{"id":136872,"date":"2026-09-03T00:10:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136872"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:14:28","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:14:28","slug":"baal-hadad-fenicisk-vadergud","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/baal-hadad-fenicisk-vadergud\/","title":{"rendered":"Baal-Hadad \u2013 Fenicisk v\u00e4dergud"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136872\" class=\"elementor elementor-136872 elementor-2624 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baal-Hadad, Fenicisk v\u00e4der- och h\u00f6ggud<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad \u00e4r den h\u00f6gsta v\u00e4derguden inom den fenicisk-kanaaneiska religionen och hj\u00e4lten i Baalcykeln ur det ugaritiska korpuset. Som stormgud styr han \u00f6ver \u00e5ska, regn och fruktbarhet och strider mot det kaotiska havet <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yam-fenicisk-havsgud\/\">Yam<\/a> och d\u00f6dsguden <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mot-fenicisk-dodsgud\/\">Mot<\/a>. Som v\u00e4der- och h\u00f6ggud styr Baal-Hadad \u00f6ver \u00e5ska, regn och fruktbarhet i den fenicisk-kanaaneiska v\u00e4rlden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"V\u00e4dergud inom den feniciska traditionen.\">V\u00e4dergud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/fenicier-och-karthago-baal-tanit-skyddstradition\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi inom den feniciska traditionen.\">Fenicisk<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"H\u00f6ggudom.\">H\u00f6ggudom<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis \u00f6ffnen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis schlie\u00dfen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-baalhadad-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2845\" alt=\"Baal Hadad - G\u00f6tter aus der Phoenizisch-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_phoenizisch_baal-hadad.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-baal-hadad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-baal-hadad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadads <strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar som \u00e4gnas en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span><\/strong> omfattar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> i Levanten och Mesopotamien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontextualisering och kortprofil<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad \u00e4r den h\u00f6gsta v\u00e4derguden inom det feniciska pantheon och st\u00e5r i traditionen efter den nordv\u00e4stsemitiska stormguden Hadad, som \u00e4r belagd sedan gammalsyrisk tid (3. Jahrtausend v. Chr.) i Aleppo, Mari, Ebla och Ugarit.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati visade i <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (1965, dt. 1966) att Baal-Hadad utg\u00f6r centrum f\u00f6r den feniciska h\u00f6greligionen. Inom <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/fenicier-och-karthago-baal-tanit-skyddstradition\/\">den feniciska traditionen<\/a> \u00e4r han den utan tvekan viktigaste manliga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En varelse som dyrkas som gudomlig inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudomen<\/span>.<\/p><p>Namnet Baal \u00e4r ett semitiskt appellativ och betyder &#8217;herre&#8217; eller &#8217;\u00e4gare&#8217;; det s\u00e4tts framf\u00f6r m\u00e5nga lokala hypostaser (Baal-\u0160amem, Baal-Hammon, Baal-Saphon, Baal-Sidon). Baal-Hadad betecknar huvudformen med det personliga namnet Hadad, som betyder \u00e5ska.<\/p><p>Corinne Bonnet har i <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (2015) utf\u00f6rligt beskrivit den feniciska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av gudarna inom en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>-konfigurationen; Mark Smith i <em>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism<\/em> (2001) det religionshistoriska sammanhanget.<\/p><p>Religionsvetenskapligt \u00e4r Baal-Hadad den nordv\u00e4stsemitiska nyckelguden f\u00f6r v\u00e4dergudstypen under sen brons\u00e5lder och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rhistorisk epok efter brons\u00e5ldern, pr\u00e4glad av j\u00e4rnbearbetning.