{"id":136905,"date":"2026-09-03T00:11:03","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:11:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136905"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:15:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:15:22","slug":"tupilak-konstgjord-hamndeande-inuiter","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tupilak-konstgjord-hamndeande-inuiter\/","title":{"rendered":"Tupilak &#8211; Konstgjord h\u00e4mndeande hos gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska inuiter"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136905\" class=\"elementor elementor-136905 elementor-2657 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak - Konstgjord h\u00e4mndeande i den gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilak \u00e4r i den gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska inuittraditionen en konstgjord, medvetet anv\u00e4nd varelse gjord av djur- och m\u00e4nniskorester, som en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedling mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span> skulle skada eller d\u00f6da en fiende med. Idag \u00e4r begreppet internationellt mest k\u00e4nt som en snidad figur av ben eller sten. Religionsvetenskapligt h\u00f6r den till den ovanliga klassen av tillverkade aggressionsandar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ande i inuit-traditionen.\">Ande<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/inuit-arktis-sedna-tornit-skyddspraxis\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi inom inuit-traditionen.\">Inuit<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Konstgjord skadeande.\">Konstgjord skadeande<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tupilak-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136062\" alt=\"Tupilak \u2013 andar fr\u00e5n den inuitiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_inuit_tupilak.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontextualisering och kortprofil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den religionsvetenskapliga klassifikationen h\u00f6r Tupilak till den ovanliga gruppen av tillverkade andev\u00e4sen.<\/p><p>Till skillnad fr\u00e5n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sedna-havets-harskarinna-inuiterna\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sila-varldsandetag-vaderherre-inuiter\/\">Sila<\/a> och <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tornarssuk-stor-skyddsande-shamaner\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, som betraktas som givna kosmiska eller hj\u00e4lpande makter, \u00e4r Tupilak en medvetet skapad konstruktion med ett konkret syfte: att skada en fiende. Denna konstruktiva dimension skiljer honom fundamentalt fr\u00e5n alla andra uppslagsord i den inuitiska mytologin.<\/p><p>K\u00e4llorna om Tupilak koncentrerar sig p\u00e5 Gr\u00f6nland, s\u00e4rskilt \u00f6stkusten och Diskobukten, och str\u00e4cker sig fr\u00e5n 1700-talet med Hans Egede via Henrik Rink p\u00e5 1800-talet till William Thalbitzer och Robert Petersen p\u00e5 1900-talet.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven i den centrala kanadensiska Arktis \u00e4r besl\u00e4ktade begrepp som <em>tupilaq<\/em> eller <em>tuurngaq qungasiq<\/em> belagda, dock med delvis avvikande betydelse d\u00e4r. Denna regionala specificitet \u00e4r vetenskapligt intressant.<\/p><p>Idag existerar Tupilak parallellt i tv\u00e5 skikt: som ett historiskt koncept om ett faktiskt tillverkat och magiskt besj\u00e4lat skadev\u00e4sen, och som beteckning f\u00f6r de snidade figurerna av valtand, rensdjurshorn och ben som utvecklades som gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndsk hantverksform fr\u00e5n 1880-talet. Detta dubbla skikt g\u00f6r varje diskussion om Tupilak metodiskt kr\u00e4vande och kr\u00e4ver noggrann differentiering.