{"id":136884,"date":"2026-09-03T00:10:52","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:10:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136884"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:14:46","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:14:46","slug":"erlik-khan-underjordens-harskare","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/erlik-khan-underjordens-harskare\/","title":{"rendered":"Erlik Khan \u2013 h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver altaiernas underjord"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136884\" class=\"elementor elementor-136884 elementor-2636 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik Khan, altaisk-sibirisk herre \u00f6ver underjorden och \u00dclgens motspelare<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan \u00e4r i sydsibirisk tengrism underjordens h\u00e4rskare och den mytiska motspelaren till ljusguden <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/ulgen-ljusgud-altai\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>. Han representerar samtidigt d\u00f6den och sjukdomen samt en n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig, ordnad skuggsida av v\u00e4rlden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Skadevarelse inom traditionen Sibirien \/ tengrism.\">Skadevarelse<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sibirisk-schamanism-och-tengrism-stapp-och-tajga\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi inom traditionen Sibirien \/ tengrism.\">Sibirien \/ tengrism<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Underjordsgud.\">Underjordsgud<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis \u00f6ffnen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis schlie\u00dfen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-erlikkhan-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2855\" alt=\"Erlik Khan - D\u00e4monen aus der Sibirisch-tengrismus-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_sibirisch-tengrismus_erlik-khan.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan \u00e4r den <strong>altaisk-sibiriska<\/strong> underjordsguden inom tengrismen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp-erlik-khan elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp-erlik-khan\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan, den <strong>altaiska underjordsguden<\/strong>, h\u00e4rskar \u00f6ver de d\u00f6da och den underjordiska v\u00e4rlden i den tengristisk-schamanska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av en kulturs \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologin<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontextualisering och kortprofil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik Khan (\u00e4ven Erlik, Erklik, Erlig, mong. Erlig Khaan) tillh\u00f6r den h\u00f6gsta gudaskiktet i det sydsibiriska pantheonet. I altaisk och tuvinsk tro \u00e4r han herre \u00f6ver det nedre riket, inte det onda i sig, utan ett avgr\u00e4nsat omr\u00e5de d\u00e4r de d\u00f6da samt sjukdomens och hungersn\u00f6dens andar bor.<\/p><p>I senare skiktningar framtr\u00e4der han som en f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngt ond figur, vilket framf\u00f6r allt beror p\u00e5 den buddhistiska omformningen i den mongoliska v\u00e4rlden (Erlig Khan \u2248 Yama) och den kristet-missionerande demoniseringen under 1700-\/1800-talet.<\/p><p>Inom den <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sibirisk-schamanism-och-tengrism-stapp-och-tajga\/\">sibirisk-tengristiska traditionen<\/a> bildar Erlik ett dualistiskt par med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/ulgen-ljusgud-altai\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>. Detta ska dock inte f\u00f6rst\u00e5s moraliskt i manikeisk dualistisk mening, utan snarare som en komplement\u00e4r ordning mellan uppe och nere, sommar och vinter, f\u00f6delse och d\u00f6d. Denna tolkning klargjordes av A. V. Anokhin i hans <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister har kontakt med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924).<\/p><p>Den religionsvetenskapliga diskussionen om Erlik \u00e4r s\u00e5 rik just d\u00e4rf\u00f6r att den exemplifierar hur missionerande utomst\u00e5ende perspektiv kan f\u00f6rvr\u00e4nga en inhemsk religion. Vad altaierna k\u00e4nde som \u201eherre \u00f6ver de nedre\u201c blev genom rysk-ortodoxa och buddhistiska \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningar till \u201edj\u00e4vulen\u201c, ett klassiskt fallexempel inom Postcolonial Religious Studies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn och etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Namnet <em>Erlik<\/em> \u00e4r gammalturkiskt och brukar i forskningen h\u00e4rledas till <em>er<\/em> (\u201eman, hj\u00e4lte\u201c); en alternativ h\u00e4rledning kopplar det till en stam med betydelsen \u201emodig, stark, h\u00e4rskande\u201c.