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00e4rn\u00e5ldern<\/span>. Hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myt<\/span> i Baalcykeln fr\u00e5n Ugarit (14. Jahrhundert v. Chr.) \u00e4r den viktigaste mytologiska kompositionen i den v\u00e4stsemitiska v\u00e4rlden. Under <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rhistorisk epok efter brons\u00e5ldern, pr\u00e4glad av j\u00e4rnbearbetning.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00e4rn\u00e5ldern<\/span> forts\u00e4tter hans dyrkan i de feniciska stadsstaterna Tyrus, Sidon, Byblos, Arwad och deras medelhavskolonier.<\/p><p>Baal-Hadads centrala st\u00e4llning framg\u00e5r \u00e4ven av att hans hypostaser i n\u00e4stan varje fenicisk stadsstat utg\u00f6r den viktigaste <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En varelse som dyrkas som gudomlig inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudomen<\/span>.<\/p><p>I Tyrus dominerar <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/melqart-stadsgud-tyros\/\">Melqart<\/a>, i Sidon Eshmun och Astarte, i Byblos Baal-\u0160amem; alla tre \u00e4r i vidaste mening hypostaser eller s\u00f6ner till Baal. Denna &#8217;baalisering&#8217; av det feniciska pantheon \u00e4r en av de karakteristiska religionshistoriska strukturerna under <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rhistorisk epok efter brons\u00e5ldern, pr\u00e4glad av j\u00e4rnbearbetning.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00e4rn\u00e5ldern<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn och etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dubbelnamnet Baal-Hadad best\u00e5r av appellativet <em>ba\u02bfal<\/em> &#8217;herre, \u00e4gare&#8217; och det personliga namnet <em>Haddu<\/em> eller <em>Hadad<\/em>. Roten <em>hdd<\/em> betyder &#8217;\u00e5ska, d\u00e5na&#8217; och h\u00f6r till det v\u00e4stsemitiska vokabul\u00e4r f\u00f6r meteorologiska fenomen. Daniel Schwemer har i <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (2001) utf\u00f6rligt diskuterat de etymologiska grunderna.<\/p><p>I ugaritiska texter upptr\u00e4der han som <em>b\u02bfl<\/em> (Baal) eller <em>b\u02bfl hd<\/em> (Baal-Haddu); i feniciska inskrifter fr\u00e5n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rhistorisk epok efter brons\u00e5ldern, pr\u00e4glad av j\u00e4rnbearbetning.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00e4rn\u00e5ldern<\/span> dominerar det rena Baal-namnet med lokal specificering i varje fall. I det akkadiska gudalistmaterialet identifieras han som Adad; i det hettitiska med DU\/I\u0161kur, vilket underl\u00e4ttade identifikationen med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/teshub-hurritisk-vadergud\/\">Teshub<\/a>.<\/p><p>En intressant specialform \u00e4r Baal-Saphon, &#8217;herre \u00f6ver berget Saphon&#8217; (Mons Casius), berget norr om Ugarit som \u00e4r helgat \u00e5t honom. Saphon \u00e4r hans boning och motsvarar funktionellt det hurritiska Hazzi eller den grekiska Olympen. Identifikationen Baal-Hadad = Baal-Saphon g\u00f6rs uttryckligen i de ugaritiska texterna.<\/p><p>I de hieroglyf-luwiska inskrifterna fr\u00e5n de nordsyriska stadsstaterna upptr\u00e4der Baal som &#8217;Tarhunza av ving\u00e5rden&#8217; eller &#8217;Tarhunza av berget&#8217;; identifikationen med den anatoliska v\u00e4derguden \u00e4r bel\u00e4gg f\u00f6r den n\u00e4ra historiska sammanfl\u00e4tningen av den senbrons\u00e5ldriga Levanten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning och ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad framst\u00e4lls i ikonografin som en kraftfull, sk\u00e4ggig man i kort sk\u00f6rt, med en lyft stridsyxa eller en knippa blixtar i ena handen och ett spjut eller en axspira i den andra.<\/p><p>Den mest k\u00e4nda avbildningen \u00e4r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppr\u00e4ttst\u00e5ende, inskriven eller bildprydd sten- eller tr\u00e4platta.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> fr\u00e5n Ras Shamra (Ugarit, 1200-talet f.Kr.), som visar Baal i det klassiska skridande stridsschemat med en lyft klubba. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppr\u00e4ttst\u00e5ende, inskriven eller bildprydd sten- eller tr\u00e4platta.\" tabindex=\"0\">Stelen<\/span> finns idag p\u00e5 Louvren.<\/p><p>Hans heliga djur \u00e4r tjuren. I m\u00e5nga reliefer st\u00e5r eller skrider han p\u00e5 en tjur eller vid sidan av en tjur. Tjurikonografin knyter honom till Hadad och till gammalsyriska tjur-stormgudstraditioner. I feniciska sammanhang f\u00f6rekommer ibland \u00e4ven \u00f6rnen som hans f\u00f6ljeslagardjur, m\u00f6jligen under mesopotamiskt inflytande.