<\/p><p>N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller Tupilak har den nyare forskningen ut\u00f6kat sina metodiska verktyg och f\u00f6renar etnografisk noggrannhet, spr\u00e5klig k\u00e4llkritik och j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande perspektiv. Denna f\u00f6rfining \u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig h\u00e4r, eftersom \u00e4ldre v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska framst\u00e4llningar ofta sensationaliserade det konstgjorda skadev\u00e4sendet; det inuitiska kunskapssamfundet, som idag sj\u00e4lv deltar i forskningen, korrigerar s\u00e5dana delvis koloniala tillskrivningar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Etymologi och ordhistoria<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Etymologiskt h\u00e4rstammar <em>tupilak<\/em> eller <em>tupilaq<\/em> fr\u00e5n stammen <em>tupi-<\/em>, som i flera inuitiska spr\u00e5k betyder f\u00f6rfader eller den d\u00f6des sj\u00e4l. Tupilak skulle s\u00e5ledes ordagrant betyda ungef\u00e4r f\u00f6rfadersgestalt eller andevarelse. Robert Petersen har i sina spr\u00e5khistoriska studier belyst sl\u00e4ktskapet med begrepp f\u00f6r en avlidens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span> och d\u00e4rmed skapat en spr\u00e5klig brygga till inuiternas d\u00f6dsrike.<\/p><p>I det gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska spr\u00e5ket finns \u00e4ven pluralformen <em>tupilait<\/em>, som betecknar samlingen av dessa v\u00e4sen. I det moderna spr\u00e5kbruket har betydelsen utvidgats och begreppet \u00f6vers\u00e4tts ofta med skr\u00e4ckgestalt eller ond <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span>, vilket f\u00f6rkortar den ursprungliga betydelsen och l\u00e5ter den specifika konstruktionsdimensionen g\u00e5 f\u00f6rlorad. Vetenskapligt m\u00e5ste denna f\u00f6rkortning behandlas kritiskt.<\/p><p>Anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt \u00e4r att Tupilak etymologiskt inte har n\u00e5gon negativ konnotation. Den negativa v\u00e4rderingen uppst\u00e5r genom funktionen, inte genom ordet sj\u00e4lvt.<\/p><p>En Tupilak \u00e4r inte ond av naturen, utan anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r aggression. Denna etiska neutralitet hos sj\u00e4lva ordet \u00e4r vetenskapligt intressant, eftersom den visar att den moraliska v\u00e4rderingen uppst\u00e5r f\u00f6rst genom den avsiktliga anv\u00e4ndningen.<\/p><p>Kompletterande \u00e4r det v\u00e4rt att kasta en religionssociologisk blick p\u00e5 den roll som Tupilak spelade i den traditionella inuitgemenskapens sociala ordning.<\/p><p>Eftersom ett s\u00e5dant v\u00e4sen riktades m\u00e5linriktat mot en fiende, framg\u00e5r s\u00e4rskilt tydligt av det att den religi\u00f6sa strukturen inte var avskild fr\u00e5n den samh\u00e4lleliga praktiken, utan t\u00e4tt sammanfl\u00e4tad med den. Denna sammanfl\u00e4tning utg\u00f6r ett eget religionsantropologiskt forskningsf\u00e4lt, som framf\u00f6r allt Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Laugrand och Jarich Oosten har bearbetat systematiskt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tillverkning i den traditionella praktiken<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De etnografiska k\u00e4llorna, s\u00e4rskilt hos Henrik Rink och William Thalbitzer, beskriver tillverkningen av en tupilak i detalj. En <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedling mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">schaman<\/span>, som ville skada en fiende, samlade i hemlighet ihop olika best\u00e5ndsdelar: ben fr\u00e5n olika djur, h\u00e5r, senor, ibland delar av lik eller av fiendens egna kl\u00e4der.<\/p><p>Dessa best\u00e5ndsdelar sammanfogades till en figur p\u00e5 en avskild plats, ofta vid en klyfta i berget eller en grotta.<\/p><p>\u00d6ver denna figur utf\u00f6rdes s\u00e5nger och besv\u00e4rjelser. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedling mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanen<\/span> ammade v\u00e4sendet vid sin armh\u00e5la eller sitt sk\u00f6te och \u00f6verf\u00f6rde livskraft till det. D\u00e4refter sl\u00e4pptes figuren ut i vattnet eller sn\u00f6n f\u00f6r att s\u00f6ka upp och d\u00f6da fienden.