{"id":137024,"date":"2026-09-03T00:12:07","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=137024"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:18:27","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:18:27","slug":"laozi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/laozi\/","title":{"rendered":"Laozi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"137024\" class=\"elementor elementor-137024 elementor-3065 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345170e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"345170e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff235dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ff235dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb6ac8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb6ac8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc68772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc68772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi, daoismens grundare<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-359f20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"359f20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi (\u8001\u5b50, \u00e4ven Lao-tzu, Lao-tse) betraktas i den kinesiska traditionen som grundare av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som utg\u00e5r fr\u00e5n Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span> och som den legendariska f\u00f6rfattaren till \u00abDaodejing\u00bb, en av de mest inflytelserika texterna i den kinesiska religions- och filosofihistorien.<\/p><p>Hans historiska existens \u00e4r omtvistad inom modern forskning; k\u00e4llorna till hans liv \u00e4r sparsamma, mots\u00e4gelsefulla och delvis mytiskt pr\u00e4glade. Den religionsvetenskapliga forskningen om Laozi handlar idag mindre om den historiska personen \u00e4n om verkningshistorien f\u00f6r de texter som tillskrivs honom och den senare f\u00f6rgudningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec1d295 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ec1d295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d78c6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d78c6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud\/gudinna: Personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt i en kulturs pantheon, med tydliga ansvarsomr\u00e5den som naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig och fruktbarhet. Dyrkad genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3280e9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3280e9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f4bb5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"78f4bb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__78f4bb5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6d504f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6d504f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf9f9ad iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf9f9ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136023\" alt=\"Laozi - gudar fr\u00e5n daoismens tradition, historiskt-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_daoismus_laozi.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5250054 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5250054\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b7d392 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b7d392\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0015f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b0015f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4get kring den historiska personen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c2b50b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c2b50b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest utf\u00f6rliga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epok av den grekiska och romerska kulturen, cirka 800 f.Kr. till 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antika<\/span> biografin om Laozi finns i \u00abShiji\u00bb (\u00abHistorikerns anteckningar\u00bb) av Sima Qian, avslutad omkring 90 f\u00f6re Kristus. Sima Qian redog\u00f6r f\u00f6r tre olika versioner om Laozi och medger sj\u00e4lv att han inte vet vilken som \u00e4r riktig.<\/p><p>Den mest popul\u00e4ra versionen g\u00f6r Laozi till en \u00e4mbetsman vid det \u00f6stra Zhou-hovet, som under 500-talet f\u00f6re Kristus ska ha varit bibliotekarie eller arkivarie.<\/p><p>Han ska ha m\u00f6tt den unge Konfucius (551 till 479 f\u00f6re Kristus) och gett den blivande m\u00e4staren undervisning. Till slut ska Laozi, besviken \u00f6ver rikets f\u00f6rfall, ha l\u00e4mnat landet v\u00e4sterut och p\u00e5 beg\u00e4ran av gr\u00e4nsvaktaren Yinxi vid Han-Gu-passet skrivit ner Daodejing p\u00e5 5000 tecken.<\/p>\n\n<p>Den andra versionen identifierar Laozi med Lao Laizi, en annan daoistisk l\u00e4rare fr\u00e5n Zhou-tiden. Den tredje versionen placerar honom omkring 100 \u00e5r senare. Dessa flera versioner visar att Sima Qian sj\u00e4lv inte f\u00f6rfogade \u00f6ver tillf\u00f6rlitliga biografiska uppgifter, utan sammanst\u00e4llde materialet fr\u00e5n olika muntliga och skriftliga traditioner.