{"id":137014,"date":"2026-09-03T00:12:02","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:12:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=137014"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:18:12","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:18:12","slug":"hananim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/hananim\/","title":{"rendered":"Hananim"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"137014\" class=\"elementor elementor-137014 elementor-3054 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c829f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"94c829f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b923208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b923208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-774a445 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"774a445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d35426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d35426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim, den koreanska shamanismens h\u00f6gsta gud<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdceee8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdceee8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hananim (koreanska \ud558\ub098\ub2d8) \u00e4r den moderna koreanska termen f\u00f6r \u201dhimlens herre\u201d eller \u201dh\u00f6gsta gud\u201d. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n Hwanin, som \u00e4r en mytologiskt f\u00f6rankrad gestalt i grundl\u00e4ggningsmyten, \u00e4r Hananim en religionshistoriskt relativt ung term som sedan 1800-talet fr\u00e4mst anv\u00e4nds i kristna, nyreligi\u00f6sa och folkspirituella sammanhang.<\/p><p>Dess uppg\u00e5ng till ett centralt gudsnamn \u00e4r en del av Koreas religi\u00f6sa omvandling i m\u00f6tet med den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska kristendomen och med egna religi\u00f6sa reformr\u00f6relser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0a87fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c0a87fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000caa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"000caa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ Gudinna: Personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt i en kulturs pantheon, med tydliga ansvarsomr\u00e5den \u2014 naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig, fruktbarhet. Dyrkas genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/korea\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Koreansk gud-, shaman- och folktrosv\u00e4rld.\">Korea<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cc34b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cc34b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508a21 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2508a21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2508a21\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b31242e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b31242e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3873cfc iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3873cfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-135997\" alt=\"Hananim - gud fr\u00e5n den koreanska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_korea_hananim.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b057e62 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b057e62\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc0b35b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc0b35b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f71efa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f71efa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologi och ordhistoria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b763f60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b763f60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Termen Hananim best\u00e5r av det koreanska \u201dhaneul\u201d (himmel) och hedersuffixet \u201d-nim\u201d, vilket ordagrant betyder \u201dden \u00e4rev\u00f6rdiga himlen\u201d eller \u201dhimlens herre\u201d. I en \u00e4ldre form l\u00f6d den Hanunim eller Hanonim och g\u00e5r tillbaka p\u00e5 den folkliga sedv\u00e4njan att tilltala himlen som en personlig makt.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker har i \u201dKorean Spirituality\u201d (2008) visat att ordformen kan bel\u00e4ggas i folklig praxis sedan 1600- och 1700-talet, dock utan att detta formulerades som en sammanh\u00e5llen gudsl\u00e4ra.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>James Grayson har i \u201dKorea: A Religious History\u201d (1989) p\u00e5pekat att termen i sin moderna form Hananim f\u00f6rst fick sin fasta plats p\u00e5 1800-talet, bland de tidiga koreanska konvertiterna till katolicismen och framf\u00f6r allt bland de protestantiska mission\u00e4rerna under senare delen av 1800-talet.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>De skotska mission\u00e4rerna John Ross och John MacIntyre, som 1882 i Mukden utarbetade den f\u00f6rsta koreanska bibel\u00f6vers\u00e4ttningen, valde Hananim som \u00f6vers\u00e4ttning av det hebreisk-grekiska gudsnamnet. Detta val pr\u00e4glade den senare protestantiska traditionen i Korea varaktigt.