<\/p><p>Var fienden sj\u00e4lv en m\u00e4ktig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedling mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">schaman<\/span>, kunde denne avv\u00e4rja tupilaken eller till och med v\u00e4nda den mot sin skapare, vilket gjorde praktiken f\u00f6renad med betydande risk.<\/p><p>Vetenskapligt \u00e4r denna praktik intressant eftersom den bygger p\u00e5 en teori om besj\u00e4lning av oorganiska och organiska rester, sammanfl\u00e4tad med den schamanska l\u00e4ran om hj\u00e4lpandar. Tupilaken \u00e4r en form av konstruktiv <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker ingripa i tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>, som i den inuitiska kosmologin \u00e4r b\u00e5de till\u00e5ten och etiskt belastad. Religionsfenomenologiskt r\u00f6r det sig om en blandform av konstruktionsmagi och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett kroppsl\u00f6st v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">andebesj\u00e4lning<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sj\u00e4lva tillverkningen var en farlig handling. Den som avsl\u00f6jades riskerade social utst\u00f6tning, h\u00e4mnd fr\u00e5n fiendens familj eller d\u00f6den genom sin egen tupilak. Denna riskstruktur stabiliserade den sociala ordningen och gjorde bruket av tupilaker till undantag snarare \u00e4n regel, \u00e4ven om ber\u00e4ttelserna ger intryck av en mer utbredd praktik.<\/p><p>J\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med andra schamanska praktiker hos inuiterna \u00e4r tupilaktillverkningen ovanligt detaljerat beskriven, eftersom den betraktades som en farlig avvikelse och d\u00e4rf\u00f6r v\u00e4ckte s\u00e4rskilt intresse hos etnograferna gentemot deras informanter. Denna snedvridning av k\u00e4ll\u00e4get m\u00e5ste beaktas vetenskapligt, eftersom den kan f\u00e5 tupilakpraktiken att framst\u00e5 som mer utbredd \u00e4n den i verkligheten var.<\/p><p>Inom den j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vetenskapen som studerar religioner j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande och utan trosbindning.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvetenskapen<\/span> tolkas tupilaken som en del av den cirkumpol\u00e4ra religi\u00f6sa topografi som \u00e5terfinns i f\u00f6rv\u00e5nansv\u00e4rt likartad struktur \u00f6ver tusentals kilometer. Denna strukturella stabilitet betraktas religionsfenomenologiskt som ett av \u00e4mnets mest anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rda fynd och diskuteras fortfarande i dag.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apotrop\u00e4iska motpraktiker<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mot tupilaken fanns en etablerad repertoar av apotrop\u00e4iska praktiker. Den som anade att en tupilak var p\u00e5 v\u00e4g mot honom upps\u00f6kte en shaman, som med hj\u00e4lp av sina tornait, det vill s\u00e4ga sina hj\u00e4lpandar, kunde f\u00e5nga upp, identifiera och skicka tillbaka tupilaken.<\/p><p>Om tupilaken v\u00e4nde tillbaka mot sin skapare bringade den denne den avsedda d\u00f6den. Denna reciprocitet utg\u00f6r religionsfenomenologiskt ett eget m\u00f6nster.<\/p><p>Andra skyddspraktiker bestod i att b\u00e4ra apotrop\u00e4iska amuletter, i att f\u00f6rsegla igloons ing\u00e5ngar med s\u00e4rskilda riter och i att iaktta de allm\u00e4nna tabureglerna, vars efterlevnad ans\u00e5gs f\u00f6rsvaga tupilaken. Effektiviteten hos dessa medel var ett centralt tros- och erfarenhetstema, som behandlas utf\u00f6rligt i den gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska ber\u00e4ttarlitteraturen och utg\u00f6r en betydande del av det orala korpuset.<\/p><p>Vetenskapligt \u00e4r det anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt att tupilak-praktiken har gett upphov till b\u00e5de hot- och skyddsdiskurser. M\u00f6jligheten till aggressivt bruk st\u00e4rkte shamanernas sociala betydelse som skyddsinstans och stabiliserade samtidigt den sociala ordningen, eftersom uppenbara konflikter tenderade att undvikas. Denna samh\u00e4llspolitiska funktion hos tupilak-hotet \u00e4r religionssociologiskt ett eget forskningsomr\u00e5de.