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 feniciska mynt och stelar fr\u00e5n <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rhistorisk epok efter brons\u00e5ldern, pr\u00e4glad av j\u00e4rnbearbetning.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00e4rn\u00e5ldern<\/span> \u00e4r hans ikonografi n\u00e5got mer varierande. Han framtr\u00e4der tronande, skridande eller som en kosmisk h\u00e4rskare med en stj\u00e4rnbestr\u00f6dd bakgrund. I de v\u00e4stmediterrana kolonierna (Karthago, Sicilien) sm\u00e4lter hans bildtradition samman med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/baal-hammon-kartagisk-hogsta-gud\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a>, som utvecklar en egen teologisk gestalt.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 de karthagiska stelarna fr\u00e5n tofet-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En helig plats till\u00e4gnad dyrkan av en gudom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgedomen<\/span> framst\u00e4lls Baal-Hammon ofta som en tronande, sk\u00e4ggig gud med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som symboliserar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolen<\/span> &#8217;Tanits hand&#8217; ovanf\u00f6r, en bildformel f\u00f6r senpunisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den levda religi\u00f6sa h\u00e5llningen och praktiken hos en m\u00e4nniska.\" tabindex=\"0\">fromhet<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiska ber\u00e4ttelser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den viktigaste mytologiska k\u00e4llan \u00e4r den ugaritiska Baal-cykeln (KTU 1.1, 1.6), en komposition p\u00e5 sex tavlor fr\u00e5n 1300-talet f.Kr. som Mark Smith gett ut i <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Bd. I 1994, Bd. II tillsammans med Wayne Pitard 2009).<\/p><p>Cykeln inneh\u00e5ller tre huvudkonflikter: Baal mot <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yam-fenicisk-havsgud\/\">Yam<\/a> (havet), Baal som tempelbyggare och Baal mot <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mot-fenicisk-dodsgud\/\">Mot<\/a> (d\u00f6den).<\/p><p>I den f\u00f6rsta konflikten kr\u00e4ver Yam kungamakten och f\u00e5r Els samtycke; Baal strider med tv\u00e5 magiska vapen, smidda av smidesguden Kothar-wa-Khasis, och besegrar Yam. I den andra konflikten bygger Baal, med tillst\u00e5nd av fadergu\u00adden El och genom Athirats f\u00f6rmedling, ett palats p\u00e5 Saphon.<\/p><p>I den tredje konflikten f\u00f6r Mot ner Baal till underjorden; <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/anat-fenicisk-krigsgudinna\/\">Anat<\/a>, Baals syster och f\u00f6ljeslagare, d\u00f6dar d\u00e4refter Mot och befriar Baal, som \u00e5teruppst\u00e5r.<\/p><p>Denna sekvens, seger \u00f6ver kaos, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad avsedd f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>, d\u00f6d och uppst\u00e5ndelse, \u00e4r ett av de mest inflytelserika mytologiska m\u00f6nstren inom den forntida orientaliska religionen. Baals uppv\u00e4ckelse p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren uppfattades som ett \u00e5rstidstecken: n\u00e4r Baal lever regnar det, n\u00e4r han d\u00f6r r\u00e5der torka. Religionshistoriskt h\u00f6r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> samman med Tarhunna-Illuyanka, Marduk-Tiamat, Teshub-Ullikummi och den grekiska kampen mellan Zeus och Typhon.<\/p><p>En viktig sido\u00f6verl\u00e4mning utg\u00f6rs av den hurritisk-hettitiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> om &#8217;Havets s\u00e5ng&#8217; (CTH 346), d\u00e4r <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/teshub-hurritisk-vadergud\/\">Teshub<\/a> strider mot havet. Parallellerna till kampen mellan Baal och Yam \u00e4r s\u00e5 n\u00e4ra att en direkt litter\u00e4r f\u00f6rbindelse \u00e4r sannolik. Mary Bachvarova har i <em>From Hittite to Homer<\/em> (2016) i detalj kartlagt hur dessa ber\u00e4ttelser om havskampen har spridits och f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult och v\u00f6rdnad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadads viktigaste kultcentra var Ugarit (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> p\u00e5 Tell-kullen), Tyros (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> f\u00f6r Baal-Saphon), Sidon, Byblos (med Baal-\u0160amem) och inlandsstaden Aleppo. I Tyros kn\u00f6ts Baal-\u0160amem-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> samman med kungamakten; enligt Josephus l\u00e4t Hiram I av Tyros uppf\u00f6ra ett praktfullt Baal-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> under 900-talet f.Kr.