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 mongoliska blir han <em>Erlig Khaan<\/em>; i den buddhistiska \u00f6verlagringen sm\u00e4lter han samman med den indo-tibetanska Yama\/Shinje. Walther Heissig har beskrivit denna sammansm\u00e4ltning i detalj i <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970).<\/p><p>Titeltill\u00e4gget <em>Khan<\/em> markerar honom som h\u00e4rskare; i de altaiska schamans\u00e5ngerna kallas han \u00e4ven <em>Yer-Tine Khan<\/em>, \u201ekung \u00f6ver jordens djup\u201c. Viktigt att notera: i det sibiriska egna sammanhanget \u00e4r Erlik ingen dj\u00e4vul i kristen mening; kristna mission\u00e4rer under 1800-talet (Verbickij med flera) f\u00f6rde dock fram denna \u00f6vers\u00e4ttning, och forskningen har l\u00e4nge okritiskt \u00f6vertagit den.<\/p><p>Lingvistiskt intressant \u00e4r den m\u00f6jliga kopplingen till <em>er-lig<\/em>, \u201eden manlige\u201c, vilket karakt\u00e4riserar Erlik som en \u201estor man\u201c bortom d\u00f6den. I denna tolkning skulle han vara mindre en skadevarelse \u00e4n representanten f\u00f6r en n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig antropologisk funktion: d\u00f6den som en del av manligheten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning och ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik beskrivs som en gammal, svarth\u00e5rig man med vildsvinsbetar, j\u00e4rnklor och en stridsklubba av m\u00e4nskliga kotor.<\/p><p>Han rider p\u00e5 en svart tjur eller en svart h\u00e4st; hans palats ligger vid stranden av en helvetesflod, d\u00e4r han bor tillsammans med nio s\u00f6ner och nio d\u00f6ttrar. Den altaiska schamantrumman visar honom i den nedre tredjedelen, ofta med en omv\u00e4nd sol-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som representerar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>.<\/p><p>Denna ikonografi beskrivs klassiskt hos Anokhin (1924) och hos N. Dyrenkova; den togs senare upp av Mircea Eliade i <em>Le chamanisme<\/em>. Den buddhistiska omformningen ger honom dessutom den indo-tibetanska Yamas attribut: buffelhorn, lasso, g\u00e4rningarnas spegel.<\/p><p>I samlingarna p\u00e5 Kunstkammer-museet (S:t Petersburg) finns flera bevarade altaiska Erlik-avbildningar, som L. P. Potapov katalogiserat i sitt standardverk <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991). De uppvisar en anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rd ikonografisk stabilitet \u00f6ver 200 \u00e5r av samlingshistoria.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiska ber\u00e4ttelser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den altaiska skapelsemyten ber\u00e4ttar hur <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/ulgen-ljusgud-altai\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> vill skapa jord ur urhavet och f\u00f6r det \u00e4ndam\u00e5let ber Erlik, i f\u00e5gelgestalt, om hj\u00e4lp.<\/p><p>Erlik dyker ner, h\u00e4mtar upp lera, men beh\u00e5ller i smyg en del i munnen. Ur denna rest uppst\u00e5r k\u00e4rr, berg och slutligen Erlik sj\u00e4lv som en egen makt. Senare f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker han av \u00f6vermod s\u00e4tta sig bredvid \u00dclgen, blir f\u00f6rvisad och h\u00e4rskar sedan \u00f6ver den nedre v\u00e4rlden.<\/p><p>En andra ber\u00e4ttelse skildrar hur Erlik g\u00f6r de f\u00f6rsta m\u00e4nniskorna sjuka genom att \u201el\u00e4sa\u201c ben ur deras kroppar. Schamanerna f\u00f6ddes f\u00f6r att f\u00f6ra tillbaka dessa ben, en mytbild som <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tillh\u00f6rande ett fastst\u00e4llt religi\u00f6st handlingsf\u00f6rlopp.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituellt<\/span> grundl\u00e4gger schamanens resa till underjorden och intar den prototypiska platsen i Eliades <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister har kontakt med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">schamanism<\/span>-modell.