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller har i \u00abLaotse\u00bb (1995) och \u00abThe Philosophy of the Daodejing\u00bb (2006) visat att Sima Qians sparsamma uppgifter har mer legendarisk \u00e4n historisk substans.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6257dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6257dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad033e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad033e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historicitet i modern forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28596d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28596d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Den moderna sinologiska forskningen diskuterar intensivt fr\u00e5gan om Laozis historicitet. Russell Kirkland har i \u00abTaoism: The Enduring Tradition\u00bb (2004) framf\u00f6rt en kritisk h\u00e5llning enligt vilken Laozi knappast \u00e4r gripbar som historisk person och att de texter som tillskrivs honom snarare \u00e4r en produkt av flera generationer daoistiskt pr\u00e4glade l\u00e4rda.<\/span><\/p><p>Denna h\u00e5llning st\u00f6ds av textkritisk forskning: Daodejing anses idag inte vara ett enhetligt f\u00f6rfattat verk, utan en kompilation vars \u00e4ldsta lager g\u00e5r tillbaka till 400- eller 300-talet f.Kr.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>De bambutexter som uppt\u00e4cktes 1993 i Guodian (provinsen Hubei) inneh\u00f6ll fragment av en tidig version av Daodejing, daterade till slutet av 400-talet f.Kr. Dessa fynd har gett ny fart \u00e5t diskussionen om textens tillkomsthistoria och visar att Daodejing redigerades och kompletterades under flera \u00e5rhundraden.<\/span><\/p><p>En enskild historisk f\u00f6rfattarpersonlighet \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed osannolik. Traditionen att tillskriva verket Laozi h\u00f6r till ett typiskt kinesiskt m\u00f6nster med pseudepigrafisk tillskrivning till en legendarisk grundare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa1cda e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fa1cda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72671cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72671cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daodejing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed9666a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed9666a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing (\u00abKlassikern om v\u00e4gen och dygden\u00bb) \u00e4r en text p\u00e5 81 korta kapitel som i poetisk, aforistisk form utvecklar grundl\u00e4ggande daoistiska begrepp.<\/p><p>De centrala begreppen \u00e4r \u00abDao\u00bb (v\u00e4gen, den ursprungliga kosmiska verkligheten), \u00abDe\u00bb (dygden, den inre kraften), \u00abWuwei\u00bb (icke-handlande, otvunget verkande), \u00abZiran\u00bb (naturlighet, det som \u00e4r av sig sj\u00e4lvt s\u00e5) och \u00abPu\u00bb (det ohuggna tr\u00e4t, ursprunglig enkelhet). Dessa begrepp bildar tillsammans ett filosofiskt och religi\u00f6st system som vidareutvecklades i m\u00e5nga senare kommentarer.<\/p>\n\n<p>De viktigaste klassiska kommentarerna till Daodejing kommer fr\u00e5n Wang Bi (226 till 249) och Heshang Gong (100-talet f.Kr. eller 100-talet e.Kr.). De tv\u00e5 representerar olika tolkningar: Wang Bi l\u00e4ser texten filosofiskt-ontologiskt, medan Heshang Gong l\u00e4ser den religi\u00f6st-praktiskt med koppling till meditation och andningstekniker.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Sp\u00e4nningen mellan en filosofisk och en religi\u00f6s l\u00e4sning pr\u00e4glar mottagandet av Daodejing \u00e4n idag. Livia Kohn har i \u00abDaoism and Chinese Culture\u00bb (2001) visat hur textens dubbla natur m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r dess extraordin\u00e4ra genomslag i de mest skilda kulturella sammanhang.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba74c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ba74c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c62d4e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c62d4e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozis f\u00f6rgudning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c669a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c669a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Under 100-talet e.Kr. inleddes den religi\u00f6sa f\u00f6rgudningen av Laozi. I den tidiga daoistiska skolan Tianshi (\u00abDe himmelska m\u00e4starna\u00bb), grundad av Zhang Daoling omkring \u00e5r 142 e.Kr., v\u00f6rdades Laozi som en himmelsk l\u00e4rare och manifestation av Dao.<\/p><p>Enligt traditionen visade han sig f\u00f6r Zhang Daoling i en vision och \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade de heliga texterna till honom. D\u00e4rmed var Laozi inte l\u00e4ngre bara en legendarisk filosof, utan en kosmisk gestalt med en aktiv religi\u00f6s funktion.