<\/p><p>Sabatino Moscati har i <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> beskrivit den feniciska temparkitekturen och rituella praxisen. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">Templen<\/span> var l\u00e5ngstr\u00e4ckta rum med f\u00f6rg\u00e5rd, huvudsal och det allra heligaste (adyton), d\u00e4r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bildlig framst\u00e4llning av en gudom som dyrkas i tempel eller helgedom.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultbilden<\/span> stod. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom som uttryck f\u00f6r tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">Offer<\/span> omfattade br\u00e4nnoffer, r\u00f6koffer och dryckesoffer; ett viktigt festritual var det \u00e5rliga &#8217;uppv\u00e4ckandet&#8217; av Baal p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren.<\/p><p>Under <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rhistorisk epok efter brons\u00e5ldern, pr\u00e4glad av j\u00e4rnbearbetning.\" tabindex=\"0\">j\u00e4rn\u00e5ldern<\/span> spred sig Baal-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar som \u00e4gnas en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> med de feniciska kolonierna \u00f6ver hela Medelhavsomr\u00e5det: Cypern (Kition, Salamis), Sicilien (Motya, Lilybaeum), Sardinien (Tharros, Sulcis), Tunisien (Karthago, Utica), Spanien (Gades, Tartessos). Corinne Bonnet har i <em>Melqart<\/em> (1988) och i flera senare verk dokumenterat den mediterrana spridningen i detalj.<\/p><p>I Karthago utvecklades Baal-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar som \u00e4gnas en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> till en egen historisk tradition med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/baal-hammon-kartagisk-hogsta-gud\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> och <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tanit-karthagos-hogsta-gudinna\/\">Tanit<\/a> som den h\u00f6gsta gudafamiljen. Maria Eugenia Aubet har i <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (2001) beskrivit hur den \u00f6sterl\u00e4ndska Baal-kulten omvandlades till det puniska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av gudarna i en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddspraxis och apotrop\u00e4iskt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad var skyddsgud f\u00f6r kungen, staden och fruktbarheten. I de feniciska inskrifterna \u00e5kallas han som edsgarant; avtalstexter mellan feniciska kungar och utl\u00e4ndska h\u00e4rskare inleds med hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den bedjande eller besv\u00e4rjande tillv\u00e4ndningen till en gudom eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5kallelse<\/span>. P\u00e5 kungliga sigill f\u00f6rekommer hans bild eller hans namn som skyddsformel.<\/p><p>Apotrop\u00e4isk praxis anv\u00e4nde ofta tjuren som <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som st\u00e5r i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span>; tjurhornsformer f\u00f6rekommer som amuletter och p\u00e5 altare. I feniciska hus st\u00e4lldes bronsstatyetter av Baal upp, oftast med lyft stridsyxa. Denna praxis med &#8217;den framskridande Baal&#8217;-statyetten \u00e4r arkeologiskt v\u00e4l belagd och har unders\u00f6kts av bland andra H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Sader.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Ur vetenskapligt perspektiv \u00e4r Baal-Hadads skyddsfunktion knuten till riksordningen och fruktbarheten. Han garanterar inte i f\u00f6rsta hand individuell helande, utan regntidens \u00e5terkomst, kungamaktens stabilitet och seger i strid. iWell Guard betraktar honom som en historisk-religionshistorisk gestalt utan koppling till dagens f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om helande l\u00f6ften.