<\/p><p>En tredje, mindre k\u00e4nd ber\u00e4ttelse redog\u00f6r f\u00f6r hur Erlik f\u00f6rhandlar med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tengri-himmelsgud-tengristerna\/\">Tengris<\/a> budb\u00e4rare om de d\u00f6das sj\u00e4lar: den som levt ett gott liv f\u00e5r \u00e5terv\u00e4nda upp\u00e5t, den som handlat illa stannar kvar hos Erlik. Denna moraliserande variant har troligen ett yngre (postbuddhistiskt) ursprung.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult och v\u00f6rdnad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I strikt mening fanns ingen \u201ev\u00f6rdnad\u201c av Erlik, snarare en ritualiserad avgr\u00e4nsning. De altaiska shamanerna skilde mellan <em>aq kam<\/em> (vit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedlingen mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>), som steg upp till \u00dclgen, och <em>kara kam<\/em> (svart <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedlingen mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shaman<\/span>), som steg ner till Erlik.<\/p><p>B\u00e5da kallelserna ans\u00e5gs legitima och n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga; den etnografiska skildringen hos Anokhin visar tydligt att \u201esvart\u201c h\u00e4r betyder \u201eriktad ned\u00e5t\u201c och inte \u201eond\u201c.<\/p><p>Vid epidemier, pl\u00f6tsliga d\u00f6dsfall eller f\u00f6rlusten av ett barn kallades den svarta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedlingen mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamanen<\/span>. Under sessionen intog han <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Som h\u00f6r till ett fastst\u00e4llt religi\u00f6st handlingsf\u00f6rlopp.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituellt<\/span> Erliks rike, f\u00f6rhandlade med honom och f\u00f6rde tillbaka den \u201ebortf\u00f6rda sj\u00e4len\u201c. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offren<\/span> utgjordes av svarta f\u00e5r eller h\u00e4star; blodet h\u00e4lldes i jorden i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att offras till solen.<\/p><p>Under sovjettiden dog denna <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> n\u00e4stan helt ut; under den altaiska ren\u00e4ssansen sedan 1991 upplever den en f\u00f6rsiktig \u00e5terupplivning, dock betydligt mindre synlig \u00e4n \u00dclgen-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>, eftersom Erlik i den moderna uppfattningen fortfarande f\u00f6rknippas med \u201esvart magi\u201c.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddspraxis och apotrop\u00e4iskt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Religionsvetenskapligt beskrivet (utan verkningsutf\u00e4stelse): Apotrop\u00e4iska praktiker mot Erlik omfattade att h\u00e4nga vita ullband p\u00e5 d\u00f6rrbj\u00e4lken, att l\u00e4gga ner sm\u00e5 tr\u00e4figurer (\u201eErlik-tj\u00e4nare\u201c) som symboliska ers\u00e4ttningsoffer, tabut att h\u00f6gt uttala namnet Erlik efter solnedg\u00e5ngen, samt att r\u00f6krena huset med enris.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven vissa beteenderegler var <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ont avv\u00e4rjande: om tecken och f\u00f6rem\u00e5l som ska h\u00e5lla skadliga inflytelser p\u00e5 avst\u00e5nd.\" tabindex=\"0\">apotrop\u00e4iskt<\/span> f\u00e4rgade: man fick inte g\u00e5 in p\u00e5 sjukbes\u00f6k med hatt, eftersom Erlik \u201esamlar huvuden\u201c; d\u00f6rrtr\u00f6sklar penslades med kolstybb, eftersom det d\u00e4mpade svarta enligt f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen h\u00e4mmar det svarta, ett klassiskt exempel p\u00e5 sympatisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler avser att p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> i James Frazers mening.<\/p><p>Dessa praktiker b\u00f6r f\u00f6rst\u00e5s inom ramen f\u00f6r den sydsibiriska religionens tabu- och renhetskoncept, som genom en m\u00e4ngd detaljregler avgr\u00e4nsar den ordnade v\u00e4rldsbyggnaden mot den nedre v\u00e4rlden. Roberte Hamayon har i <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990) tolkat dem som en del av \u201esl\u00e4ktskapsekonomin\u201c, d\u00e4r sjukdom och d\u00f6d behandlas som brott mot ordningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Strukturellt j\u00e4mf\u00f6rbara \u00e4r: Yama i det vediska och buddhistiska Indien; Hades i det grekiska; Hel i den nordiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av en kulturs \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologin<\/span>; Mictlantecuhtli i den aztekiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av gudarna inom en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>; Osiris i sin funktion som d\u00f6dsdomare, mindre som d\u00f6ende gud. I Sibirien sj\u00e4lvt finns parallellfigurer som <em>Aiy Tojon<\/em>s motpart <em>Yer-Khan<\/em> hos jakuterna.