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-982ee3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"982ee3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b40a6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b40a6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim i den folkreligi\u00f6sa traditionen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26981b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26981b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Innan de kristna mission\u00e4rerna \u00f6vertog termen var Hananim eller Hanunim en tilltalsform till himlen i m\u00e5nga koreanska folkliga riter.<\/p><p>B\u00f6nder \u00e5kallade honom f\u00f6re s\u00e5dden, shamaner n\u00e4mnde honom i klagob\u00f6nerna, och f\u00f6r\u00e4ldrar v\u00e4nde sig till honom vid f\u00f6dsel och d\u00f6d. Denna v\u00f6rdnad var inte organiserad i en sammanh\u00e5llen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samtliga gudar inom en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>, utan f\u00f6rekom som ett extra lager vid sidan av den buddhistiska, konfucianska och shamanska religiositeten.<\/p>\n\n<p>Boudewijn Walraven har i sina arbeten om koreansk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister kommunicerar med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamanism<\/span> p\u00e5pekat att shamanerna (\u201dmudang\u201d) ofta \u00e5kallade himlens herre som en avl\u00e4gsen, s\u00e4llan ingripande makt, medan de utf\u00f6rde det konkreta helandearbetet via lokala andar och berggudomar.<\/p><p>Hananim befann sig i den religi\u00f6sa hierarkins \u00f6vre rand, utan att ha n\u00e5gon direkt rituell betydelse i vardagen. Denna \u201ddeus otiosus\u201d-struktur \u00e4r enligt Mircea Eliade typisk f\u00f6r nordasiatiska himmelstroformer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfceb0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bfceb0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f63af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f63af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kristen appropriering p\u00e5 1800-talet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c8d34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76c8d34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Valet av Hananim som \u00f6vers\u00e4ttning av det bibliska gudsnamnet var ett medvetet beslut av den protestantiska missionen. Alternativen omfattade Sanonim (bergets herre), Shinjeo (gudomlig makt) och Sangje (h\u00f6gste h\u00e4rskare, en konfuciansk term).<\/p><p>John Ross och hans krets valde bort Sangje, eftersom denna var f\u00f6r starkt f\u00f6rknippad med den konfucianska hovkulten, och Shinjeo, eftersom denna kunde uppfattas som polyteistisk eller panteistisk. Hananim hade f\u00f6rdelen av att redan vara etablerad i folktron som en personlig, unik makt.<\/p>\n\n<p><span data-nosnippet>En andra v\u00e5g av protestantiska mission\u00e4rer, framf\u00f6r allt metodister och presbyterianer fr\u00e5n USA, \u00f6vertog valet under 1880- och 1890-talet. Horace Underwood och Henry Appenzeller, som anl\u00e4nde till Seoul 1885, anv\u00e4nde Hananim i sin bibel\u00f6vers\u00e4ttning och i den liturgiska praxisen.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>D\u00e4rmed var termen fast f\u00f6rankrad i den koreanska bibeln redan \u00e5r 1900, ett resultat som saknar motstycke i n\u00e5gon annan \u00f6stasiatisk tradition (Kina, Japan) med j\u00e4mf\u00f6rbar inhemsk f\u00f6rhistoria.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d0280a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d0280a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95d7af3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"95d7af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim och den katolska traditionen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f96e12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f96e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den \u00e4ldre katolska traditionen i Korea, som importerats fr\u00e5n Kina i slutet av 1700-talet, anv\u00e4nde ursprungligen den kinesiskt pr\u00e4glade termen Cheonju (\u201dhimlens herre\u201d), som inf\u00f6rdes av Matteo Ricci.<\/p><p>Denna term lever kvar \u00e4n idag i den koreanska katolska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den fastst\u00e4llda ordningen f\u00f6r gudstj\u00e4nsten inom ett religi\u00f6st samfund.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgin<\/span>. D\u00e4rmed finns det inom koreansk kristendom en konfessionell skillnad i gudsbeteckning: protestanter kallar honom Hananim, katoliker Cheonju. B\u00e5da termerna \u00e4r fast f\u00f6rankrade i det dagliga spr\u00e5kbruket.<\/p>\n\n<p>Denna splittring av gudsbeteckningen \u00e4r religionshistoriskt anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rd och har under de senaste decennierna lett till ekumeniska diskussioner. Don Baker har p\u00e5pekat att valet av olika gudsnamn \u00e4r mer \u00e4n en ren \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningsfr\u00e5ga; det markerar olika teologiska anknytningar: Cheonju f\u00f6rbinds med den hierarkiskt-konfucianska traditionen, Hananim med den folkreligi\u00f6sa himmelsfrommheten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-511364e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"511364e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8483d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8483d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nyreligi\u00f6sa r\u00f6relser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2d9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2d9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c4ven i de koreanska nyreligi\u00f6sa r\u00f6relserna under senare Joseon-tid och kolonialtiden spelar Hananim en central roll.