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiska och legendariska tupilak-ber\u00e4ttelser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den \u00f6stgr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska ber\u00e4ttartraditionen k\u00e4nner till m\u00e5nga tupilak-ber\u00e4ttelser d\u00e4r en tupilak v\u00e4nder sig mot sin skapare, eftersom den utvalda fienden var f\u00f6r stark. En k\u00e4nd ber\u00e4ttelse handlar om en shaman som riktade en tupilak mot en konkurrent, men denne uppt\u00e4ckte dess kraft, avv\u00e4rjde den och skickade den tillbaka till avs\u00e4ndaren. Skaparen dog d\u00e4refter i sin egen iglo.<\/p><p>Andra ber\u00e4ttelser handlar om tupilaker som av misstag drabbar oskyldiga, eller om tupilaker som inte l\u00e4ngre g\u00e5r att kontrollera f\u00f6r sin skapare och som vandrar genom tundran som fria skadeg\u00f6rande andar.<\/p><p>Dessa ber\u00e4ttelser \u00e4r inte bara underh\u00e5llande utan fungerar \u00e4ven som etiska varningar: den som tillverkar en tupilak riskerar sitt eget liv. Ber\u00e4ttelsernas didaktiska dimension utg\u00f6r inom religionspedagogiken ett eget forsknings\u00e4mne.<\/p><p>Tupilak-ber\u00e4ttelserna \u00e4r rikligt belagda i de stora gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska samlingarna, bland annat hos Henrik Rink och Mathias Storch. De utg\u00f6r en egen genre inom inuit-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den ned\u00e4rvda folkkulturen med sedv\u00e4njor, ber\u00e4ttelser och s\u00e5nger.\" tabindex=\"0\">folkloren<\/span> och \u00e4r ett viktigt k\u00e4llmaterial f\u00f6r den vetenskapliga rekonstruktionen av den traditionella shamanpraktiken och dess etiska diskurs.<\/p><p>En specifik undergrupp av ber\u00e4ttelserna handlar om tupilaker som beskrivs som djur-hybrider och som verkar i gr\u00e4nslandet mellan djur och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span>.<\/p><p>Denna hybridkarakt\u00e4r hos tupilakerna \u00e4r religionsfenomenologiskt ett eget fenomen och kopplar tupilak-f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen till inuiternas allm\u00e4nna transformations-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>, d\u00e4r gr\u00e4nserna mellan m\u00e4nniska, djur och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span> \u00e4r genomsl\u00e4ppliga. H\u00e4r finns en egen forskningsfr\u00e5ga om konstruktionen av hybrida varelser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fr\u00e5n skadeg\u00f6rande ande till snidad figur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En betydande omvandling av tupilak-begreppet inleddes p\u00e5 1880-talet i \u00d6stgr\u00f6nland. Europeiska bes\u00f6kare fr\u00e5gade shamanerna hur tupilakerna s\u00e5g ut. Eftersom de verkliga tupilakerna var osynliga eller forml\u00f6sa och f\u00f6ll s\u00f6nder direkt efter att ha fullgjort sin uppgift, snidade shamanerna modeller av valtand, rentandshorn och senare sten. Dessa modeller var demonstrationsobjekt, inga magiskt verksamma tupilaker.<\/p><p>Ur dessa modeller v\u00e4xte en egen hantverkstradition fram. Dagens gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska tupilak-snideri visar f\u00f6rvridna, hybrida varelser med m\u00e4nskliga, djurliga och fantastiska drag. De \u00e4r en betydande ekonomisk faktor f\u00f6r Gr\u00f6nland och finns representerade i all turisthandel. Den estetiska m\u00e5ngfalden \u00e4r stor och speglar den enskilda snidarens kreativitet.<\/p><p>Vetenskapligt sett \u00e4r denna omvandling ett l\u00e4roboksexempel p\u00e5 profanisering av en religi\u00f6s kategori. Tupilaken som andevarelse har till stor del f\u00f6rsvunnit ur f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningsv\u00e4rlden, medan tupilaken som snidad figur \u00e4r v\u00e4rldsber\u00f6md. Dessa tv\u00e5 lager m\u00e5ste h\u00e5llas is\u00e4r om man vill f\u00f6rst\u00e5 inuiternas religion. Denna skillnad f\u00f6rmedlas ocks\u00e5 uttryckligen i dagens gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska skolor och museer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilak i j\u00e4mf\u00f6relse med andra skadevarelser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I vetenskaplig j\u00e4mf\u00f6relse h\u00f6r tupilaken till kategorin konstruerade aggressionsandar, som f\u00f6rekommer i m\u00e5nga kulturer. Strukturellt besl\u00e4ktade \u00e4r den hebreiska golemen, den javanesiska <em>tuju<\/em>, det haitiska <em>zonbi<\/em>-komplexet och i viss m\u00e5n \u00e4ven den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoken f\u00f6r den grekiska och romerska kulturen, cirka 800 f.Kr. till 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antika<\/span> <em>katadesmos<\/em>-f\u00f6rbannelseplattan. Gemensamt f\u00f6r alla \u00e4r den m\u00e5lmedvetna materiella konstruktionen av en verksam varelse.