<\/p><p>Den buddhistisk-tibetanska omformningen av Erlik till Erlig Khaan = Yama \u00e4r f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r en egen unders\u00f6kning hos Walther Heissig (<em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em>, 1970). H\u00e4r visas hur en inhemsk underjordsfigur integreras i tantrismen och d\u00e4r bekl\u00e4ds med egna attributiva lager.<\/p><p>Religionsfenomenologiskt anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt \u00e4r iakttagelsen att n\u00e4stan alla trepartiga kosmologiska system (\u00f6vre, mellersta, nedre) har en underjordsgudom som samtidigt \u00e4r skr\u00e4ckfigur och ordningens garant. Erlik \u00e4r allts\u00e5 ingen anomali, utan ett l\u00e4roexempel.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutida mottagande och forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I modern tuvinsk och altaisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade folkkulturen med seder, ber\u00e4ttelser och s\u00e5nger.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span> \u00e4r Erlik snarare en skr\u00e4ckfigur \u00e4n ett kultobjekt; i den popul\u00e4ra receptionen (fantasyromaner, onlinespel) framtr\u00e4der han delvis som \u201em\u00f6rk motst\u00e5ndare\u201c. Vetenskapligt solida framst\u00e4llningar finns hos Andrei Znamenski, Roberte Hamayon och i den ryskspr\u00e5kiga samlingen <em>Mify narodov mira<\/em> (Bd. 2, 1992).<\/p><p>En viktig forskningsdebatt handlar om fr\u00e5gan hur mycket av dagens \u201em\u00f6rka\u201c Erlik-bild som \u00e4r f\u00f6rislamisk\/f\u00f6rbuddhistisk och hur mycket som uppstod som kristen-missionerande demonisering under 1700- och 1800-talet. Verbickij och andra mission\u00e4rer \u00f6versatte i sina ordb\u00f6cker helt enkelt \u201eErlik\u201c med \u201edj\u00e4vul\u201c, vilket senare forskning l\u00e4nge okritiskt tog \u00f6ver.<\/p><p>Andrei Znamenskis <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007) har omfattande rekonstruerat denna f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngningshistoria och f\u00f6respr\u00e5kar en \u00e5teruppr\u00e4ttelse av den historiska Erlik som en ambivalent ordningsfigur bortom kristet-dualistiska scheman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningsdebatter och \u00f6ppna fr\u00e5gor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tre forskningsfr\u00e5gor \u00e4r fortfarande obesvarade. F\u00f6r det f\u00f6rsta: vilken f\u00f6rform hade Erlik i den prototurkiska religionen f\u00f6re kontakten med buddhism och kristendom? Anokhins material antyder att han var \u00e4ldre och mer sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndig \u00e4n vad den buddhistiska Yama-identifikationen antyder.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r det andra: i vilken utstr\u00e4ckning \u00e4r den altaiska Erlik-traditionen kontinuerlig med den jakutiska <em>abasy<\/em>-traditionen, och diskontinuerlig med den mongoliska Erlig Khaan-traditionen? L. P. Potapov har argumenterat f\u00f6r en klyvningshypotes h\u00e4r, vilken har \u00e5terupptagits i nyare forskning.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r det tredje: vilken roll spelar Erlik i den samtida tuvinska och altaiska neo-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister umg\u00e5s med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">schamanism<\/span>-scenen, som utvecklas dels mot, dels tillsammans med den ryska huvudstr\u00f6mningen? Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer har i flera artiklar visat att moderna schamaner medvetet anv\u00e4nder Erlik f\u00f6r att profilera ett inhemskt alternativ till den dominerande rysk-ortodoxa symboliken.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">F\u00f6rh\u00e5llande till Yama-traditionen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Identifikationen av Erlik med den buddhistiska Yama \u00e4r religionshistoriskt ett av de b\u00e4st dokumenterade fallen inom mongolisk-tibetansk religion. Walther Heissig visade i <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) hur den altaiska Erlik under flera \u00e5rhundraden sm\u00e4lte samman med den indo-tibetanska Yama\/Shinje, utan att en fullst\u00e4ndig substitution \u00e4gde rum.<\/p><p>Ist\u00e4llet uppstod en dubbelskiktad gestalt, d\u00e4r antingen den altaiska eller den buddhistiska skiktningen aktualiseras beroende p\u00e5 sammanhang.