<\/p>\n\n<p>Denna f\u00f6rgudning byggdes ut under de f\u00f6ljande \u00e5rhundradena. I Tang-tidens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som utg\u00e5r fr\u00e5n Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoism<\/span> (618 till 907) betraktades Laozi som Taishang Laojun (\u00abDen h\u00f6gste gamle herren\u00bb), en av de tre huvudgudarna i det daoistiska pantheonet vid sidan av Yuanshi Tianzun (\u00abHimmelsk v\u00e4rdighetsb\u00e4rare av begynnelsen\u00bb) och Lingbao Tianzun (\u00abHimmelsk v\u00e4rdighetsb\u00e4rare av den heliga skatten\u00bb).<\/p><p>I denna form \u00e4r Laozi fortfarande n\u00e4rvarande i de daoistiska templen i Kina, Taiwan och Hongkong.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4e0da5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4e0da5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b11b74c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b11b74c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi och den kejserliga politiken<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e71dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e71dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Laozi spelade en s\u00e4rskild roll i den kejserliga politiken. Tang-kejsarna, som bar familjenamnet Li, gjorde anspr\u00e5k p\u00e5 genealogiskt sl\u00e4ktskap med Laozi, vars familjenamn ska ha varit Li.<\/p><p>Denna genealogiska konstruktion blev den ideologiska grundvalen f\u00f6r Tang-dynastin och ledde till ett statligt fr\u00e4mjande av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som riktar sig efter Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span>. Kejsar Xuanzong (regerade 712 till 756) gav Laozi titeln \u00abH\u00f6gheliga Anfader, Evige Himmelsherre av v\u00e4ldig Dygd\u00bb och beordrade att Daodejing skulle bli obligatorisk l\u00e4sning i de statliga examina.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Florian Reiter har i \u00abThe Aspirations and Standards of Taoist Priests in the Early Tang Period\u00bb (1998) visat hur n\u00e4ra den religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnaden av Laozi var f\u00f6rbunden med Tang-dynastins politiska sj\u00e4lvrepresentation.<\/span><\/p><p>Det kejserliga fr\u00e4mjandet ledde till en blomstring av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som riktar sig efter Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span>, till uppf\u00f6randet av talrika <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som \u00e4gnas \u00e5t v\u00f6rdnad av en eller flera gudomligheter.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> och till en standardisering av den daoistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den fastst\u00e4llda ordningen f\u00f6r en religi\u00f6s gemenskaps gudstj\u00e4nst.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgin<\/span>. Denna politiska till\u00e4gnelse pr\u00e4glade bilden av Laozi varaktigt och skiljer hans mottagande fr\u00e5n den mindre institutionaliserade linjen inom konfucianismen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f33cd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f33cd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d1c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"518d1c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionsvetenskaplig kontextualisering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-357732f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"357732f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inom religionsvetenskaplig forskning skiljer man mellan \u00abfilosofisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som riktar sig efter Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoism<\/span>\u00bb (Daojia) och \u00abreligi\u00f6s <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som riktar sig efter Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoism<\/span>\u00bb (Daojiao), en \u00e5tskillnad som varit g\u00e4ngse sedan Han-tiden (206 f\u00f6re Kristus till 220 efter Kristus). Denna distinktion \u00e4r dock problematisk, eftersom b\u00e5da grenarna i den historiska verkligheten \u00f6verg\u00e5r i varandra.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Isabelle Robinet har i \u00abTaoism: Growth of a Religion\u00bb (1997) och Harold Roth i \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (1999) visat att en strikt \u00e5tskillnad inte g\u00f6r det historiska underlaget r\u00e4ttvisa. \u00c4ven Daodejing inneh\u00e5ller passager som kan l\u00e4sas meditationspraktiskt, medan de religi\u00f6sa str\u00f6mningarna anv\u00e4nder de filosofiska begreppen centralt.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>Volker Olles har i sina arbeten om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som riktar sig efter Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span> i Sichuan dokumenterat den regionala m\u00e5ngfalden i v\u00f6rdnaden av Laozi. I vissa regioner v\u00f6rdas Laozi som en kosmisk princip, i andra som en personlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett v\u00e4sen som v\u00f6rdas som gudomligt inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudomlighet<\/span> med konkreta verkningsomr\u00e5den (helande, skydd, rikedom).