<\/p><p>Inom det cirkumpol\u00e4ra omr\u00e5det finns paralleller i den tjuktjiska och yupikiska traditionen, som ocks\u00e5 k\u00e4nner till tillverkade aggressionsandar, men med andra materiella och rituella s\u00e4rdrag. Hos <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sami-noaidi-trumma\/\">samerna<\/a> motsvarar tupilaken strukturellt de snidade andevarelser som spelade en roll inom den samiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister umg\u00e5s med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamanismen<\/span>, utan att man kan anta n\u00e5got direkt historiskt samband.<\/p><p>Tupilak-praktiken skiljer sig fr\u00e5n v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om svart <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> genom att den inte prim\u00e4rt f\u00f6rd\u00f6ms etiskt. Den \u00e4r riskabel, men inom det inuitiska v\u00e4rdesystemet ett legitimt, om \u00e4n farligt, alternativ i konfliktsituationer. Denna etiska position g\u00f6r tupilak-praktiken religionsfilosofiskt intressant och skiljer den tydligt fr\u00e5n kristet-moraliskt pr\u00e4glade f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om skadlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>.<\/p><p>Vidare b\u00f6r paralleller till mesopotamiska Lamashtu-besv\u00e4rjelser n\u00e4mnas, d\u00e4r man ocks\u00e5 finner en kombination av skadekonstruktion och apotrop\u00e4isk praxis, utan att n\u00e5got historiskt samband beh\u00f6ver antas.<\/p><p>Dessa strukturella analogier utg\u00f6r inom den vetenskapliga diskussionen om skademagins universella m\u00f6nster ett eget forskningsf\u00e4lt och \u00e4r ett bel\u00e4gg f\u00f6r s\u00e5dana praktikers strukturella best\u00e4ndighet \u00f6ver kulturgr\u00e4nserna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mission, f\u00f6rbud och minne<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Med den mission som Hans Egede p\u00e5b\u00f6rjade 1721 p\u00e5 Gr\u00f6nlands v\u00e4stkust, och som de moraviska och dansk-lutherska kyrkorna fortsatte, kom tupilak-praktiken under starkt tryck. Den ans\u00e5gs dj\u00e4vulsk, var kyrkligt f\u00f6rbjuden och blev socialt f\u00f6rd\u00f6md. P\u00e5 Gr\u00f6nlands \u00f6stkust, som inte missionerades intensivt f\u00f6rr\u00e4n i slutet av 1800-talet, levde praktiken kvar l\u00e4ngst.<\/p><p>Vetenskapligt \u00e4r det sv\u00e5rt att exakt datera n\u00e4r den \u00e4kta tupilak-tillverkningen upph\u00f6rde. William Thalbitzer ber\u00e4ttar 1923 fortfarande om personer som i sin ungdom hade tillverkat tupilaker, eller \u00e5tminstone p\u00e5stod sig ha gjort det. Under andra h\u00e4lften av 1900-talet \u00f6verlever tupilaken bara i skulpturkonsten och i ber\u00e4ttarlitteraturen.<\/p><p>I Gr\u00f6nlands l\u00e4rob\u00f6cker och museer f\u00f6rmedlas tupilak-traditionen idag med didaktisk omsorg. Skillnaden mellan historisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> och samtida konst markeras uttryckligen f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rebygga missf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd. Denna pedagogiska praxis \u00e4r religionsdidaktiskt ett eget forskningsf\u00e4lt och ett exempel p\u00e5 f\u00f6rmedlingen av en kolonialt omvandlad religionshistoria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aktuell forskning och mottagande<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aktuell forskning om tupilaken bedrivs framf\u00f6r allt i Gr\u00f6nland sj\u00e4lv, till exempel vid Greenland National Museum and Archives i Nuuk och vid de etnologiska instituten vid de danska universiteten. Robert Petersen, Birgitte Sonne och Jens Rosing har lagt fram grundl\u00e4ggande studier om tupilak-praktiken och dess bildhistoria, vilka \u00e4r erk\u00e4nda i den internationella forskningsdiskursen.