{"id":137008,"date":"2026-09-03T00:11:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:11:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=137008"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:18:03","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:18:03","slug":"epona","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/epona\/","title":{"rendered":"Epona"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"137008\" class=\"elementor elementor-137008 elementor-3048 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff0e099 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ff0e099\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6974cef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6974cef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ec56d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ec56d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1d5167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1d5167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Epona, keltisk h\u00e4stgudinna<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b51227 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b51227\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona \u00e4r en gallo-romersk h\u00e4stgudinna vars <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> g\u00e5r att bel\u00e4gga fr\u00e5n 100-talet till 300-talet efter Kristus i hela det v\u00e4stra riket. Hon dyrkades av galliska ryttarfolk och spreds via den romerska arm\u00e9ns beridna hj\u00e4lptrupper l\u00e5ngt bortom sitt ursprungsomr\u00e5de.<\/p><p>Inskriptioner och votivreliefer visar henne oftast som en sittande kvinna p\u00e5 en h\u00e4st eller mellan tv\u00e5 h\u00e4star, med ett ymnighetshorn, en korg eller en patera i handen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c120e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66c120e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08de5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"08de5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ Gudinna: Personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt i en kulturs pantheon, med klara ansvarsomr\u00e5den \u2013 naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig, fruktbarhet. Dyrkad genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/keltisk\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Keltisk religion i V\u00e4steuropa och p\u00e5 Brittiska \u00f6arna, mytologiskt \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad genom irl\u00e4ndsk-walesiska texter.\">Keltisk<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f3da32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f3da32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab5f8e1 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ab5f8e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fa2e912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-135998\" alt=\"Epona \u2013 gudar fr\u00e5n den keltiska traditionen, historisk-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_keltisch_epona.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b775121 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b775121\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58a5dc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"58a5dc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-baf0e5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"baf0e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge och antika bel\u00e4gg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a615986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a615986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Till skillnad fr\u00e5n de flesta keltiska gudomligheter \u00e4r bel\u00e4gget f\u00f6r Epona ovanligt rikt. \u00d6ver 300 inskrifter och mer \u00e4n 150 bildverk \u00e4r dokumenterade, framf\u00f6r allt fr\u00e5n Gallien, Rhen- och Donauomr\u00e5det, Britannien och Italien.<\/p><p>Apuleius n\u00e4mner henne i \u00abMetamorphoses\u00bb (III, 27) som exempel p\u00e5 dyrkan av gudabilder i h\u00e4stspiltor. Juvenalis h\u00e5nar i satir VIII, 157 romerska ryttare som \u00abtillber Epona och stinkande h\u00e4stbilder\u00bb. \u00c4ven i Tertullianus \u00abApologeticum\u00bb och hos Minucius Felix dyker hennes namn upp.<\/p>\n\n<p>Bernhard Maier har i \u00abDie Religion der Kelten\u00bb (2001) p\u00e5pekat att Epona \u00e4r den enda galloromerska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En varelse som dyrkas som gudomlig inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudomen<\/span> som togs upp i den officiella romerska festkalendern (Feriale Duranum), vilket vittnar om den h\u00f6ga uppskattning hon \u00e5tnj\u00f6t inom milit\u00e4rens rytterienheter.