{"id":136997,"date":"2026-09-03T00:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:11:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136997"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:17:47","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:17:47","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136997\" class=\"elementor elementor-136997 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, buddhismens grundare<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama \u00e4r som historisk person buddhismens grundare. Religionsvetenskapligt m\u00e5ste man skilja mellan den biografiskt urskiljbara l\u00e4rargestalten och den senare mytisk-religi\u00f6sa \u00f6verformningen.<\/p><p>Medan vissa h\u00e5llpunkter i hans verksamhet kan f\u00f6rl\u00e4ggas till nord\u00f6stra Indien under 400-talet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning, \u00e4r hans levnadsbeskrivning i de kanoniska texterna redan starkt hagiografiskt pr\u00e4glad. Dagens forskning f\u00f6ljer d\u00e4rf\u00f6r en dubbel l\u00e4sning som behandlar historisk trov\u00e4rdighet och religi\u00f6s betydelsetillskrivning separat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud\/Gudinna: Personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt i en kulturs pantheon, med klara ansvarsomr\u00e5den som naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig och fruktbarhet. Dyrkad genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/buddhism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradition med bodhisattvor, skyddsgudomar, hungriga andar och helvetesv\u00e4ktare.\">Buddhism<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-135969\" alt=\"Buddha Gautama \u2013 gudar fr\u00e5n den buddhistiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Historisk person och datering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u00e4nge g\u00e4llde den s\u00e5 kallade \u00abl\u00e5nga kronologin\u00bb med h\u00e5llpunkterna 563 till 483 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning som standard.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert omv\u00e4rderade fr\u00e5n 1980-talet och fram\u00e5t i flera volymer (\u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 till 1997) k\u00e4llorna kritiskt och f\u00f6rst\u00e4rkte bel\u00e4gget f\u00f6r en \u00abkort kronologi\u00bb med levnadsdata omkring 480 till 400 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning.<\/p><p>Den internationella forskningen har sedan dess tenderat mot ett d\u00f6dsdatum mellan 410 och 380 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982) hade tidigare f\u00f6rsvarat de l\u00e4ngre dateringarna.<\/p><p>Denna diskussion \u00e4r inte avslutad, men den har metodiskt visat att dateringen \u00e4r beroende av kronologin f\u00f6r Maurya-kungarna, s\u00e4rskilt Ashoka, och d\u00e4rmed \u00e4r relativ och inte absolut s\u00e4kerst\u00e4lld.<\/p>\n<p>Som biografisk k\u00e4rna g\u00e4ller: Siddhartha f\u00f6ddes i shakya-folkets stamomr\u00e5de i Lumbini vid Himalayas sydkant, hans far Suddhodana var en aristokrat eller vald stamfurste, ingen \u00e4rftlig kungav\u00e4rdighet i senare mening. Lumbini ligger i dagens Nepal n\u00e4ra den indiska gr\u00e4nsen.<\/p><p>Identifieringen av platsen g\u00e5r tillbaka till Ashoka-pelaren i Lumbini, som restes under 300-talet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning och namnger f\u00f6delseplatsen. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002) bed\u00f6mer denna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text som ristats eller huggits in i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskrift<\/span> som det tidigaste arkeologiska bel\u00e4gget som kopplar Buddha till en konkret plats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Levnadsbeskrivningen i Pali-kanon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest utf\u00f6rliga kanoniska k\u00e4llan om livets slut \u00e4r Mahaparinibbana-sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Den skildrar de sista m\u00e5naderna, resan fr\u00e5n Rajagriha till Kushinagara och d\u00f6den mellan tv\u00e5 sala-tr\u00e4d. Texten anses kompositoriskt komplex, den f\u00f6renar en vandringskr\u00f6nika med l\u00e4rotal och en beskrivning av begravningsriterna.