<\/p><p>Den internationella mottagningen \u00e4r delad. Medan den vetenskapliga facklitteraturen behandlar tupilaken som en historisk-rituell kategori, dominerar i popul\u00e4rkulturen anv\u00e4ndningen som ett esoteriskt eller dekorativt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>. Denna diskrepans \u00e4r f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r egen vetenskaplig reflektion kring kolonial appropriering av ursprungsreligioner och den etiska problematik som s\u00e5dana approprieringar inneb\u00e4r.<\/p><p>Inom den inuitiska diasporan har tupilaken f\u00f6rblivit en identitetssymbol, utan att den \u00e5terupplivas som magisk praktik. Denna dubbla h\u00e5llning, att bevara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som representerar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolen<\/span> men medvetet l\u00e4mna praktiken bakom sig, \u00e4r vetenskapligt belysande och visar den selektiva approprieringen av traditionella koncept i den moderna ursprungsbefolkningens identitetsskapande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lexikonreferenser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besl\u00e4ktade uppslagsord \u00e4r <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tornarssuk-stor-skyddsande-shamaner\/\">Tornarssuk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sedna-havets-harskarinna-inuiterna\/\">Sedna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sila-varldsandetag-vaderherre-inuiter\/\">Sila<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/anguta-sednas-far-och-underjordens-vaktare\/\">Anguta<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/nanook-isbjornsherre-inuit-tradition\/\">Nanook<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pinga-harskarinna-landdjur\/\">Pinga<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/igaluk-mangud-inuit-tradition\/\">Igaluk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/malina-solgudinna-inuiterna\/\">Malina<\/a> och <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/qailertetang-vaderfoljeslagare-djurens-vaktare\/\">Qailertetang<\/a>. Kulturhubben <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/inuit-arktis-sedna-tornit-skyddspraxis\/\">Inuit-tradition<\/a> ramar in religionshistorien. Strukturellt liknande konstruktionsandar \u00e5terfinns i den <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sami-noaidi-trumma\/\">samiska<\/a> uppslagsordsserien och hos m\u00e5nga andra traditioner v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp214d8673 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp214d8673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27e4a4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27e4a4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tupilakens tillverkning i traditionen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24166b60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp24166b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2b59f5ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2b59f5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilaken \u00e4r i den gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska inuitiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskapens och ber\u00e4ttelsernas vidaref\u00f6rmedling genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> inte en f\u00f6dd varelse, utan en tillverkad.<\/p><p>Enligt de beskrivningar som bland annat kommer fr\u00e5n anteckningarna fr\u00e5n den femte Thule-expeditionen under Knud Rasmussen och fr\u00e5n \u00e4ldre reseber\u00e4ttelser, tillverkade en person som ville skada en annan m\u00e4nniska varelsen i hemlighet av olika material. Man anv\u00e4nde ben, djurdelar, bitar av skinn, senor och ibland \u00e4ven n\u00e5got fr\u00e5n kroppen av ett barn eller en avliden.