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green har i \u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som representerar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Symbol<\/span> and Image in Celtic Religious Art\u00bb (1989) systematiskt kartlagt det ikonografiska materialet och urskilt tre bildtyper: Epona till h\u00e4st, Epona mellan tv\u00e5 h\u00e4star, Epona som kejserlig matrona med anknytning till h\u00e4st.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b771b95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b771b95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5baf139 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5baf139\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn och etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f92fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f92fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Namnet Epona \u00e4r sammansatt av den keltiska stammen *epo- (\u00abh\u00e4st\u00bb, besl\u00e4ktat med latinets equus och grekiskans hippos) och suffixet -ona, som i gallo-romerska teonymer ofta anv\u00e4ndes f\u00f6r att bilda kvinnliga gudinnenamn, j\u00e4mf\u00f6rbart med Sirona, Damona eller Belisama.<\/p><p>Betydelsen kan \u00e5terges som \u00abh\u00e4stherrinna\u00bb eller \u00abh\u00e4stgudinna\u00bb. Wolfgang Meid har i arbeten om gallisk onomastik beskrivit ordbildningen som typiskt gallisk och f\u00f6renlig med den inskriftliga spridningen.<\/p>\n\n<p>Ur keltologiskt perspektiv tillh\u00f6r Epona en grupp djurgudinnor vars funktionsomr\u00e5de \u00e4r knutet till ett best\u00e4mt djur. Helmut Birkhan har i \u00abKelten\u00bb (1997) tolkat denna grupp som ett typiskt uttryck f\u00f6r ett samh\u00e4lle pr\u00e4glat av boskapssk\u00f6tsel och ridkonst, d\u00e4r h\u00e4sten inte bara var ekonomiskt central utan \u00e4ven intog en andlig f\u00f6rmedlarroll.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f305b1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f305b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca642 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d2ca642\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a73cf16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a73cf16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det vanligaste bildschemat visar Epona som en sittande ung kvinna i damsits p\u00e5 en h\u00e4st som skrider \u00e5t h\u00f6ger. Hon b\u00e4r en l\u00e5ng tunika, har h\u00e5ret ofta uppsatt och h\u00e5ller en patera, ett ymnighetshorn eller en korg med frukt.<\/p><p>I en andra variant st\u00e5r hon mellan tv\u00e5 symmetriskt placerade h\u00e4star som hon matar eller leder, en komposition som p\u00e5minner om den rhenl\u00e4ndska matron-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e4ran om bildinneh\u00e5ll och deras betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografin<\/span>. En tredje variant visar henne tronande med ett f\u00f6l vid sina f\u00f6tter.<\/p>\n\n<p>Den symboliska utrustningen antyder funktioner bortom den rena h\u00e4stkompetensen. Ymnighetshorn och br\u00f6dkorg f\u00f6rknippar henne med fruktbarhet och n\u00e4ring, vilket pekar p\u00e5 en vidare sf\u00e4r av \u00abf\u00f6rs\u00f6rjning\u00bb.<\/p><p>Marie-Louise Sjoestedt betonade redan 1940 denna sammanfl\u00e4tning av h\u00e4stavel, rikedom och fruktbarhet som typisk f\u00f6r galliskt religi\u00f6st liv. Nutida arbeten av Garrett Olmsted och Miranda Aldhouse-Green st\u00f6der denna tolkning med ut\u00f6kat bildmaterial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bf68cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1bf68cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f16de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33f16de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Geografisk spridning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a463e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a463e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00e4rnomr\u00e5dena f\u00f6r Epona-kulten \u00e4r \u00f6stra Gallien, Rhenomr\u00e5det med de stora milit\u00e4rl\u00e4gren Mainz, K\u00f6ln och Bonn, det noriska alpf\u00f6rlandet samt Donauprovinserna.