<\/p><p>Andra texter, som Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), ber\u00e4ttar i jag-form om s\u00f6kandet efter insikt, utt\u00e5get ur f\u00f6r\u00e4ldrahemmet och brytningen med de asketiska l\u00e4rarna Alara Kalama och Uddaka Ramaputta.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, en sanskrittext fr\u00e5n 200- till 300-talet efter v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning, utvecklar dessa ber\u00e4ttelser till en utsmyckad hagiografi med kosmiska under.<\/p>\n<p>De ber\u00f6mda \u00abfyra utf\u00e4rderna\u00bb, d\u00e4r den unge Siddhartha ser en gammal man, en sjuk person, en d\u00f6d och en vandrande asket, \u00e4r inte belagda i denna slutna form i kanonens \u00e4ldsta skiktmaterial.<\/p><p>De f\u00f6rt\u00e4tar ett teologiskt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsm\u00e4ssigt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> som tolkar konfrontationen med f\u00f6rg\u00e4ngligheten som utl\u00f6sare f\u00f6r utt\u00e5get. Edward Conze (\u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953) har p\u00e5pekat att det r\u00f6r sig om en narrativ komposition som tar upp \u00e4ldre ber\u00e4ttarm\u00f6nster fr\u00e5n den f\u00f6rbuddhistiska asketlitteraturen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L\u00e4ra och de fyra \u00e4dla sanningarna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Predikan i Sarnath, Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formulerar de fyra \u00ab\u00e4dla sanningarna\u00bb: tillvaron k\u00e4nnetecknas av lidande (dukkha), lidandet har en orsak i beg\u00e4ret (tanha), lidandets upph\u00f6rande \u00e4r m\u00f6jligt (nirodha), och det finns en v\u00e4g dit, den \u00e5ttafaldiga v\u00e4gen (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>De \u00e5tta leden \u00e4r r\u00e4tt uppfattning, r\u00e4tt beslut, r\u00e4tt tal, r\u00e4tt handling, r\u00e4tt levebr\u00f6d, r\u00e4tt anstr\u00e4ngning, r\u00e4tt uppm\u00e4rksamhet och r\u00e4tt koncentration. Denna indelning \u00e4r belagd flera g\u00e5nger i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling av heliga skrifter i en religion som erk\u00e4nns som bindande.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> och anses vara den \u00e4ldsta systematiska l\u00e4rok\u00e4rnan som rimligen kan tillskrivas den historiske Buddha.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996) placerar de fyra sanningarna i den fornindiska l\u00e4kekonstens diagnostik: symptom, orsak, botbarhet, terapi. Denna medicinska bakgrund g\u00f6rs flera g\u00e5nger explicit i Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling av heliga skrifter i en religion som erk\u00e4nns som bindande.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span>, till exempel n\u00e4r Buddha sj\u00e4lv betecknar sig som \u00abl\u00e4kare\u00bb. L\u00e4ran \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed inte spekulativt upplagd, utan inriktad p\u00e5 praktisk befrielse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha och l\u00e4rarverksamhet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Efter upplysningen i Bodh Gaya inleddes en l\u00e4rarverksamhet p\u00e5 45 \u00e5r, som koncentrerades till omr\u00e5det Magadha, Kosala och Videha. De \u00e4ldsta munkgemenskaperna uppstod i Sarnath, Rajagriha (Veluvana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En helig tr\u00e4dlund som anv\u00e4ndes som kultplats.\" tabindex=\"0\">lunden<\/span>) och Shravasti (Jetavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En helig tr\u00e4dlund som anv\u00e4ndes som kultplats.\" tabindex=\"0\">lunden<\/span>). Den sistn\u00e4mnda ska k\u00f6pmannen Anathapindika ha sk\u00e4nkt till orden.