<\/p><p>Denna m\u00e5ngfald visar att <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som riktar sig efter Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span> inte \u00e4r en slutet religion, utan en bred religi\u00f6s tradition med talrika str\u00f6mningar och lokala uttrycksformer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31b6ff e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e31b6ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4de1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f4de1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Laozi i j\u00e4mf\u00f6relse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ed944 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ed944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>J\u00e4mf\u00f6relsen av Laozi med de stora grundarna av andra religi\u00f6sa traditioner (Konfucius, Buddha, Sokrates) g\u00f6rs ibland inom forskningen, men \u00e4r metodiskt vansklig. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller har p\u00e5pekat att f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om en enskild grundare, vilken \u00e4r framtr\u00e4dande i v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska religioner, inte g\u00e4ller p\u00e5 samma s\u00e4tt inom den kinesiska traditionen.<\/p><p>Laozi \u00e4r mindre en grundare i Jesu eller Muhammeds mening, utan snarare en legendarisk symbolfigur som representerar en viss tradition utan att aktivt ha grundat den.<\/p>\n\n<p>Inom den kinesiska traditionen st\u00e5r Laozi i en rad tillsammans med Zhuangzi (4:e \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re Kristus), den andra store daoistiske f\u00f6rfattaren, vars likben\u00e4mnda verk \u00abZhuangzi\u00bb ocks\u00e5 har grundl\u00e4ggande betydelse.<\/p><p>B\u00e5da betecknas ofta gemensamt som grundarna av den klassiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kinesisk religi\u00f6s-filosofisk tradition som riktar sig efter Dao, v\u00e4gen.\" tabindex=\"0\">daoismen<\/span>. Hans-Georg M\u00f6ller och Harold Roth har visat att de tv\u00e5 texterna s\u00e4tter olika filosofiska tonvikter, men anv\u00e4nder gemensamma grundbegrepp och kommenterar varandra \u00f6msesidigt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae790a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ae790a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f2ade elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4f2ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mawangdui- och Guodian-manuskripten<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcdec89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fcdec89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Den textkritiska forskningen kring \u00abDaodejing\u00bb f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrades grundligt genom tv\u00e5 arkeologiska fynd under 1900-talet. 1973 uppt\u00e4ckte kinesiska arkeologer i grav 3 i Mawangdui n\u00e4ra Changsha (provinsen Hunan) tv\u00e5 sidenmanuskript av texten, daterade till 168 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning.<\/span><\/p><p>Versionerna \u00abMawangdui A\u00bb och \u00abMawangdui B\u00bb uppvisar, j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med den senare standardtexten, en omv\u00e4nd ordning av huvuddelarna: \u00abDe-delen\u00bb (kapitel 38 till 81 i standardtexten) kommer f\u00f6re \u00abDao-delen\u00bb (kapitel 1 till 37).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Detta fynd tolkas inom sinologin som en indikation p\u00e5 en \u00e4ldre redaktion som f\u00f6regick standardtexten. Robert G. Henricks har i \u00abLao-Tzu. Te-Tao Ching\u00bb (New York 1989) lagt fram en fullst\u00e4ndig engelsk \u00f6vers\u00e4ttning av Mawangdui-versionerna med kritisk apparat och pekat p\u00e5 130 v\u00e4sentliga l\u00e4sningsavvikelser j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med Wang-Bi-vulgatan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Det andra nyckelfyndet utg\u00f6rs av de bamburemsor som 1993 gr\u00e4vdes fram i Guodian (\u00e4ven i Hunan) ur en grav daterad till omkring 300 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tid.<\/p><p>De inneh\u00e5ller i tre buntar omkring tv\u00e5 femtedelar av Daodejing-texten i en form som \u00e4nnu inte var indelad i tv\u00e5 delar. Denna version anses idag vara det \u00e4ldsta materiella textvittnet till Daodejing-komplexet. Robert Henricks har i \u00abLao Tzu&#8217;s Tao Te Ching.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>A Translation of the Startling New Documents Found at Guodian\u00bb (New York 2000) lagt fram en filologisk f\u00f6rstautg\u00e5va; Sarah Allan och Crispin Williams har i samlingsvolymen \u00abThe Guodian Laozi\u00bb (Berkeley 2000) diskuterat de metodiska konsekvenserna f\u00f6r dateringsfr\u00e5gan.