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven i Britannien och Hispanien finns inskriptioner, ofta vid platser med beridna hj\u00e4lptrupper. I det italienska k\u00e4rnomr\u00e5det \u00e4r Epona mer s\u00e4llsynt, men indirekt belagd genom upptagandet i den romerska kalendern och genom litter\u00e4ra h\u00e4nvisningar som hos Iuvenal.<\/p>\n\n<p>Inskriptionerna \u00e4r f\u00f6rfattade p\u00e5 latin och ben\u00e4mner Epona oftast med tillnamnet \u00abAugusta\u00bb eller \u00abRegina\u00bb, vilket vittnar om \u00f6verg\u00e5ngen fr\u00e5n lokal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> till officiell rikreligion. Dedikanterna \u00e4r oftast soldater i hj\u00e4lptrupperna, men \u00e4ven civila h\u00e4stuppf\u00f6dare, vagnk\u00f6rare och ryttare. Den sociala spridningen \u00e4r bredare \u00e4n hos m\u00e5nga andra galliska gudomar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9972cde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9972cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4899a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4899a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funktioner och religi\u00f6s roll<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74c2dc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74c2dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona ansvarade f\u00f6r h\u00e4starnas fruktbarhet, deras trygga f\u00f6dsel, deras skydd i stallet och p\u00e5 l\u00e5nga resor. Ryttare \u00e5kallade henne inf\u00f6r strider, forkarlar inf\u00f6r l\u00e5nga resor, b\u00f6nder inf\u00f6r s\u00e5dden. Hennes kombination av h\u00e4stkompetens och allm\u00e4n ymnighetssymbolik gjorde henne till en skyddsgudinna f\u00f6r g\u00e5rden, hemmet och resan.<\/p>\n\n<p>En s\u00e4rskild roll som psykopomp, det vill s\u00e4ga som sj\u00e4larnas f\u00f6ljeslagare till d\u00f6dsriket, har av vissa forskare h\u00e4rletts ur kopplingen mellan h\u00e4st och resa, exempelvis av R\u00e9ne Magnen och Garrett Olmsted.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier anser denna tolkning m\u00f6jlig, men menar att den inte f\u00e5r entydigt st\u00f6d av de antika k\u00e4llorna. De flesta inskriptioner och bilder \u00e4r relaterade till l\u00f6ften och stiftelser, utan b\u00e4ring p\u00e5 det bortomv\u00e4rldsliga.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec119bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ec119bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c034a36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c034a36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">F\u00f6rh\u00e5llande till andra h\u00e4stgudinnor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7592912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7592912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den walesiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av en kulturs \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologin<\/span> upptr\u00e4der Rhiannon i \u00abMabinogi\u00bb som en h\u00f6gmedeltida arvtagare till en gammal h\u00e4stgudinna. Hon kommer ridande p\u00e5 en str\u00e5lande vit h\u00e4st till Pwyll, blir or\u00e4ttf\u00e4rdigt anklagad f\u00f6r barnamord och m\u00e5ste som straff b\u00e4ra resen\u00e4rer p\u00e5 sin rygg till borgen.<\/p><p>Denna ber\u00e4ttelse betraktas av m\u00e5nga keltologer som ett brutet minne av en h\u00e4stgudinna av Epona-typ. En spr\u00e5klig kontinuitet kan inte fastst\u00e4llas, men den funktionella sl\u00e4ktskapen \u00e4r tydlig.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u00c4ven den irl\u00e4ndska Macha, som springer ett h\u00e4stlopp havande och sjunker ner i f\u00f6dslov\u00e4rkar efter segern, h\u00f6r hemma i detta sammanhang. Marie-Louise Sjoestedt har sammanf\u00f6rt Macha, Rhiannon och Epona till en grupp \u00abkeltiska h\u00e4stgudinnor\u00bb, vars gemensamma funktion ligger i f\u00f6rbindelsen mellan h\u00e4st, suver\u00e4nitet och land.<\/p><p>John Carey har i nyare arbeten nyanserat denna gruppering; han ser i Macha framf\u00f6r allt en drottnings- och suver\u00e4nitetsgudinna, vars h\u00e4staspekt utg\u00f6r ett frist\u00e5ende <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsm\u00e4ssigt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41645b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b41645b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3a198b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e3a198b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kristen undantr\u00e4ngning och efterliv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bc42d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9bc42d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Med kristnandet av Gallien under 400- och 500-talet f\u00f6rsvinner Epona fr\u00e5n de offentliga inskriptionerna. P\u00e5 landsbygden levde rester av hennes kult kvar l\u00e4ngre, vilket synodalakter fr\u00e5n 500-talet visar, som f\u00f6rbjuder hedniska h\u00e4stkulter och stallriter.