<\/p><p>Denna skiktning \u00e4r ett l\u00e4roboksexempel f\u00f6r vetenskapliga &#8221;translation studies&#8221;: hur exakt \u00f6verf\u00f6rs ett begrepp fr\u00e5n en tradition till en annan, vilka semantiska f\u00f6rskjutningar \u00e4r oundvikliga, och vilka egendomliga hybridformer uppst\u00e5r ur \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningsprocessen?<\/p><p>Ett konkret fall: i den tibetanska <em>Bardo-th\u00f6dr\u00f6l<\/em> (&#8221;Tibetanska d\u00f6dsboken&#8221;) upptr\u00e4der Yama som spegelh\u00e5llare, som visar den d\u00f6de dennes livsg\u00e4rningar. Denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning saknas i det autoktont-altaiska Erlik-komplexet, men \u00e4r n\u00e4rvarande i den senmongoliska Erlik-f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen, en indikation p\u00e5 det buddhistiska skiktet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4llor och koppling till kulturhubben<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s10t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den som vill studera Erlik-komplexet i hela dess bredd hittar p\u00e5 \u00f6versiktssidan <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sibirisk-schamanism-och-tengrism-stapp-och-tajga\/\">Sibirisk-tengristisk tradition<\/a> de viktigaste h\u00e4nvisningarna till besl\u00e4ktade gestalter som <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/ulgen-ljusgud-altai\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a> och de l\u00e4gre <em>abasy<\/em>-skadev\u00e4sendena. A. V. Anokhins <em>Materialien zum Schamanismus der Altaier<\/em> (1924) f\u00f6rblir den viktigaste prim\u00e4rk\u00e4llan.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r den buddhistiska \u00f6verformningen \u00e4r Walther Heissigs <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970) och Klaus Sagasters studier relevanta. F\u00f6r den kritiska granskningen av de mission\u00e4ra f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngningarna \u00e4r Andrei Znamenskis <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (Oxford 2007) det b\u00e4sta tillg\u00e4ngliga verket.<\/p><p>L. P. Potapovs standardverk <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (Sankt Petersburg 1991) erbjuder den mest omfattande sovjetisk-ryska syntesen och b\u00f6r inte f\u00f6rbig\u00e5s inom Erlik-forskningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religionsfenomenologi av underjorden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s11t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erlik h\u00f6r hemma i det religionsfenomenologiska spektrumet av underjordsgudomar, som Mircea Eliade behandlade utf\u00f6rligt i <em>Forgerons et alchimistes<\/em> (1956) och i sin bok om <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister umg\u00e5s med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">schamanism<\/span>. Karakteristiskt \u00e4r ambivalensen: underjordsgudomar representerar den n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga skuggsidan av den kosmiska ordningen, och med ett enkelt \u201eond\u201c missf\u00f6rst\u00e5s deras v\u00e4sen.<\/p><p>En s\u00e4rskild po\u00e4ng med Erlik \u00e4r hans funktion som b\u00e5de sjukdomsorsakare och sjukdomsupph\u00e4vare p\u00e5 samma g\u00e5ng. Den svarta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s specialist som tillskrivs f\u00f6rmedlingen mellan m\u00e4nniskor och andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">schamanen<\/span> f\u00f6rhandlar med Erlik om \u00e5terl\u00e4mnandet av f\u00f6rlorade sj\u00e4lar, en klassisk modell f\u00f6r \u201eschamansk f\u00f6rhandling\u201c, som Roberte Hamayon utvecklat i kontrast till Eliades \u201eextas\u201c-modell.<\/p><p>Religionsantropologiskt intressant \u00e4r \u00e5tskillnaden mellan \u201evita\u201c och \u201esvarta\u201c schamaner med separata gudaadresser. Denna dubbelstruktur \u00e5terfinns lika tydligt endast i ett f\u00e5tal sibiriska traditioner som hos altaierna och tuvinerna; den \u00e4r historiskt sett troligen sen, kanske uppkommen under buddhistiskt inflytande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metodisk reflektion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s12t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I arbetet med Erlik-k\u00e4llor uppst\u00e5r flera metodologiska problem. F\u00f6rst: de \u00e4ldsta k\u00e4llorna \u00e4r kristna mission\u00e4rers anteckningar (Verbickij, Chivalkov) fr\u00e5n 1800-talet, som systematiskt identifierade honom med den kristna dj\u00e4vulen. Att skala av detta mission\u00e4ra skikt \u00e4r metodologiskt sv\u00e5rt.