<\/p><p>I feniciska edsformler fr\u00e5n det f\u00f6rsta \u00e5rtusendet f.Kr. framtr\u00e4der Baal regelbundet som den fr\u00e4mste edsgaranten; Esarhaddons ad\u0113-f\u00f6rdrag mellan den assyriske storkonungen och feniciska vasallh\u00e4rskare (700-talet f.Kr.) \u00e4r ett viktigt vittnesb\u00f6rd om detta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-Hadad \u00e4r n\u00e4ra besl\u00e4ktad med den hurritiske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/teshub-hurritisk-vadergud\/\">Teshub<\/a>, den hettitiske <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tarhunna-hettitisk-vadergud\/\">Tarhunna<\/a>, den mesopotamiske Adad\/I\u0161kur och den urartiske Tei\u0161eba. Hans drakstrids<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsm\u00e4ssigt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> har n\u00e4ra paralleller till Indras seger \u00f6ver Vrtra, till Marduks seger \u00f6ver Tiamat och till Zeus&#8217; kamp mot Typhon. Daniel Schwemer har i sin monografi behandlat alla dessa paralleller i detalj.<\/p><p>I det hebreiska materialet framtr\u00e4der Baal som Jahves stora motst\u00e5ndare; Gamla testamentets polemiska texter (s\u00e4rskilt 1 Kungaboken 18, Hosea, Jeremia) tecknar honom negativt.<\/p><p>Historiskt sett var Baal-Hadad f\u00f6r de forna hebr\u00e9erna inte en fr\u00e4mmande gud utan en konkurrerande gudom ur samma kanaaneiska tradition; den bibliska antibaalismen \u00e4r den teologiska reaktionen p\u00e5 ett verkligt religi\u00f6st grannskap. Mark Smith har behandlat detta utf\u00f6rligt i <em>The Early History of God<\/em> (1990).<\/p><p>Under den hellenistiska perioden identifierades Baal-Hadad med den grekiske Zeus; Baal-\u0160amem motsvarar Zeus Hypsistos, Baal-Saphon motsvarar Zeus Kasios. I Karthago utvecklas ur Baal-traditionen den egna gestalten <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/baal-hammon-kartagisk-hogsta-gud\/\">Baal-Hammon<\/a> med en annan funktion.<\/p><p>I den sena karthagiska traditionen identifieras Baal-Hammon med den romerske Saturnus; denna saturnisering av den feniciska Baal-kulten i det nordafrikanska omr\u00e5det har unders\u00f6kts i detalj av Marcel Le Glay i <em>Saturne africain<\/em> (1966) och utg\u00f6r ett klassiskt exempel p\u00e5 religionshistorisk synkretism.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutida mottagande och forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Baal-forskningen \u00e4r idag mycket utvecklad. Standardutg\u00e5van av Baal-cykeln av Mark Smith och Wayne Pitard \u00e4r referensverket; Daniel Schwemers monografi om v\u00e4dergudsgestalter \u00e4r den mest omfattande syntesen. Corinne Bonnet har i flera verk gett en helt\u00e4ckande framst\u00e4llning av den feniciska religionshistorien. Sabatino Moscati och Maria Eugenia Aubet \u00e4r auktoriteter n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller den feniciska religionens spridning i Medelhavsomr\u00e5det.<\/p><p>I den popul\u00e4ra receptionen \u00e4r Baal framf\u00f6r allt k\u00e4nd genom den bibliska polemiken; ordet &#8217;Baal&#8217; har i modernt spr\u00e5kbruk ofta en pejorativ klang. Vetenskapligt mer nyanserade framst\u00e4llningar \u00e5terfinns i de n\u00e4mnda standardverken samt i talrika samlingsvolymer om fenicisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vetenskap som utforskar forna kulturer utifr\u00e5n materiella fynd.\" tabindex=\"0\">arkeologi<\/span>.<\/p><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">Aktuella forskningsfokus ligger p\u00e5 att skilja mellan Baals hypostaser (Baal-\u0160amem, Baal-Saphon, Baal-Hammon, Baal-Sidon med flera), p\u00e5 kultens spridning i Medelhavsomr\u00e5det och p\u00e5 fr\u00e5gan om hur Baal-cykeln aktualiserades <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Som h\u00f6r till ett fastst\u00e4llt religi\u00f6st handlingsf\u00f6rlopp.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituellt<\/span>. iWell Guard listar Baal-Hadad som en central historisk medlem av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samtliga gudar inom en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">pantheon<\/span> och inte som en aktuell skyddsmottagare. L\u00f6ften om helande eller modern spirituell verkan ing\u00e5r inte i denna framst\u00e4llning.