<\/p><p>Sangha delades in i fyra grupper: munkar (bhikkhu), nunnor (bhikkhuni), manliga och kvinnliga lekmannaanh\u00e4ngare. Kvinnornas upptagande, f\u00f6rmedlat av Ananda och fostermodern Mahapajapati, \u00e4r \u00f6verl\u00e4mnat i Cullavagga (Vinaya-Pitaka). Forskningen ser detta som ett f\u00f6r den fornindiska religionshistorien ovanligt steg, vars historiska tillf\u00f6rlitlighet dock \u00e4r omtvistad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Symboler, ikonografi och reliker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den tidigaste buddhistiska konsten, till exempel reliefer i Sanchi och Bharhut (2. till 1. \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning), k\u00e4nner inte till n\u00e5gon antropomorf Buddha-avbildning.<\/p><p>L\u00e4raren symboliseras genom tomma troner, fotavtryck, l\u00e4rans hjul (dharmacakra), Bodhi-tr\u00e4det och stupan. F\u00f6rst Gandhara-skolan under 1. till 3. \u00e5rhundradet av v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning, p\u00e5verkad av hellenistisk skulptur, utvecklar den m\u00e4nskliga ikonografin.<\/p><p>De trettiotv\u00e5 \u00abhuvuddragen\u00bb (mahapurusalaksana) i senare texter, bland annat ushnisha (skallutbuktningen), urna (pannh\u00e5ret), f\u00f6rl\u00e4ngda \u00f6rsnibbar och lotusavtryck p\u00e5 fotsulorna, formaliserar framst\u00e4llningen. Handgesterna (mudra) kodar undervisningssituationer: jordber\u00f6ringen (bhumisparsha), gesten f\u00f6r fruktl\u00f6shet (abhaya), l\u00e4rans gest (dharmacakra) och gesten f\u00f6r f\u00f6rdjupad meditation (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Efter parinirvana delades askan och benresterna upp mellan \u00e5tta kungariken och lades i stupor. Ashoka ska under 3. \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning ha \u00f6ppnat dessa stupor igen och f\u00f6rdelat reliker p\u00e5 84.000 nya byggnadsverk.<\/p><p>Detta tal \u00e4r symboliskt, men de arkeologiska fynden pekar p\u00e5 en betydande utbredning av stupakulten under Maurya-dynastin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verkan och religi\u00f6s omtolkning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I mahayana-buddhismen, som uppst\u00e5r fr\u00e5n 1. \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning, tillkommer vid sidan av den historiske Buddha en \u00abtrekroppsl\u00e4ra\u00bb (trikaya): f\u00f6rvandlingskroppen (nirmanakaya), i vilken Siddhartha framtr\u00e4dde som historisk person, njutningskroppen (sambhogakaya) och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran och den r\u00e4tta handlingsordningen.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-kroppen (dharmakaya) som tidl\u00f6s sanning.<\/p><p>I Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduism och buddhism en l\u00e4rotext i kortfattad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> (Lotus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduism och buddhism en l\u00e4rotext i kortfattad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>, ca 1. \u00e5rhundradet av v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning) \u00e4r Shakyamuni endast en framtr\u00e4delseform av ett v\u00e4sen som blivit upplyst f\u00f6r or\u00e4kneliga tider sedan. Donald Lopez (\u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001) skildrar denna f\u00f6rskjutning som en religionshistorisk generalisering, d\u00e4r den enskilda personen blir en kosmisk funktion.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell och Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) visar att den historisk-kritiska Buddha-forskningen och den religi\u00f6sa Buddha-v\u00f6rdnaden i den moderna asiatiska buddhismen till stor del l\u00f6per parallellt.<\/p><p>V\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska akademiska dateringsdiskussioner, som Becherts, har hittills knappt f\u00e5tt n\u00e5got gensvar i de traditionella klostren i Sri Lanka, Thailand eller Tibet. Vetenskapligt sett \u00e4r denna sp\u00e4nning i sig f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r forskning, den leder till fr\u00e5gan om hur biografisk verklighet och religi\u00f6s betydelse f\u00f6rh\u00e5ller sig till varandra i traderingen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mottagande i Europa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den europeiska kunskapen om Buddha inleds med \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningar fr\u00e5n pali och sanskrit under 1800-talet. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf lade grunden med \u00abIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u00bb (Paris 1844). Hermann Oldenberg f\u00f6renade filologi och religionshistoria i \u00abBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb (Berlin 1881).<\/p><p>Schopenhauer tog upp buddhistiska motiv i andra hand och fick d\u00e4rigenom inflytande l\u00e5ngt ut\u00f6ver den akademiska indologin. Under 1900-talet pr\u00e4glar den theravadiska munken Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) den tyskspr\u00e5kiga Buddha-l\u00e4ran genom systematiska pali-\u00f6vers\u00e4ttningar. Denna linje forts\u00e4tter att verka in i dagens akademiska och meditationspraktiska diskussion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4llor och f\u00f6rdjupande litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Prim\u00e4rk\u00e4llor: Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-Sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduism och buddhism en l\u00e4rotext i kortfattad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> (Lotus-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduism och buddhism en l\u00e4rotext i kortfattad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Sekund\u00e4rlitteratur:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (red.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 band, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 till 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell och Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tidig munkgemenskap och skolbildning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddhas undervisningsverksamhet ledde redan under hans livstid till bildandet av en relativt heterogen gemenskap. Redan inom den f\u00f6rsta generationen efter parinirvana framtr\u00e4dde olika tolkningspraxis, som vid det s\u00e5 kallade andra konciliet i Vaishali (omkring 100 \u00e5r efter parinirvana) ledde till en f\u00f6rsta splittring.<\/p><p>Theravadinerna (\u00abde \u00e4ldres l\u00e4rare\u00bb) och mahasanghikaerna (\u00abden stora gemenskapen\u00bb) skildes \u00e5t, tvistefr\u00e5gorna g\u00e4llde tio disciplin\u00e4ra fr\u00e5gor, bland annat hanteringen av pengar och tolkningen av vinaya-reglerna.<\/p><p>Ur mahasanghikaerna utvecklades under flera \u00e5rhundraden f\u00f6rformerna till mahayana, medan theravada-linjen framf\u00f6r allt konsoliderades i Sri Lanka. Heinz Bechert har i flera uppsatser visat att denna tidiga skolsplittring metodiskt ber\u00f6r det viktigaste dateringsproblemet i den tidiga buddhistiska historien, eftersom den ger en relativ referenspunkt f\u00f6r Buddhas levnadsdata.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ashoka-pelarna som historiska mark\u00f6rer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inskriptionerna fr\u00e5n Maurya-kejsaren Ashoka (regerade omkring 268 till 232 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning) \u00e4r de \u00e4ldsta obestridda historiska vittnesb\u00f6rden om den buddhistiska historien.<\/p><p>De n\u00e4mner Buddha vid namn, beskriver pilgrimsresor till hans f\u00f6delseplats och undervisningsplatser, och de dokumenterar det kejserliga st\u00f6det till sanghan. Pelaren i Lumbini (Rummindei-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text som \u00e4r inristad eller huggen i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskription<\/span>, 250 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning) markerar f\u00f6delseplatsen.<\/p><p>En annan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text som \u00e4r inristad eller huggen i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskription<\/span> i Nigali Sagar h\u00e4nvisar till en tidigare Buddha vid namn Konagamana, vilket visar att Ashoka redan var intresserad av en Buddha-r\u00e4cka, i vilken Shakyamuni ing\u00e5r.