<\/p><p>Dessa best\u00e5ndsdelar sattes samman till en liten, ofta forml\u00f6s figur. Genom s\u00e5nger, besv\u00e4rjelser och enligt vissa ber\u00e4ttelser genom kontakt med tillverkarens egen kropp fick figuren liv. Tupilaken var d\u00e4rmed ett verktyg f\u00f6r skadeg\u00f6rande magi: den s\u00e4ndes ut i havet f\u00f6r att s\u00f6ka upp och d\u00f6da ett best\u00e4mt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskapens och ber\u00e4ttelsernas vidaref\u00f6rmedling genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">Traditionen<\/span> betonar dock att tupilaken var farlig f\u00f6r sin egen skapare. Om det avsedda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offret<\/span> f\u00f6rfogade \u00f6ver starkare \u00f6vernaturliga krafter eller sj\u00e4lv var en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som anses f\u00f6rmedla mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>, kunde det avv\u00e4rja tupilaken och skicka den tillbaka. Den \u00e5terv\u00e4ndande tupilaken d\u00f6dade d\u00e5 den som hade tillverkat den.<\/p><p>Tillverkningen ans\u00e5gs d\u00e4rf\u00f6r vara en h\u00f6griskfylld och socialt f\u00f6rd\u00f6md handling. K\u00e4llorna till dessa f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar \u00e4r genomg\u00e5ende anteckningar utifr\u00e5n, insamlade av expeditionsdeltagare, pr\u00e4ster och resen\u00e4rer, och de g\u00e4ller framf\u00f6r allt \u00d6st- och V\u00e4stgr\u00f6nland. En enhetlig praktik f\u00f6r hela inuitv\u00e4rlden kan inte h\u00e4rledas fr\u00e5n dem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp209c5ae5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp209c5ae5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a926e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2a926e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De skurna tupilak-figurerna och den koloniala konstmarknaden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e82f2d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e82f2d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp29b0254c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp29b0254c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De mest k\u00e4nda tupilak-objekten idag \u00e4r sm\u00e5 snidade figurer av tand, ben, horn eller tr\u00e4 som f\u00f6rest\u00e4ller groteska blandvarelser och grimasfigurer. Dessa figurer \u00e4r dock inte identiska med de skadebringande varelser som beskrivs i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser som f\u00f6rs vidare mellan generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span>. De ursprungliga tupilakerna var dolda, i hemlighet tillverkade objekt som ingen skulle se och som inte bevarades efter anv\u00e4ndning.<\/p><p>De snidade figurerna uppstod f\u00f6rst i kontakten med europ\u00e9er. Resen\u00e4rer, mission\u00e4rer och senare turister ville veta hur en tupilak s\u00e5g ut, och gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndare skapade d\u00e4rf\u00f6r synliga avbildningar av det som dittills bara funnits som f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning.<\/p><p>Ur detta m\u00f6te utvecklades fr\u00e5n sent 1800-tal och s\u00e4rskilt under 1900-talet en egen snidarkonst, framf\u00f6r allt i \u00d6stgr\u00f6nland kring Ammassalik. Tupilak-figurerna blev en fast del av det gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska hantverket och tillverkas fortfarande.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r forskningen \u00e4r denna utveckling ett l\u00e4rorikt exempel p\u00e5 kolonialt pr\u00e4glad objekthistoria. Det som i museer och samlingar finns som tupilak \u00e4r oftast en produkt fr\u00e5n kontakttiden, inte ett vittnesb\u00f6rd om f\u00f6rkolonial ritualpraxis. Etnologer som William Thalbitzer, som unders\u00f6kte \u00d6stgr\u00f6nland i b\u00f6rjan av 1900-talet, p\u00e5pekade tidigt skillnaden mellan det traderade begreppet och den synliga figuren.