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Donghak-r\u00f6relsen, grundad 1860 av Choe Je-u, v\u00f6rdade Hannolnim, en variant av Hananim, som en personifierad himmel n\u00e4rvarande i varje m\u00e4nniska (i den k\u00e4nda satsen \u201dinnaecheon\u201d, \u201dm\u00e4nniskan \u00e4r himmel\u201d). Denna r\u00f6relse ledde 1894 till det stora Donghak-upproret och institutionaliserades senare som Cheondogyo.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>\u00c4ven Daejonggyo, som 1909 systematiskt formulerade Dangun-Hwanin-traditionen, anv\u00e4nder Hananim som beteckning f\u00f6r den h\u00f6gsta guden i den heliga treenigheten. Den senare uppkomna Sun Myung Moon-r\u00f6relsen (Enighetskyrkan) \u00f6vertog termen fr\u00e5n den koreanska kristna traditionen. Denna m\u00e5ngfald visar hur \u00f6ppen Hananim \u00e4r som religi\u00f6s spr\u00e5kform och hur olika str\u00f6mningar har gjort den anv\u00e4ndbar f\u00f6r skilda teologiska program.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8badfd1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8badfd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165c229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"165c229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim och Cheonju i j\u00e4mf\u00f6relse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616653e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"616653e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Valet mellan Hananim och Cheonju kan beskrivas inte bara utifr\u00e5n konfession, utan \u00e4ven utifr\u00e5n spr\u00e5khistoria. Hananim \u00e4r en rent koreansk term, medan Cheonju \u00e4r en sinokoreansk bildning. Dessa spr\u00e5kliga skillnader avspeglas i de troendes uppfattning.<\/p><p>Medan Hananim uppfattas som f\u00f6rtrolig, folklig och personlig, g\u00e4ller Cheonju som mer formell, h\u00f6gtidlig och skriftspr\u00e5klig. D\u00e4rmed har b\u00e5da begreppen olika konnotationer, utan att det finns n\u00e5gon teologiskt entydig hierarki mellan dem.<\/p>\n\n<p>Antonetta Bruno har i sina arbeten om koreanskt religi\u00f6st spr\u00e5k f\u00f6reslagit att man ska f\u00f6rst\u00e5 skillnaden som en medvetet bevarad flerspr\u00e5kighet inom koreansk religiositet. Hon visar hur ett spr\u00e5k kan ha tv\u00e5 olika ord f\u00f6r samma grundl\u00e4ggande teologiska kategori utan att detta leder till f\u00f6rvirring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f80e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f80e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a56984 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a56984\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dagens anv\u00e4ndning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed8050a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed8050a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Idag \u00e4r Hananim standardbegreppet f\u00f6r den kristna Guden inom den koreanska protestantiska traditionen. Med \u00f6ver tio miljoner protestanter i Sydkorea och en stark n\u00e4rvaro av koreanska kyrkor utomlands har begreppet f\u00e5tt en mycket bred spridning.<\/p><p>Samtidigt anv\u00e4nds det i litter\u00e4ra och icke-religi\u00f6sa sammanhang som en allm\u00e4n beteckning f\u00f6r Gud, till exempel i dikter, i vardagliga utrop och i filosofiskt spr\u00e5k.<\/p>\n\n<p>Att begreppet har bevarats i det moderna koreanska ordf\u00f6rr\u00e5det \u00e4r ett anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt exempel p\u00e5 den religionshistoriska verkningskraften hos en ursprungligen folkreligi\u00f6s anropsform, som genom mission\u00e4r \u00f6vertagning har blivit den teologiska huvudkategorin.<\/p><p>James Grayson har bed\u00f6mt denna process som \u00abrelativt unik i den globala kristna missionshistorien\u00bb, eftersom bibel\u00f6vers\u00e4ttare i de flesta andra spr\u00e5k antingen har m\u00e5st skapa en ny term eller kraftigt omdefiniera en befintlig term. I det koreanska fallet beh\u00f6ll den befintliga termen till stor del sin betydelse och sk\u00e4rptes teologiskt endast genom den kristna anv\u00e4ndningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d633f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d633f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e4d127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e4d127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningsl\u00e4ge<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c170e14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c170e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Forskningen om Hananim bedrivs framf\u00f6r allt av James Grayson, Don Baker, Boudewijn Walraven och Antonetta Bruno. De har under de senaste tre decennierna belyst begreppets historiska djup och historiska betydelse.