<\/p><p>Dessa inskriptioner \u00e4r metodiskt centrala, eftersom de s\u00e4kert bel\u00e4gger f\u00f6rekomsten av en organiserad buddhistisk gemenskap och en Buddha-geografi under det 3. \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning. D\u00e4rmed \u00e4r \u00e4ven existensen av personen Buddha f\u00f6re detta datum s\u00e4kerst\u00e4lld, dock utan att den exakta livstiden fastst\u00e4lls genom detta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhas l\u00e4ra om gudarna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En fr\u00e5ga som ofta underskattas i den moderna forskningen g\u00e4ller Buddhas h\u00e5llning till gudarna (deva) i den vediska traditionen. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling heliga skrifter som erk\u00e4nns som bindande inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pali-kanon<\/span> framst\u00e4ller inte gudarna som icke-existerande, utan de placeras snarare in i en hierarkiskt ordnad kosmos, d\u00e4r \u00e4ven de \u00e4r underkastade \u00e5terf\u00f6delse och d\u00e4rmed lidande.<\/p><p>Indra (p\u00e5 pali Sakka), Brahma, de l\u00e4gre gudomarna och varelserna i de h\u00f6gre v\u00e4rldarna framtr\u00e4der flera g\u00e5nger i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling heliga skrifter som erk\u00e4nns som bindande inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> som Buddhas samtalspartner.<\/p><p>De \u00e4r inte \u00f6verl\u00e4gsna honom, utan erk\u00e4nner honom som sin l\u00e4rare. Detta f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande \u00e4r religionsfenomenologiskt s\u00e4rpr\u00e4glat, buddhismen \u00e4r varken ateistisk eller teistisk i vanlig mening. Klaus-Josef Notz har beskrivit denna konstellation i \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb som en \u00abateistisk religion med gudav\u00e4rld\u00bb. Gudarna har funktioner, men de \u00e4r inga yttersta referenspunkter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaya och munkordningen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disciplinreglerna (Vinaya), som ordnar munkarnas och nunnornas dagliga liv, tillskrivs Buddha sj\u00e4lv. I sj\u00e4lva verket \u00e4r Vinaya-Pitaka en samling som vuxit fram i lager, vars \u00e4ldsta k\u00e4rna g\u00e5r tillbaka till Buddhas undervisningstid. De 227 Patimokkha-reglerna f\u00f6r munkar (311 f\u00f6r nunnor) reglerar kl\u00e4dsel, matintag, boendef\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden, sexuell avh\u00e5llsamhet och f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet till lekfolket.<\/p><p>De l\u00e4ses upp tv\u00e5 g\u00e5nger i m\u00e5naden vid Uposatha-sammankomsten, vilket s\u00e4kerst\u00e4ller en kontinuerlig medvetenhet om disciplinen. Denna praxis \u00e4r kontinuerligt belagd sedan det 3. \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning och utg\u00f6r d\u00e4rmed en av v\u00e4rldens \u00e4ldsta religi\u00f6sa disciplinformer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De f\u00f6rsta koncilierna och kodifieringen av l\u00e4ran<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enligt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6verf\u00f6ringen av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser mellan generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> \u00e4gde det f\u00f6rsta buddhistiska konciliet rum i Rajagriha omedelbart efter parinirvana, sammankallat av Mahakassapa. Ananda reciterade l\u00e4rotalen (Sutta-Pitaka), Upali disciplinreglerna (Vinaya-Pitaka).<\/p><p>Denna tradition \u00e4r \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad i Cullavagga. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (\u00abHistoire du bouddhisme indien\u00bb, Louvain 1958) bed\u00f6mer konciltraditionen som en eftertida legitimationsber\u00e4ttelse, som dock inneh\u00e5ller en historiskt trolig k\u00e4rna: s\u00e4kerst\u00e4llandet av den muntligt traderade l\u00e4ran genom standardiserade recitationer.<\/p><p>Det andra konciliet i Vaishali (omkring 380 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning) behandlade tio omtvistade disciplinpunkter. Det tredje konciliet i Pataliputra under Ashoka (omkring 250 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning) betraktas inom Theravada-traditionen som avslutningen av kanoniseringen av Tipitaka.<\/p><p>Mahasanghika-linjen k\u00e4nner inte till denna tredje sammankomst i denna form, vilket bel\u00e4gger den skoltypiska historieskrivningen redan i det tidiga skedet.