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r det andra: den buddhistiska identifikationen med Yama har lagt till ytterligare betydelseskikt, som inte utan sv\u00e5righet kan skiljas fr\u00e5n det altaiska ur-Erlik-skiktet. Walther Heissigs skiktmodell hj\u00e4lper, men f\u00f6rblir diskutabel.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r det tredje: den samtida schamanpraktiken kring Erlik \u00e4r fragmenterad efter sovjettiden; vad vi ser idag \u00e4r en nyformning baserad p\u00e5 etnografiska texter, ingen obruten kontinuitet. Andrei Znamenski har reflekterat kritiskt \u00f6ver detta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik i den samtida popul\u00e4rkulturen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-s13t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den samtida popul\u00e4rkulturen \u00e4r Erlik f\u00f6rv\u00e5nansv\u00e4rt n\u00e4rvarande. Han f\u00f6rekommer i flera ryska fantasyromaner, i onlinedatorspel (till exempel <em>Path of Exile<\/em>, <em>Smite<\/em>), i heavy metal-l\u00e5ttexter och i manga- och animev\u00e4rlden. Denna mottagning f\u00f6rvrider ofta kraftigt den historiska bilden, men g\u00f6r samtidigt Erlik till en kulturellt aktiv gestalt.<\/p><p>Vetenskapligt \u00e4r denna mottagning ambivalent: den h\u00e5ller Erlik levande i det kulturella minnet, men banaliserar honom samtidigt. Andrei Znamenski har i <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007) pekat p\u00e5 sp\u00e4nningen mellan vetenskaplig rekonstruktion och popul\u00e4r till\u00e4gnelse.<\/p><p>I de altaiska och tuvinska republikerna sj\u00e4lva \u00e4r Erlik mindre n\u00e4rvarande i folkkulturen \u00e4n \u00dclgen eller Tengri; han f\u00f6rblir en mer perifer gestalt, som spelar en roll i den schamanska praktiken men inte i regionens offentliga representation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27518a4a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27518a4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20374ec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp20374ec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik i den altaiska skapelseber\u00e4ttelsen: medskaparen av den ofullkomliga v\u00e4rlden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23d083fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23d083fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fdabf2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2fdabf2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I skapelseber\u00e4ttelserna hos de turkspr\u00e5kiga folken i Altaj spelar Erlik, \u00e4ven kallad <em>Erlik Khan<\/em> eller <em>Erlik<\/em>, en mots\u00e4gelsefull men oumb\u00e4rlig roll.<\/p><p>Flera versioner nedtecknade av etnografer under 1800- och tidigt 1900-tal skildrar hur det i begynnelsen bara fanns vatten, och hur skapargudet, ofta identifierat med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/ulgen-ljusgud-altai\/\">\u00dclgen<\/a>, med Erliks medverkan h\u00e4mtar upp jorden ur urvattnet.<\/p><p>I en vanlig ber\u00e4ttelseform dyker de b\u00e5da ner i f\u00e5gelskepnad, eller l\u00e5ter en varelse dyka, f\u00f6r att h\u00e4mta jord fr\u00e5n urhavets botten. Erlik beh\u00e5ller i smyg lite jord i munnen, med avsikten att skapa en egen v\u00e4rld.<\/p><p>N\u00e4r skapargudet l\u00e5ter den medhavda jorden v\u00e4xa, b\u00f6rjar \u00e4ven den dolda jorden i Erliks mun att v\u00e4xa, s\u00e5 att han tvingas spy den ut. Ur denna utspydda jord uppst\u00e5r tr\u00e4sken, de sv\u00e5rframkomliga och ofruktbara trakterna. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsm\u00e4ssigt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivet<\/span> f\u00f6rklarar mytologiskt varf\u00f6r v\u00e4rlden inte \u00e4r fullkomlig.<\/p><p>Denna ber\u00e4ttelse h\u00f6r till en vitt spridd typ av jorddykar-skapelsemyter som \u00e4r belagd i hela Nordeurasien och Nordamerika. Anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rd \u00e4r Erliks moraliskt ambivalenta st\u00e4llning: i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att vara en ren f\u00f6rst\u00f6rare visar myten en medskapare, vars egenm\u00e4ktighet och list samtidigt fullbordar och skadar v\u00e4rlden.<\/p><p>Vid bed\u00f6mningen av dessa ber\u00e4ttelser b\u00f6r man beakta att uppteckningarna h\u00e4rr\u00f6r fr\u00e5n en tid d\u00e5 den altaiska religionen redan p\u00e5verkats av kristna och buddhistiska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar. Vissa forskare har d\u00e4rf\u00f6r fr\u00e5gat sig om betoningen av en motst\u00e5ndarliknande medskapare f\u00f6rst\u00e4rkts av s\u00e5dana influenser. Ett s\u00e4kert svar g\u00e5r inte att ge.