<\/p><p>En systematisk ordhistoria med alla relevanta bel\u00e4gg fr\u00e5n folkreligi\u00f6sa, kristna och nyreligi\u00f6sa texter har dock \u00e4nnu inte lagts fram i sin helhet. Maurizio Riotto har i flera uppsatser om koreansk religionshistoria diskuterat kopplingen till den nordasiatiska Tengri-traditionen, med den f\u00f6rsiktiga slutsatsen att en direkt linje inte kan fastst\u00e4llas.<\/p>\n\n<p>I ett bredare vetenskapligt sammanhang \u00e4r Hananim ett exempel p\u00e5 den teoretiska diskussionen kring \u00aburgudsfr\u00e5gan\u00bb, som Mircea Eliade och Wilhelm Schmidt satte i centrum under f\u00f6rsta halvan av 1900-talet.<\/p><p>Tesen om en ursprunglig h\u00f6gsta gud som senare \u00f6verlagras av andra gudomar har m\u00f6tts av kritik inom modern religionsforskning, men f\u00f6rblir \u00e4nd\u00e5 relevant som diskussionsram f\u00f6r det koreanska fallet.<\/p><p>Hananim visar hur en folkreligi\u00f6s h\u00f6gsta gud-term kan vara n\u00e4rvarande under \u00e5rhundraden utan att vara inb\u00e4ddad i en sluten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>, och hur den kan \u00e5teraktiveras genom externa teologiska program.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e7f10 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"75e7f10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac99849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac99849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Donghak, Choe Je-u och Hannolnim-teologin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-852ff55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"852ff55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Den viktigaste egna koreanska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> fr\u00e5n 1800-talet ansluter till Hananim. Choe Je-u (1824 till 1864), grundaren av Donghak-r\u00f6relsen (\u00abDen \u00f6sterl\u00e4ndska l\u00e4ran\u00bb), ber\u00e4ttade om en mystisk upplevelse \u00e5r 1860, d\u00e5 himmelsherren Hannolnim f\u00f6rmedlade l\u00e4ran om den inre himmelen till honom.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Hans texter, samlade i \u00abDonggyeong daejeon\u00bb (1880) och \u00abYongdam yusa\u00bb (1881), formulerar grundl\u00e4ran att m\u00e4nniskan och himmelen inte \u00e4r \u00e5tskilda. Den centrala satsen \u00absi cheonju\u00bb (\u00abatt b\u00e4ra himmelsherren inom sig\u00bb) utvecklades hos hans eftertr\u00e4dare Choe Si-hyeong och framf\u00f6r allt hos Son Byong-hi till den mer radikala formeln \u00abinnaecheon\u00bb (\u00abm\u00e4nniskan \u00e4r himmel\u00bb).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Denna teologiska h\u00e5llning f\u00f6renades med en samh\u00e4llskritisk praktik som kostade Choe Je-u livet 1864; han avr\u00e4ttades f\u00f6r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En trosuppfattning som avviker fr\u00e5n den erk\u00e4nda kyrkliga l\u00e4ran.\" tabindex=\"0\">heresi<\/span> och uppror. R\u00f6relsen ledde 1894 till det stora Donghak-bondeupproret, som inledningsvis vann regionala framg\u00e5ngar men sedan slogs ned milit\u00e4rt av japanska och konfucianskt-koreanska trupper.<\/span><\/p><p>Don Baker och Susan Shin har i sina arbeten om Donghak-r\u00f6relsen visat att Hananim-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> inom Donghak utg\u00f6r ett sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndigt koreanskt f\u00f6rs\u00f6k att formulera en modern religion, utan att underordna sig den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska kristendomen eller den konfucianska hovkulten.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Son Byong-hi institutionaliserade r\u00f6relsen 1905 som Cheondogyo (\u00abDen himmelska v\u00e4gens religion\u00bb), som under kolonialtiden spelade en viktig roll i sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndighetsr\u00f6relsen, till exempel under Mars-r\u00f6relsen 1919.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d393860 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d393860\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531e742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"531e742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Den koreanska termen Question<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794cfb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"794cfb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De protestantiska mission\u00e4rernas val av Hananim \u00e4r, som \u00abkoreansk term question\u00bb, en del av en bredare \u00f6stasiatisk diskussion. I Kina ledde den parallella fr\u00e5gan mellan Shen, Shangdi och Tianzhu till \u00e5rhundraden av kontroverser sedan Matteo Riccis anpassningsf\u00f6rs\u00f6k.<\/p><p>I Japan valde mission\u00e4rerna under 1800-talet <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I japansk shinto de v\u00f6rdade andev\u00e4sen och gudomliga makterna.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kami<\/span> som \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningsord, med betydande betydelsef\u00f6rluster. I det koreanska fallet f\u00f6rl\u00f6pte fr\u00e5gan f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandevis snabbt och samst\u00e4mmigt, vilket Don Baker f\u00f6rklarar med den strukturella n\u00e4rheten mellan den folkreligi\u00f6sa Hananim och en personlig h\u00f6gsta gud.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>John Ross gav 1877 ut \u00abCorean Primer\u00bb och 1882 de f\u00f6rsta bibel\u00f6vers\u00e4ttningarna fr\u00e5n det grekiska Nya testamentet. Hans medarbetarkrets bestod av de tidiga koreanska konvertiterna Seo Sang-ryun och Baek Hong-jun.