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier och Bernadette Filotas (\u00ab<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Liktydigt med hedniskt; h\u00f6rande till en f\u00f6rkristen religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pagan<\/span> Survivals\u00bb, 2005) har tolkat dessa f\u00f6rbud som ett indirekt vittnesb\u00f6rd om en l\u00e5ng fortlevnad av h\u00e4stgudinnan.<\/p>\n\n<p>Fr\u00e5n senmedeltiden g\u00e5r det inte l\u00e4ngre att bel\u00e4gga n\u00e5gra entydiga minnen av Epona. Senare folktraditioner som f\u00f6rbinder h\u00e4sten med skydd och lycka, till exempel att h\u00e4nga upp h\u00e4stskor, kan inte direkt h\u00e4rledas ur Epona-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>, utan \u00e4r frist\u00e5ende utvecklingar som bearbetades inom 1800-talets <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vetenskapen som utforskar vardagskultur, seder och \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloristik<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0922de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0922de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9920ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9920ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskning och mottagande<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c7f78d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c7f78d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den moderna Epona-forskningen inleds med R\u00e9ne Magnens grundl\u00e4ggande materialsamling, som \u00c9mile Th\u00e9venot gav ut 1975 under titeln \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise des chevaux\u00bb. Den \u00e4r fortfarande den centrala k\u00e4llsamlingen. En systematisk ikonografisk analys presenterades av Miranda Aldhouse-Green. Helmut Birkhan och Bernhard Maier har f\u00f6rdjupat den religionshistoriska inordningen i den galloromerska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av gudarna i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonen<\/span>.<\/p>\n\n<p>I den moderna neopaganistiska mottagandet v\u00f6rdas Epona som h\u00e4st- och reseskyddsgudinna. H\u00e4stsportf\u00f6rbund i Frankrike och Tyskland anv\u00e4nder henne ibland som symbolfigur.<\/p><p>I fantasylitteraturen och inom rollspel f\u00f6rekommer hon regelbundet, till exempel som namngivare i spelet \u00abThe Legend of Zelda\u00bb. Dessa popul\u00e4rkulturella h\u00e4nvisningar har inneh\u00e5llsm\u00e4ssigt f\u00f6ga att g\u00f6ra med den antika <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>, men h\u00e5ller namnet levande i det allm\u00e4nna medvetandet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83329fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"83329fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8da26b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8da26b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kultens sociala b\u00e4rare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614e44f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"614e44f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inskriftsmaterialet m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r en relativt precis beskrivning av kultens sociala b\u00e4rare. Omkring tv\u00e5 tredjedelar av de bevarade votivg\u00e5vorna kommer fr\u00e5n milit\u00e4rer, s\u00e4rskilt fr\u00e5n ryttare i alae och cohortes equitatae, som var f\u00f6rlagda i provinserna vid rikets gr\u00e4nser. \u00c4ven h\u00f6ga officerare som prefekter och tribuner \u00e4r belagda som stiftare.<\/p><p>Inom de civila omr\u00e5dena framtr\u00e4der vagnk\u00f6rare, h\u00e4stuppf\u00f6dare, mul\u00e5snedrivare och posth\u00e5llare som stiftare, vilket understryker gudinnans koppling till transportv\u00e4sendet. Enstaka stiftelser av kvinnor fr\u00e5n de lokala eliterna finns bevarade, kvinnor som valt Epona som personlig skyddsgudinna.<\/p>\n\n<p>En s\u00e4rskild f\u00f6reteelse \u00e4r den samtidiga v\u00f6rdnaden av Epona tillsammans med \u00abEponabus\u00bb, det vill s\u00e4ga \u00abEponerna\u00bb i plural. Denna s\u00e4llsynta form \u00e4r belagd framf\u00f6r allt i det rhenl\u00e4ndska omr\u00e5det och tyder p\u00e5 en m\u00e5ngfaldigande av gestalten till en grupp h\u00e4stgudinnor, j\u00e4mf\u00f6rbar med matronae-triaderna.