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Harold D. Roth har i \u00abOriginal Tao\u00bb (New York 1999) visat att Guodian-bambusremsorna placerar Daodejing-texten som en del av en bredare str\u00f6mning av tidig meditativ-kosmologisk reflektion, vars sp\u00e5r \u00e4ven kan urskiljas i \u00abNeiye\u00bb och \u00abHeguanzi\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f70d31 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f70d31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477e1e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"477e1e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kommentartradition och religi\u00f6s till\u00e4gnelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d530ab5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d530ab5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejings produktiva verkningshistoria b\u00e4rs framf\u00f6r allt av dess kommentartradition.<\/p><p>Tre kommentarer betraktas inom sinologin som <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tillh\u00f6rande en religions bindande erk\u00e4nda skriftbest\u00e5nd.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanoniska<\/span>. \u00abHeshanggong-kommentaren\u00bb (\u00abLao-tses kommentar av m\u00e4staren vid flodstranden\u00bb), traditionellt daterad till Han-tiden (i verkligheten troligen 1:a till 2:a \u00e5rhundradet av v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning), l\u00e4ser texten som ett program f\u00f6r kroppslig sj\u00e4lvodling och pr\u00e4glar d\u00e4rmed den senare daoistiska traditionen om inre alkemi (neidan).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Eduard Erkes publicerade 1950 i \u00abArtibus Asiae\u00bb den f\u00f6rsta systematiska bearbetningen av Heshanggong-kommentaren p\u00e5 ett v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndskt spr\u00e5k; Alan K. L. Chan j\u00e4mf\u00f6rde i \u00abTwo Visions of the Way\u00bb (Albany 1991) Heshanggong-kommentaren med den andra kanoniska kommentaren.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Denna andra kommentar h\u00e4rstammar fr\u00e5n Wang Bi (226 till 249), en f\u00f6retr\u00e4dare f\u00f6r \u00abxuanxue\u00bb (\u00abl\u00e4ran om det mystiska\u00bb) under Wei-Jin-tiden, och omformar texten till en ontologisk-metafysisk riktning d\u00e4r \u00abdet Icke-varande\u00bb (\u00abwu\u00bb) l\u00e4ses som varats ontologiska grund.<\/p><p>Wang Bis kommentar pr\u00e4glade varaktigt den senare kinesiska l\u00e4sningen av texten och ligger till grund f\u00f6r den \u00f6verv\u00e4ldigande majoriteten av dagens standardutg\u00e5vor.<\/p><p>Den tredje centrala kommentaren \u00e4r \u00abXiang&#8217;er-kommentaren\u00bb (\u00abF\u00f6rklaring med tanke p\u00e5 dig\u00bb), som tillkom under 2:a eller 3:e \u00e5rhundradet i kretsarna kring de tidiga \u00abTianshi\u00bb- (Himmelsm\u00e4star-) daoisterna.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Stephen R. Bokenkamp \u00f6versatte i \u00abEarly Daoist Scriptures\u00bb (Berkeley 1997) f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen Xiang&#8217;er-kommentaren fullst\u00e4ndigt till engelska och visade att den religi\u00f6sa tolkningen av Laozi som personlig gudom \u00abTaishang Laojun\u00bb redan var fullt utbildad i detta skikt och inte f\u00f6rst uppstod i de senare Lingbao- och Shangqing-skolorna.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-450e76c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"450e76c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11340e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11340e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Internationell mottagning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae2959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eae2959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Daodejing \u00e4r, n\u00e4st efter Bibeln, den bok i v\u00e4rlden som oftast har \u00f6versatts till andra spr\u00e5k. De f\u00f6rsta europeiska \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningarna kommer fr\u00e5n 1700-talet; under 1800- och 1900-talet gjordes verket tillg\u00e4ngligt f\u00f6r en bred v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndsk l\u00e4sekrets av \u00f6vers\u00e4ttare som Richard Wilhelm, James Legge och Arthur Waley.<\/p><p>Under 1900-talet fick Laozi ocks\u00e5 ett betydande inflytande inom den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska filosofin, den psykoterapeutiska traditionen och den esoteriska r\u00f6relsen, ofta i starkt f\u00f6renklad och v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndskt omtolkad form.<\/p>\n\n<p>Idag \u00e4r Laozi-forskningen ett internationellt f\u00e4lt d\u00e4r kinesiska, taiwanesiska, japanska, europeiska och amerikanska sinologer deltar. Diskussionerna om datering, texthistoria, filosofisk l\u00e4sning och religi\u00f6s funktion \u00e4r levande.<\/p><p>En slutsats fr\u00e5n tidigare forskning kan fastsl\u00e5s: fr\u00e5gan om den historiske Laozi \u00e4r m\u00f6jligen mindre viktig \u00e4n fr\u00e5gan om verkningshistorien hos de texter som tillskrivs honom, texter som h\u00f6r till de mest formande verken i v\u00e4rldslitteraturens och v\u00e4rldsreligionshistoriens historia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3217,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Laozi","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Laozi \u2013 daoismens grundare | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Laozi \u00e4r daoismens mytiska grundare och f\u00f6rfattare till Daodejing. 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