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2032381e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2032381e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2549d4d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2549d4d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Underjordens herre: Erliks rike och den schamanska resan ned\u00e5t<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2699d7d9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2699d7d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c60fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp215c60fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ut\u00f6ver skapelseber\u00e4ttelserna \u00e4r Erlik i den altaiska och mer allm\u00e4nt sibiriska religionen framf\u00f6r allt k\u00e4nd som underjordens herre och de d\u00f6das h\u00e4rskare. Hans rike beskrivs i k\u00e4llorna som ett m\u00f6rkt omr\u00e5de under jorden, dit de avlidna kommer.<\/p><p>Erlik anses ocks\u00e5 vara upphov till sjukdom och d\u00f6d. Enligt altaisk f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning kunde livskraften eller sj\u00e4len hos den som blev sv\u00e5rt sjuk ha f\u00f6rts bort till underjorden av Erlik eller hans budb\u00e4rare.<\/p><p>Till denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning ankn\u00f6t en best\u00e4md form av schamansk praktik. Medan himmelsresan till \u00dclgen var en uppf\u00e4rd, var resan till Erlik en nedf\u00e4rd.<\/p><p>Den schamanska specialisten beskrev i rituella s\u00e5nger hur han for ner i Erliks rike, \u00f6vervann hinder d\u00e4r och slutligen tr\u00e4dde fram inf\u00f6r Erlik f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rhandla med honom, till exempel f\u00f6r att \u00e5terkr\u00e4va en sjuk persons bortf\u00f6rda sj\u00e4l eller f\u00f6r att \u00f6verl\u00e4mna offerg\u00e5vor.<\/p><p>Wilhelm Radloff har nedtecknat s\u00e5dana nedf\u00e4rdsskildringar, och de har senare \u00e4gnats stor uppm\u00e4rksamhet inom den j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande schamanismforskningen.<\/p><p>Vid tolkningen kr\u00e4vs \u00e5terh\u00e5llsamhet. De nedtecknade texterna \u00e4r konkreta framf\u00f6randen, inte tidl\u00f6sa manus, och deras generalisering till ett m\u00f6nster f\u00f6r den schamanska underjordsresan, som till exempel Mircea Eliade gjorde, har kritiserats av senare forskning f\u00f6r att f\u00f6renkla f\u00f6r mycket.<\/p><p>Man kan konstatera att Erlik i altaisk praktik var mycket mer \u00e4n en varelse man bara fruktade och undvek: en makt som specialisten aktivt f\u00f6rhandlade med i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualen<\/span>. Umg\u00e4nget med Erlik gick bortom ren avv\u00e4rjning; det var en reglerad, riskfylld kommunikation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2907420d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2907420d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2fc29be0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2fc29be0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Erlik mellan inhemsk tradition och fr\u00e4mmande inflytande: en forskningsdebatt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp215c8e40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp215c8e40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27662833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp27662833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gestalten Erlik st\u00e5r i centrum f\u00f6r en l\u00e5ngvarig forskningsdebatt om fr\u00e4mmande influenser p\u00e5 den innerasiatiska religionen. F\u00f6rst och fr\u00e4mst \u00e4r namnet i sig anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt: Erlik, eller Erlik Khan, \u00e4r spr\u00e5kligt och begreppsm\u00e4ssigt f\u00f6rbundet med Yama i den buddhistiska traditionen, som kom in i den mongoliska och tibetansk-buddhistiska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningsv\u00e4rlden som Erlik Khan.<\/p><p>Fr\u00e5gan \u00e4r om den altaiska underjordsgestalten fr\u00e5n b\u00f6rjan hade denna karakt\u00e4r, eller om den omformats av buddhismen.<\/p><p>En andra debattlinje r\u00f6r dualismen.