483 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131na tarihlendiriyordu.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert&#8217;in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, milattan \u00f6nce yakla\u015f\u0131k 480 ile 400 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam tarihlerini esas alan &#8220;k\u0131sa kronoloji&#8221;nin kaynak durumuna daha uygun d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Uluslararas\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bug\u00fcn milattan \u00f6nce 410 ile 380 aras\u0131nda bir \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihine y\u00f6nelmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Buddha nerede do\u011fmu\u015ftur?<\/strong> Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcney Nepal&#8217;de Lumbini&#8217;de. Yer, milattan \u00f6nce 3. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma bir Ashoka S\u00fctunu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ismiyle tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tarihsel Buddha ile Mahayana&#8217;daki Buddha aras\u0131ndaki fark nedir?<\/strong> Theravada Budizmi&#8217;nde Shakyamuni, bu d\u00fcnya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel \u00f6\u011fretmenidir. Mahayana&#8217;da ise kozmik anlamda kavranm\u0131\u015f bir Buddha ilkesinin pek \u00e7ok tezah\u00fcr\u00fcnden biridir. Her iki anlay\u0131\u015f paralel bi\u00e7imde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Buddha hangi dili konu\u015fmu\u015ftur?<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Magadhi ile yak\u0131n akraba olan eski bir Hint-Ar\u00ee halk dili. En eski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bir dinin kutsal yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yetkili derlemesi olarak kabul edilen koleksiyon.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kanon<\/span>&#8216;un aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pali, Magadhi ile \u00f6zde\u015f olmamakla birlikte onunla akraba, edebi a\u00e7\u0131dan ar\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir bi\u00e7imdir.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Buddha Gautama, Budizm&#8217;in kurucusu Siddhartha Gautama, tarihsel bir ki\u015fi olarak Budizm&#8217;in kurucusudur. Din bilimleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, biyografik olarak kavranabilir \u00f6\u011fretici fig\u00fcr ile sonraki mito-din\u00ee yeniden bi\u00e7imlenme aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yapmak gerekmektedir. Etkinli\u011finin temel noktalar\u0131 milattan \u00f6nce 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Kuzeydo\u011fu Hindistan\u0131&#8217;nda konumland\u0131r\u0131labilse de, kanonik metinlerdeki ya\u015fam anlat\u0131s\u0131 zaten g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hagiografik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden ge\u00e7mi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 bu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama - Budizm'in Kurucusu | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, tarihsel Buddha: Budizm'in kurucusu, D\u00f6rt Y\u00fcce Ger\u00e7ek ve Sekiz Basamakl\u0131 Yol. Ya\u015fam\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretisi ve etkisi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-72195","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Buddha Gautama - Budizm&#039;in Kurucusu | iWell Guard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Siddhartha Gautama, tarihsel Buddha: Budizm&#039;in kurucusu, D\u00f6rt Y\u00fcce Ger\u00e7ek ve Sekiz Basamakl\u0131 Yol. 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