<\/p>\n<p>Den slutgiltiga skriftliga fixeringen av Pali-kanon skedde f\u00f6rst p\u00e5 Sri Lanka under kung Vattagamani Abhaya under det 1. \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning. Vid det fj\u00e4rde konciliet i Aluvihara nedtecknades texterna f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen p\u00e5 palmblad.<\/p><p>Denna brytpunkt \u00e4r religionshistoriskt betydelsefull, den markerar \u00f6verg\u00e5ngen fr\u00e5n en ren memoreringskultur till en skriftkultur. Fram till dess hade specialiserade munkgrupper (bhanaka) traderat enskilda textgrupper i minnet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha i j\u00e4mf\u00f6relse med samtida l\u00e4rare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buddha levde och verkade under en religi\u00f6st pluralistisk period, som i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling heliga skrifter som erk\u00e4nns som bindande inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pali-kanon<\/span> beskrivs som tiden f\u00f6r \u00abde sex andra l\u00e4rarna\u00bb. Till dem h\u00f6rde Mahavira, jainismens grundare, Makkhali Gosala (Ajivika), Purana Kassapa, Pakudha Kaccayana, Ajita Kesakambali och Sanjaya Belatthiputta. Samannaphala-sutta (Digha Nikaya 2) ger en j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande framst\u00e4llning av deras l\u00e4ror.<\/p><p>Forskningen har utv\u00e4rderat dessa k\u00e4llor f\u00f6r att rekonstruera det id\u00e9historiska profilen f\u00f6r Indiens axeltid. Karl Jaspers placerade denna konstellation i sin \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) inom den globala axeltiden, d\u00e5 nya filosofiska r\u00f6relser samtidigt uppstod i Kina, Indien, Iran och Grekland.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e4rheten till Mahavira \u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt p\u00e5fallande. B\u00e5da undervisade i samma region, b\u00e5da rekryterade anh\u00e4ngare fr\u00e5n Kshatriya-aristokratin, b\u00e5da kritiserade den vediska offerkulten. Padmanabh Jaini (\u00abThe Jaina Path of Purification\u00bb, Berkeley 1979) har systematiskt utarbetat likheterna och skillnaderna.<\/p><p>Medan jainerna f\u00f6retr\u00e4dde en strikt askes och en kvasi-materiell karmal\u00e4ra, formulerade Buddha en \u00abmedelv\u00e4g\u00bb mellan sinnesnjutning och sj\u00e4lvpl\u00e5geri och ersatte den substantiella sj\u00e4lsl\u00e4ran med anatta-principen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De tolv huvudmotiven i Buddha-hagiografin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den senare hagiografin komprimerade Buddhas liv till tolv normativa huvudh\u00e4ndelser, som \u00e4r kodifierade som \u00abde tolv g\u00e4rningarna\u00bb (mdzad pa bcu gnyis), s\u00e4rskilt i den tibetanska traditionen.<\/p><p>De omfattar nedstigningen fr\u00e5n Tushita-himlen, avlelsen, f\u00f6delsen, ungdomens konstf\u00e4rdigheter, gifterm\u00e5let och rikedomen, uttr\u00e4det, askesen, segern \u00f6ver Mara, uppn\u00e5endet av upplysningen, undervisningen och parinirvana.<\/p><p>Denna standardisering skedde inom Mahayana och Vajrayana f\u00f6rst efter det 7. \u00e5rhundradet av v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning. Lalitavistara ger den mest utf\u00f6rliga f\u00f6rlagan. Steven Collins (\u00abSelfless Persons\u00bb, Cambridge 1982) har visat att denna kodifiering fyller en religionssociologisk funktion: den skapar ett meditativt visualiseringsm\u00f6nster som kan reproduceras i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den fastst\u00e4llda ordningen f\u00f6r en religi\u00f6s gemenskaps gudstj\u00e4nst.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgin<\/span> och klosterundervisningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha som l\u00e4rare f\u00f6r gudar och m\u00e4nniskor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling av heliga texter som erk\u00e4nns som bindande inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> b\u00e4r Buddha titeln \u00absatthadevamanussanam\u00bb, \u00abl\u00e4rare f\u00f6r gudar och m\u00e4nniskor\u00bb. Denna titel \u00e5terspeglar den upplystes kosmologiska position inom den indiska sexrikesmodellen (gudar, halvgudar, m\u00e4nniskor, djur, hungriga andar, helvetesvarelser). \u00c4ven Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati och l\u00e4gre gudomar r\u00e4knas som Buddhas l\u00e4rjungar.