<\/p><p>En intressant ny forskningsriktning g\u00e4ller Baals ikonografiska fortlevnad i det hellenistiska och romerska Fr\u00e4mre Orienten. Klaus St\u00e4hler och Andreas Kropp har i flera publikationer unders\u00f6kt \u00f6verg\u00e5ngarna mellan feniciska, hellenistiska och romerska bildtraditioner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur och k\u00e4llor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00f6ljande urval omfattar de viktigaste standardverken inom Baal-Hadad-forskningen. Det samlar textutg\u00e5vor, historiska syntesarbeten och arkeologiska publikationer. Mark Smiths utg\u00e5va av Baal-cykeln \u00e4r grunden f\u00f6r prim\u00e4rk\u00e4llorna; Schwemer, Bonnet och Moscati bidrar med den religionshistoriska kontextualiseringen. Den som vill f\u00f6rdjupa sig i materialet hittar hos Aubet och Bonnet utm\u00e4rkta bibliografier om kultens spridning i Medelhavsomr\u00e5det.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23eb14dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp23eb14dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd30715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2cd30715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Striden mot Jam i Baal-cykeln<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2885aeb7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2885aeb7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23bca9d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp23bca9d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den centrala episoden i den ugaritiska Baal-cykeln \u00e4r konflikten mellan Baal och Jam, det gudomliggjorda havet. P\u00e5 den tavla som i KTU-numreringen kallas <em>1.2<\/em> kr\u00e4ver Jam inf\u00f6r gudaf\u00f6rsamlingen att Baal utl\u00e4mnas. Den gamle gudakungen El, som vill bevara friden, g\u00e5r f\u00f6rst med p\u00e5 detta och kallar Baal Jams f\u00e5nge. Men Baal v\u00e4grar.<\/p><p>Avg\u00f6randet kommer fr\u00e5n gudahantverkaren Kothar-wa-Hasis. Han smider tv\u00e5 underbara vapen med namnen <em>Jagrusch<\/em> och <em>Ajjamur<\/em>, vars namn brukar tolkas som F\u00f6rdrivaren och Bortdrivaren.<\/p><p>Med det f\u00f6rsta tr\u00e4ffar Baal Jam i axeln, med det andra mellan \u00f6gonen. Jam faller till marken, och Baal utropas till h\u00e4rskare. Astarte hindrar honom fr\u00e5n att stycka den besegrade.<\/p><p>Vetenskapligt tillh\u00f6r denna ber\u00e4ttelse den vida spridda typen av kaosstrid, d\u00e4r en ung v\u00e4dergud besegrar en vattenmakt som f\u00f6rkroppsligar kaos och d\u00e4rigenom s\u00e4krar v\u00e4rldens ordning.<\/p><p>Motsvarigheter finns i den babyloniska <em>Enuma elish<\/em> med Marduk och Tiamat samt i den hettitiska Illujanka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span>. Hermann Gunkel p\u00e5pekade redan 1895 s\u00e5dana paralleller i Fr\u00e4mre Orienten, l\u00e5ngt innan de ugaritiska tavlorna var k\u00e4nda.<\/p><p>Idag l\u00e4ser man de bibliska anspelningarna p\u00e5 Jahves seger \u00f6ver havet, \u00f6ver Rahab och Leviatan, mot bakgrund av just denna nordv\u00e4stsemitiska tradition. Baal-Jam-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed en nyckeltext f\u00f6r f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen av forntida orientalisk kungaideologi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp274a5cdf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp274a5cdf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2566e22a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2566e22a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Baals d\u00f6d, underjorden och \u00e5terkomsten<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21a7bae2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp21a7bae2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp248db3f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp248db3f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den andra stora ber\u00e4ttelseb\u00e5gen i Baal-cykeln f\u00f6r v\u00e4dergudens ner i d\u00f6den. Mot, guden f\u00f6r torka, d\u00f6d och underjorden, bjuder in Baal till sitt rike.<\/p><p>Baal f\u00f6ljer inbjudan, och tavlorna ber\u00e4ttar att han stiger ner i Mots gap som en bit mat i svalget. Nyheten om hans d\u00f6d n\u00e5r El, som stiger ner fr\u00e5n tronen, kl\u00e4r sig i sorgekl\u00e4der, river sin hud och s\u00f6rjer Baal.<\/p><p>D\u00e4refter f\u00f6ljer s\u00f6kandet av systern <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/anat-fenicisk-krigsgudinna\/\">Anat<\/a>, som b\u00e4rgar Baals kropp och begraver honom med hj\u00e4lp av solgudinnan Schapasch. En tid regerar en ers\u00e4ttare, men jorden torkar ut.<\/p><p>Till slut visar Baal sig levande f\u00f6r El i en dr\u00f6m, och f\u00e4lten fl\u00f6dar \u00e5ter av honung. I en sista konfrontation k\u00e4mpar Baal och Mot som vilda djur, tills Schapasch medlar och Mot ger vika.