<\/p><p>Miranda Aldhouse-Green har tolkat denna form som en indikation p\u00e5 en \u00e4ldre, kollektiv v\u00f6rdnad, ur vilken den enskilda Epona senare framtr\u00e4dde som en individuellt utformad gestalt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fde11 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10fde11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a7ddf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a7ddf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Epigrafiska nyckelbel\u00e4gg<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13348ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13348ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den centrala k\u00e4llgruppen f\u00f6r Eponas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> \u00e4r omkring tv\u00e5hundrafemtio bevarade inskrifter, som \u00e4r dokumenterade i \u00abCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum\u00bb och i \u00abL&#8217;Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique\u00bb.<\/p><p>Till de mest betydelsefulla h\u00f6r Mainz-reliefvigningen CIL XIII 11801, d\u00e4r en soldat ur Legio XXII Primigenia stiftar ett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En helig plats som \u00e4r \u00e4gnad \u00e5t v\u00f6rdnaden av en gudom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgedom<\/span> \u00e5t \u00abEpona Augusta\u00bb, Carnuntum-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text som ristats eller huggits in i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskriften<\/span> CIL III 4438 fr\u00e5n kvarteret f\u00f6r Ala I Thracum, samt votivinskrifterna fr\u00e5n Antunnacum (nuvarande Andernach) och fr\u00e5n gallernas Alesia.<\/p><p>En s\u00e4rst\u00e4llning intar den senlatinska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text som ristats eller huggits in i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskriften<\/span> CIL XII 1797 fr\u00e5n Vienne, som ben\u00e4mner Epona \u00abEpona Regina\u00bb och d\u00e4rmed formulerar anspr\u00e5ket p\u00e5 en \u00f6verregional skyddsgudinna.<\/p><p>Hubert Cancik och Manfred Clauss har i \u00abEpigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg\u00bb och i de \u00e5tf\u00f6ljande kommentarerna preciserat den sociala b\u00e4raren: de som vigde offerg\u00e5vorna var huvudsakligen manliga yrkesryttare, stallanst\u00e4llda och veteraner med h\u00e4stvana, samt enstaka privata donatorer med lantlig bakgrund.<\/p>\n<p>Anne-Marie Pailler har i \u00ab\u00c9pona, d\u00e9esse gauloise\u00bb (Bordeaux 2006) statistiskt utv\u00e4rderat inskrifternas f\u00f6rdelning och pekat p\u00e5 koncentrationen i Rhen-Mosel-omr\u00e5det, i Pannonien och i Norditalien. Dateringarna str\u00e4cker sig fr\u00e5n slutet av det f\u00f6rsta till b\u00f6rjan av det fj\u00e4rde \u00e5rhundradet efter Kristus, med en h\u00f6jdpunkt under severerna.<\/p><p>Anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt \u00e4r det l\u00e5ga antalet bel\u00e4gg fr\u00e5n k\u00e4rnlandet f\u00f6r de galliska stammarna i Centralmassivet, vilket Patrice Lajoye i sin uppsatssamling \u00abCultes des sources et des eaux en Gaule\u00bb (2017) tolkar som ett tecken p\u00e5 att den arkeologiskt p\u00e5visbara Epona-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> redan utg\u00f6r en romersk-milit\u00e4r omformning av en \u00e4ldre, skriftl\u00f6s gallisk v\u00f6rdnad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6d7250 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6d7250\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac05975 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac05975\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Antika litter\u00e4ra omn\u00e4mnanden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5368abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5368abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De f\u00e5 litter\u00e4ra omn\u00e4mnandena av Epona i den romerska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6verf\u00f6ringen av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> \u00e4r k\u00e4llkritiskt h\u00f6gintressanta, eftersom de visar den marginaliserade statusen f\u00f6r en \u00abprovinsiell\u00bb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En varelse som v\u00f6rdas som gudomlig inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span> ur den stadsromerska elitens perspektiv.