<\/p><p>Motsatsf\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet mellan \u00dclgen ovan och Erlik nedan, mellan skapelse och skada, mellan himmel och underjord, p\u00e5minner vissa forskare om dualistiska religionssystem, till exempel zoroastriska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar som kan ha verkat via de centralasiatiska handelsv\u00e4garna, eller den kristna mots\u00e4ttningen mellan Gud och dj\u00e4vulen, som kom med den ryska missionen.<\/p><p>Eftersom k\u00e4llorna f\u00f6rst h\u00e4rr\u00f6r fr\u00e5n en tid d\u00e5 alla dessa kontakter redan funnits l\u00e4nge, g\u00e5r det knappast att urskilja det ursprungliga inneh\u00e5llet.<\/p><p>Den metodiskt f\u00f6rsiktiga forskningen drar slutsatsen att Erlik troligen g\u00e5r tillbaka p\u00e5 en inhemsk f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning om en underjordisk makt, men att denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning omformats och f\u00e5tt skarpare konturer genom buddhistiska och m\u00f6jligen ytterligare influenser. Viktigt \u00e4r h\u00e4r varningen mot ett vanligt missf\u00f6rst\u00e5nd: Erlik b\u00f6r inte f\u00f6rhastat likst\u00e4llas med den kristna dj\u00e4vulen.<\/p><p>I de altaiska ber\u00e4ttelserna \u00e4r han inte absolut ond, utan en n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig del av v\u00e4rldsordningen, som m\u00e4nniskorna och deras rituella specialister var tvungna att komma till r\u00e4tta med. Hans roll som \u00dclgens motst\u00e5ndare beskriver en sp\u00e4nningsfylld komplementaritet, inte en moralisk krigsf\u00f6ring. Besl\u00e4ktade underjordsh\u00e4rskare finns \u00e4ven hos andra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sibirisk-schamanism-och-tengrism-stapp-och-tajga\/\">innerasiatiska kulturer<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>A. V. Anokhin: <em>Materialien zum <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister umg\u00e5s med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">Schamanismus<\/span> der Altaier<\/em> (1924)<\/li><li>Mircea Eliade: <em>Le chamanisme<\/em> (1951)<\/li><li>Walther Heissig: <em>Die Religionen der Mongolei<\/em> (1970)<\/li><li>Vladimir Basilov: <em>Shamanism in Siberia<\/em> (1984)<\/li><li>Roberte Hamayon: <em>La chasse \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2me<\/em> (1990)<\/li><li>Andrei Znamenski: <em>Shamanism and Western Imagination<\/em> (2007)<\/li><li>L. P. Potapov: <em>Altaiskij schamanizm<\/em> (1991)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-erlikkhan-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den <em>altaisk<\/em>&#8211;<em>sibiriska<\/em> tron pr\u00e4glas <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span><\/em> av Erlik Khan som underjordens h\u00e4rskare och \u00dclgens motpart; schamanska s\u00e5nger hos altajturkar och burjater bevarar hans roll vid sjukdom, d\u00f6d och sj\u00e4laledning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterade nyckelbegrepp: Erlik Khan Erlig Khaan Altai underjorden Yama buddhistisk \u00f6verformning.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-erlik-khan\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard och skyddstraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ansluter till den kulturhistoriska traditionen av b\u00e4rbara skyddsobjekt, i traditionen fr\u00e5n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/sibirisk-schamanism-och-tengrism-stapp-och-tajga\/\">Sibirien \/ tengrismen<\/a> och m\u00e5nga andra kulturer v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver. 41 niv\u00e5er, \u00e4kta guld, platina, silver, tillverkad i Tyskland. 30 dagars returr\u00e4tt.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-ccb\" 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Ingen medicinteknisk produkt. Inget l\u00f6fte om l\u00e4kning.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-erlikkhan-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-erlikkhan-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard \u00e4r <strong>ingen medicinteknisk produkt<\/strong> och ers\u00e4tter inte l\u00e4karv\u00e5rd eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvetenskapliga inneh\u00e5llen \u00e4r kulturhistorisk inordning, ingen andlig praxisrekommendation.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2855,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Erlik Khan underjordsgud Altai","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Erlik Khan \u2013 altaisk underjordsgud, myt och k\u00e4llor","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Erlik Khan \u00e4r i sydsibirisk tengrism underjordens herre och \u00dclgens motspelare. 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