<\/p><p>Den \u00e4ldre forskningen har l\u00e4st denna sekvens som en ren \u00e5rstidsmyt, som en spegling av den sommarliga uttorkningen och den h\u00f6stliga regntiden vid den syriska kusten. Nyare arbeten, till exempel av Mark Smith och Wayne Pitard i deras kommentar, anser denna tolkning vara alltf\u00f6r begr\u00e4nsad.<\/p><p>Den ugaritiska kalendern k\u00e4nde inte till n\u00e5gon \u00e5rlig d\u00f6d f\u00f6r Baal som fast ritualdatum, och texten sj\u00e4lv talar snarare om en sju\u00e5rig rytm. Episoden f\u00f6renar h\u00e4rskarlegitimering, fruktbarhet och erfarenheten av torka, utan att l\u00e5ta sig fastst\u00e4llas till ett enda tolkningsschema. Den f\u00f6rblir en av de mest diskuterade texterna inom den forntida orientaliska religionshistorien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp269d2191 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp269d2191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2677d35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2677d35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hadad i Amarna-breven och den mari-tida traditionen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2998a58b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2998a58b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2af41bb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2af41bb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Guden som ugariterna kallade Baal bar egentligen namnet Hadad eller Haddu. Detta namn \u00e4r betydligt \u00e4ldre och mer spritt \u00e4n de ugaritiska tavlorna. I arkiven fr\u00e5n Mari vid mellersta Eufrat, som dateras till 1700-talet f.Kr., framtr\u00e4der v\u00e4dergudens av Aleppo, kallad Adad, som en betydande politisk storhet.<\/p><p>Ett ber\u00f6mt brev l\u00e5ter en profet tala i gudens namn till kung Zimri-Lim och p\u00e5minner honom om att Adad hade satt honom p\u00e5 hans faders tron och f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntade sig motprestationer f\u00f6r detta.<\/p><p>I Amarnabreven fr\u00e5n 1300-talet, den diplomatiska korrespondensen mellan egyptiska faraoner och furstarna i Syrien och Palestina, f\u00f6rekommer guden i personnamn och i j\u00e4mf\u00f6relser.<\/p><p>Lokala h\u00e4rskare beskriver skr\u00e4cken f\u00f6r farao med bilder l\u00e5nade fr\u00e5n Hadads \u00e5ska. Dessa bel\u00e4gg visar att Hadad var en central riksgudom l\u00e5ngt f\u00f6re den feniciska epoken, n\u00e4ra f\u00f6rbunden med kungamakt och milit\u00e4r styrka.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r den feniciska religionen inneb\u00e4r detta att Baal i de feniciska st\u00e4derna \u00e4r den sena arvtagaren till en sekelgammal v\u00e4dergudstradition. I Tyros framtr\u00e4dde <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/melqart-stadsgud-tyros\/\">Melqart<\/a> som stadsgud, medan titeln Baal p\u00e5 andra h\u00e5ll f\u00f6rblev knuten till Hadad.<\/p><p>Den assyriska beteckningen Adad och den arameiska formen Hadad visar samtidigt att samma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett v\u00e4sen som dyrkas som gudomligt inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span> tillbads \u00f6ver spr\u00e5k- och riksgr\u00e4nser. K\u00e4llorna fr\u00e5n Mari och Amarna \u00e4r oumb\u00e4rliga f\u00f6r att historiskt kunna placera det feniciska fyndet i sitt sammanhang.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27a103e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp27a103e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c2c9948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c2c9948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stelen Baal au foudre och bildprogrammet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26b7dfef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26b7dfef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2cd9f9fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2cd9f9fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bland fynden fr\u00e5n Ras Shamra utm\u00e4rker sig en kalkstensstele som inom forskningen \u00e4r k\u00e4nd som <em>Baal au foudre<\/em>, Baal med blixten. Den hittades i n\u00e4rheten av det stora Baal-templet p\u00e5 Ugarits akropolis och finns i dag p\u00e5 Louvren.<\/p><p>Den <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppr\u00e4ttst\u00e5ende, inskriven eller bildprydd sten- eller tr\u00e4platta.