<\/span><\/p><p>Ross motiverade valet av Hananim med att den koreanska befolkningen \u00abredan k\u00e4nde den h\u00f6gste guden under detta namn\u00bb, ett konstaterande som senare forskning bed\u00f6mer som riktigt men teologiskt tillspetsat.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Den amerikanske teologen James Scarth Gale byggde i sina verk \u00abKorean Sketches\u00bb (1898) och \u00abThe Cloud Dream of the Nine\u00bb (1922) ut den litter\u00e4ra f\u00f6rmedlingen av Hananim till den engelskspr\u00e5kiga v\u00e4rlden.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0904447 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0904447\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ea33b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ea33b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hananim i modern teologi och kultur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf2fc1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf2fc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Under 1900- och 2000-talet har Hananim genomg\u00e5tt flera teologiska bearbetningar. Den koreanska minjung-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span>, en befrielseteologi fr\u00e5n 1970- och 1980-talen kring Suh Nam-dong och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En f\u00f6rfader som i m\u00e5nga kulturer v\u00f6rdas som skyddsmakt.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ahn<\/span> Byung-mu, identifierade Hananim med de f\u00f6rtrycktas och pl\u00e5gades gud och f\u00f6rband honom med han-erfarenheten, det koreanska folkets kollektiva lidande under kolonialism, krig och diktatur.<\/p><p>Denna teologiska koppling mellan Hananim och socialt lidande har pr\u00e4glat den koreanska protestantiska identiteten fram till idag.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Mot detta st\u00e5r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> hos de koreanska pingstkyrkorna, s\u00e4rskilt Yoido Full Gospel Church under Cho Yonggi (1936\u20132021), som talade om Hananim som en v\u00e4lsignande givare av materiella och andliga g\u00e5vor.<\/span><\/p><p>B\u00e5da tolkningarna, den sociala och den framg\u00e5ngsteologiska, har f\u00f6rankrat Hananim som koreanskt gudsnamn djupt i det moderna religi\u00f6sa medvetandet. Sebastian Kim, James Grayson och Robert Buswell har i sina arbeten om modern koreansk religiositet dokumenterat m\u00e5ngfalden i dessa tolkningar av Hananim.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f594dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f594dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84ec19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f84ec19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4llor och litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5fcbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5fcbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span data-nosnippet>Prim\u00e4rk\u00e4llor: Choe Je-u, \u00abDonggyeong daejeon\u00bb (postumt 1880) och \u00abYongdam yusa\u00bb (postumt 1881); John Ross, \u00abHistory of Corea, Ancient and Modern\u00bb (Paisley 1879) och \u00abCorean Primer\u00bb (Shanghai 1877); James Scarth Gale, \u00abKorean Sketches\u00bb (New York 1898); Horace G. Underwood, \u00abThe Religions of Eastern Asia\u00bb (New York 1910).<\/span><\/p><p>Sekund\u00e4rlitteratur:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>James H. Grayson, \u00abKorea: A Religious History\u00bb (Oxford 1989, 2002) och \u00abEarly Buddhism and Christianity in Korea\u00bb (Leiden 1985).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Don Baker, \u00abKorean Spirituality\u00bb (Honolulu 2008) och \u00abCatholics and Anti-Catholicism in Choson Korea\u00bb (Honolulu 2017).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Boudewijn Walraven, \u00abSongs of the Shaman\u00bb (London 1994).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Susan Shin, \u00abTonghak Thought: The Roots of Revolution\u00bb, i \u00abKorea Journal\u00bb 19 (1979).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sebastian Kim, \u00abIn Search of Identity: Debates on Religious Conversion in India\u00bb med koreanska j\u00e4mf\u00f6relseavsnitt (Oxford 2003).<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>George Paik, \u00abThe History of Protestant Missions in Korea 1832-1910\u00bb (Pyongyang 1929, nyutg\u00e5va Seoul 1980).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span data-nosnippet>Om term question, se Sung-Deuk Oak, \u00abThe Making of Korean Christianity\u00bb (Waco 2013).<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3243,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hananim","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hananim \u2013 Koreas h\u00f6gsta gud | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hananim \u00e4r den koreanska shamanismens h\u00f6gsta himmelsgud: universums skapare, som inom kristendomen \u00f6vertogs som gudsnamn.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"","wesen_kultur":"","wesen_klasse":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-137014","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium 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