<\/p><p>Juvenalis g\u00f6r sig lustig i den \u00e5ttonde satiren (vers 156 till 157) \u00f6ver en konsul som \u00abiurat solam Eponam\u00bb vid h\u00e4stvattningen, det vill s\u00e4ga bara k\u00e4nner till Epona och inte de officiella romerska gudarna. Apuleius n\u00e4mner i \u00abMetamorfoser\u00bb III 27 en nisch med en Epona-bild i stallg\u00e5rden p\u00e5 en provinsiell egendom, smyckad med f\u00e4rska rosor.<\/p><p>Minucius Felix n\u00e4mner i \u00abOctavius\u00bb 28 Eponas v\u00f6rdnad som exempel p\u00e5 provinsernas \u00abdjur- och stallgudomar\u00bb, som han polemiserar mot.<\/p><p>Tertullianus (\u00abApologeticum\u00bb 16, \u00abAd nationes\u00bb I 11) tar upp denna polemik och n\u00e4mner Epona som bevis p\u00e5 det l\u00f6jliga i den hedniska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den levda religi\u00f6sa h\u00e5llningen och praktiken hos en m\u00e4nniska.\" tabindex=\"0\">fromheten<\/span>. Dessa litter\u00e4ra notiser f\u00f6rst\u00e4rker intrycket av att Eponas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> framf\u00f6r allt var en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> f\u00f6r de l\u00e4gre samh\u00e4llsskikten, f\u00f6r de beridna hj\u00e4lptrupperna och f\u00f6r lantg\u00e5rdarna.<\/p>\n<p>Dessutom \u00e5terger \u00abHistoria Augusta\u00bb i \u00abVita Veri\u00bb 6 en anekdot enligt vilken Lucius Verus under kriget mot parterna bar med sig ett tr\u00e4huvud av en h\u00e4st som Epona-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som representerar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p><p>Bernhard Maier p\u00e5pekar i sina arbeten om den galloromerska religionen att \u00abHistoria Augusta\u00bb \u00e4r k\u00e4llkritiskt otillf\u00f6rlitlig, men att notisen \u00e4nd\u00e5 \u00e5terspeglar den verkliga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad handling som regelbundet upprepas inom en gemenskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">seden<\/span> hos de romerska rytteriavdelningarna att st\u00e4lla upp sm\u00e5 Epona-bilder i kvarteren. Denna sedv\u00e4nja \u00e4r arkeologiskt bekr\u00e4ftad genom fynd fr\u00e5n f\u00e4stningarna Saalburg, Niederbieber och Carnuntum.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30a6cd4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"30a6cd4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d09aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"28d09aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metodologiska problem inom forskningen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e120bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e120bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epona-forskningen st\u00e5r inf\u00f6r n\u00e5gra metodologiska sv\u00e5righeter. K\u00e4ll\u00e4get \u00e4r f\u00f6rvisso rikt, men genomg\u00e5ende pr\u00e4glat av romersk-provinsiella f\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden. Hur den f\u00f6rromerska, rent keltiska formen av kulten tedde sig g\u00e5r inte l\u00e4ngre att rekonstruera.<\/p><p>Inskrifterna \u00e4r latinska, bildverken f\u00f6ljer romerska konventioner, och de litter\u00e4ra bel\u00e4ggen h\u00e4rstammar uteslutande fr\u00e5n romerska f\u00f6rfattare. En \u00abautentiskt keltisk\u00bb Epona g\u00e5r inte att urskilja ur detta material.<\/p>\n\n<p>Samtidigt medf\u00f6r identifikationen av en bildkomposition med Epona risker, eftersom liknande ryttar- och h\u00e4stikonografier \u00e4ven anv\u00e4ndes f\u00f6r andra gudomar, till exempel de trakiska ryttarna, de illyriska heros-gestalterna eller de rhenl\u00e4ndska matronerna med djurspann.<\/p><p>Garrett Olmsted har kr\u00e4vt ett precist ikonografiskt kriterium: endast bilder som s\u00e4kerst\u00e4lls genom en \u00e5tf\u00f6ljande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text som ristats eller huggits in i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskrift<\/span> kan g\u00e4lla som Epona-avbildningar. Aktuella \u00f6versikter arbetar med detta str\u00e4ngare korpus, som \u00e4r betydligt mindre \u00e4n den totala m\u00e4ngden potentiella bilder.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3242,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Epona","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Epona \u2013 Keltisk h\u00e4stgudinna | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Epona \u00e4r den keltiska h\u00e4stgudinnan, skyddsgudinna f\u00f6r h\u00e4star, ryttare och fruktbarhet. \u00c4ven i Rom dyrkad som kavalleriets 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