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> visar guden i g\u00e5ngst\u00e4llning, med h\u00f6jd h\u00f6ger arm som svingar en klubba, medan den v\u00e4nstra handen h\u00e5ller ett spjut vars spets pekar ned\u00e5t mot marken och vars \u00f6vre \u00e4nde f\u00f6rgrenar sig i v\u00e4xtformer.<\/p><p>Denna detalj \u00e4r talande. Spjutet, som samtidigt \u00e4r blixt och grodande v\u00e4xt, f\u00f6renar v\u00e4dergudens tv\u00e5 verkningsomr\u00e5den: stormens f\u00f6rst\u00f6rande kraft och regnets livgivande kraft.<\/p><p>Under gudens f\u00f6tter antyder v\u00e5giga linjer berg eller havet. En liten m\u00e4nsklig figur i kanten tolkas oftast som Ugarits kung, som st\u00e4ller sig under Baals beskydd.<\/p><p>Hornm\u00f6ssan som guden b\u00e4r \u00e4r ett fornorientaliskt tecken p\u00e5 gudomlig rang. Hela kompositionen f\u00f6ljer en bildtyp som var spridd fr\u00e5n det anatoliska omr\u00e5det till Egypten, d\u00e4r den bland annat finns i avbildningar av den v\u00e4dergud som f\u00f6rknippades med Seth.<\/p><p>Marguerite Yon har i sin monografi om Ugarit beskrivit <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppr\u00e4ttst\u00e5ende, inskriven eller bildprydd sten- eller tr\u00e4platta.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span> utf\u00f6rligt och pekat p\u00e5 dess betydelse som en f\u00f6rening av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som \u00e4gnas \u00e5t dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>, kungamakt och gudabild. F\u00f6r ikonografin kring den feniciska Baal \u00e4r den det viktigaste bevarade vittnesb\u00f6rdet, \u00e4ven om den strikt sett kommer fr\u00e5n Ugarit och inte fr\u00e5n en fenicisk stad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li>Mark Smith \/ Wayne Pitard: <em>The Ugaritic Baal Cycle<\/em> (Leiden 1994\/2009)<\/li><li>Daniel Schwemer: <em>Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens<\/em> (Wiesbaden 2001)<\/li><li>Sabatino Moscati: <em>Die Ph\u00f6niker<\/em> (Stuttgart 1966)<\/li><li>Corinne Bonnet: <em>Les enfants de Cadmos<\/em> (Paris 2015)<\/li><li>Mark Smith: <em>The Early History of God<\/em> (San Francisco 1990)<\/li><li>Maria Eugenia Aubet: <em>The Phoenicians and the West<\/em> (Cambridge 2001)<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhadad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhadad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-baalhadad-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-baalhadad-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Som fenicisk h\u00f6gsta gud styr Baal-Hadad v\u00e4dret, det vill s\u00e4ga storm, regn och vegetation. I de ugaritiska texterna segrar han \u00f6ver Yam och Mot och s\u00e4krar den kosmiska ordningen i den feniciska pantheonen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterade nyckelbegrepp: Baal-Hadad fenicisk v\u00e4dergud Baal-cykeln Saphon Ugarit Aleppo Yam Mot.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-baal-hadad\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard och skyddstraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ansluter till den kulturhistoriska traditionen av b\u00e4rbara skyddsobjekt, i traditionen av <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/fenicier-och-karthago-baal-tanit-skyddstradition\/\">Feniciskt<\/a> och m\u00e5nga andra kulturer v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver. 41 niv\u00e5er, \u00e4kta guld, platina, silver, tillverkad i Tyskland. 30 dagars \u00e5ngerr\u00e4tt.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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Ingen medicinteknisk produkt. Inget l\u00f6fte om l\u00e4kning.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-baalhadad-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-baalhadad-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard \u00e4r <strong>ingen medicinteknisk produkt<\/strong> och ers\u00e4tter inte l\u00e4karv\u00e5rd eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvetenskapliga inneh\u00e5llen \u00e4r kulturhistorisk inordning, ingen andlig praxisrekommendation.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2845,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Baal-Hadad fenicier v\u00e4dergud","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Baal-Hadad \u2013 Fenicisk v\u00e4dergud, myt, kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Baal-Hadad \u00e4r den fenicisk-kanaaneiska v\u00e4derguden och hj\u00e4lten i Baalcykeln. 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