<\/p><p>De snidade tupilakerna \u00e4r dock inte enbart f\u00f6rfalskningar, utan en egen konstn\u00e4rlig tradition som har f\u00f6rt \u00f6ver det gamla begreppet till en ny, materiell form. Vid varje uttalande om tupilak-objekt m\u00e5ste man d\u00e4rf\u00f6r skilja p\u00e5 om det handlar om den traderade f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen eller om snidarkonsten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Henrik Rink: <em>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo<\/em> (Edinburgh 1875)<\/li><li>William Thalbitzer: <em>The Ammassalik Eskimo<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1914-1923)<\/li><li>Robert Petersen: <em>Carved Greenlandic Figures<\/em> (Nuuk 1991)<\/li><li>Birgitte Sonne: <em>Heaven Negotiated. Hell Imagined<\/em> (Kopenhagen 2017)<\/li><li>Jens Rosing: <em>Sagn og saga fra Angmagssalik<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1963)<\/li><li>Hans Egede: <em>Det gamle Gr\u00f8nlands nye Perlustration<\/em> (Kopenhagen 1741)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-tupilak-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-tupilak-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tupilaken anses i den gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser som f\u00f6rs vidare mellan generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> vara en konstgjort tillverkad <strong>h\u00e4mndeande<\/strong>, som en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedlingen mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span> eller angakkoq formade av ben, djurrester och skinn f\u00f6r att tr\u00e4ffa en best\u00e4md motst\u00e5ndare.<\/p><p>Som en medvetet framkallad h\u00e4mndeande skiljer sig tupilaken fr\u00e5n fritt kringvandrande andev\u00e4sen i inuit-traditionen, eftersom den \u00e4r riktad mot en specifik person och, enligt k\u00e4llorna, kan v\u00e4nda sig mot sin egen upphovsman s\u00e5 snart det angripna m\u00e5let visar sig vara starkare skyddat \u00e4n f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntat.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterade nyckelbegrepp: Tupilak Tupilaq Tupilait Skadeande Snidad figur \u00d6stgr\u00f6nland Valtand Thalbitzer.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tupilak\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard och skyddstraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard bygger p\u00e5 den kulturhistoriska traditionen av b\u00e4rbara skyddsobjekt, i traditionen fr\u00e5n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/inuit-arktis-sedna-tornit-skyddspraxis\/\">inuiter<\/a> och m\u00e5nga andra kulturer v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver. 41 lager, \u00e4kta guld, platina, silver, tillverkad i Tyskland. 30 dagars \u00e5ngerr\u00e4tt.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personliga erfarenheter kan variera. Ingen medicinteknisk produkt. Inget l\u00f6fte om l\u00e4kning.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tupilak-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tupilak-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard \u00e4r <strong>ingen medicinteknisk produkt<\/strong> och ers\u00e4tter inte l\u00e4karv\u00e5rd eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvetenskapliga inneh\u00e5llen \u00e4r kulturhistorisk inordning, ingen andlig praxisrekommendation.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2881,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tupilak inuit h\u00e4mndeande","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tupilak - H\u00e4mndeande och snidad figur hos inuiterna","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tupilak \u00e4r den konstgjorda h\u00e4mndeanden hos de gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska inuiterna, senare en snidad figur. Religionsvetenskaplig inordning och k\u00e4llor.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"inuit","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136905","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tupilak - H\u00e4mndeande och snidad figur hos inuiterna<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tupilak \u00e4r den konstgjorda h\u00e4mndeanden hos de gr\u00f6nl\u00e4ndska inuiterna, senare en snidad figur. 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