<\/p><p>Denna hierarkisering syftar inte till polemik mot den vediska gudav\u00e4rlden, utan till dess inordning i det buddhistiska schemat. Lambert Schmithausen (\u00abBuddhism and Nature\u00bb, Tokyo 1991) h\u00e4nvisar till den \u00abinklusivism\u00bb-strategi som var typisk f\u00f6r tidig indisk religi\u00f6s konkurrens.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven Mara, den frestande antagonisten under Bodhi-tr\u00e4det, tolkas inte som en ontologiskt ond varelse, utan som en psykisk-kosmisk personifikation av f\u00f6rveckling i tillblivelsen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhas d\u00f6d och fr\u00e5gan om Cunda<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-sutta ber\u00e4ttar att Buddha strax f\u00f6re sin d\u00f6d intog en m\u00e5ltid hos smeden Cunda, som betecknas som \u00absukara-maddava\u00bb.<\/p><p>\u00d6vers\u00e4ttningen \u00e4r omtvistad: \u00abm\u00f6rt fl\u00e4skk\u00f6tt\u00bb (Rhys Davids), \u00absvamp som gr\u00e4vs fram av svin\u00bb (Walpola Rahula), \u00abunga bambuskott\u00bb. Forskningen \u00e4r enig om att Buddha efter denna m\u00e5ltid drabbades av en sv\u00e5r magkris, f\u00f6rmodligen en bakteriell matf\u00f6rgiftning eller en episod av mesenterialinfarkt.<\/p><p>Buddha f\u00f6rsvarade Cunda offentligt genom att s\u00e4ga att den offerm\u00e5ltid som f\u00f6reg\u00e5r en upplysning och m\u00e5ltiden f\u00f6re parinirvana utg\u00f6r tv\u00e5 av de h\u00f6gsta f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nsterna.<\/p><p>Denna gest har f\u00e5tt stor uppm\u00e4rksamhet inom forskningen, eftersom den symboliskt f\u00f6rskjuter ansvaret f\u00f6r l\u00e4rarens d\u00f6d och avlastar skuldfr\u00e5gan. Hellmuth Hecker har i flera uppsatser om Cunda belyst den medicinska och religionsfenomenologiska aspekten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanliga fr\u00e5gor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>N\u00e4r levde den historiske Buddha?<\/strong> Den \u00e4ldre forskningen daterade honom till 563 till 483 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning.<\/p><p>Heinz Becherts unders\u00f6kningar har visat att den \u00abkorta kronologin\u00bb, med levnadsdata omkring 480 till 400 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning, b\u00e4ttre passar k\u00e4ll\u00e4get. Den internationella forskningen tenderar idag mot ett d\u00f6dsdatum mellan 410 och 380 f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Var f\u00f6ddes Buddha?<\/strong> I Lumbini i dagens s\u00f6dra Nepal. Platsen \u00e4r namngiven och identifierad genom en Ashoka-pelare fr\u00e5n det 3. \u00e5rhundradet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning.<\/p>\n<p>Vad \u00e4r skillnaden mellan den historiske Buddha och Buddha inom Mahayana? Inom theravadabuddhismen \u00e4r Shakyamuni denna v\u00e4rlds\u00e5lders historiske l\u00e4rare. Inom Mahayana \u00e4r han en av m\u00e5nga manifestationer av en kosmiskt uppfattad Buddha-princip. B\u00e5da uppfattningarna existerar parallellt och diskuteras separat inom den vetenskapliga forskningen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vilket spr\u00e5k talade Buddha?<\/strong> Med h\u00f6g sannolikhet ett fornindoariskt folkspr\u00e5k, f\u00f6rmodligen n\u00e4ra besl\u00e4ktat med dagens magadhi. Pali, som den \u00e4ldsta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling av heliga texter som erk\u00e4nns som bindande inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> \u00e4r \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad i, \u00e4r en litter\u00e4rt utj\u00e4mnad form som inte \u00e4r identisk med magadhi, men besl\u00e4ktad med det.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama \u2013 buddhismens grundare | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, den historiske Buddha, buddhismens grundare, de fyra \u00e4dla sanningarna och den \u00e5ttafaldiga v\u00e4gen. 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