{"id":136848,"date":"2026-09-03T00:10:34","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136848"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:13:33","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:13:33","slug":"hiiaka-hawaiiansk-gudinna-dans-lakekonst","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/hiiaka-hawaiiansk-gudinna-dans-lakekonst\/","title":{"rendered":"Hi&#8217;iaka &#8211; Hawaiiansk gudinna f\u00f6r dans och l\u00e4kekonst"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136848\" class=\"elementor elementor-136848 elementor-2600 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hi'iaka - Hawaiiansk gudinna f\u00f6r hula, l\u00e4kekonst och hj\u00e4ltinna i Pele-cykeln<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka, med fullst\u00e4ndigt namn Hi&#8217;iakaikapoliopele (&#8217;Hi&#8217;iaka i Peles sk\u00f6te&#8217;), \u00e4r den yngsta systern till vulkangudinnan <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pele-hawaiisk-gudinna-for-vulkaner\/\">Pele<\/a> och hj\u00e4ltinna i en av de centrala mytkretsarna i den hawaiianska traditionen. Hon \u00e4r beskyddare av hula, l\u00e4kekonst och skogsmilj\u00f6er, och st\u00e5r samtidigt f\u00f6r lojalitet och sj\u00e4lvh\u00e4vdelse.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gudinna i traditionen Polynesien \/ Maori.\">Gudinna<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/polynesien-maori-hawaii-skyddstraditioner\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi i traditionen Polynesien \/ Maori.\">Polynesien \/ Maori<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Dans- och naturgudom.\">Dans- och naturgudom<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-hiiaka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis \u00f6ffnen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-hiiaka-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis schlie\u00dfen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-hiiaka-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_hi-iaka-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2709\" alt=\"Hi Iaka - G\u00f6tter aus der Polynesisch-maori-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_hi-iaka-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_hi-iaka-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_hi-iaka-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_polynesisch-maori_hi-iaka.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-sec-iwgcomp2-hi-iaka elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"sec-iwgcomp2-hi-iaka\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-col-iwgcomp2-hi-iaka\" data-id=\"col-iwgcomp2-hi-iaka\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgcomp2-hi-iaka elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgcomp2-hi-iaka\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka, syster till vulkangudinnan, \u00e4r en central gestalt i <strong>Pele-cykeln<\/strong> inom den hawaiianska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av en kulturs traderade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologin<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Placering i den hawaiianska pantheonen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r en av de m\u00e5nga systrarna till vulkangudinnan. Gruppen av Hi&#8217;iaka-systrar omfattar flera kvinnor med namnet Hi&#8217;iaka och olika binamn. Denna m\u00e5ngfald kan tolkas som flerfaldig existens eller som poetiska aspekter av en och samma gestalt.<\/p><p>Martha Beckwith och Mary Kawena Pukui dokumenterar komplexiteten i Hi&#8217;iaka-familjen. Religionsvetenskapligt \u00e4r Hi&#8217;iaka en gestalt som verkar inom flera omr\u00e5den: hula, l\u00e4kekonst, skogsflora, lojalitet. Denna m\u00e5ngdimensionalitet \u00e4r typisk f\u00f6r polynesiska atua, som inte definieras av ett enda attribut.<\/p><p>Den religi\u00f6sa tradition som Hi&#8217;iaka ing\u00e5r i saknar &#8211; i likhet med maorisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> &#8211; en systematisk doktrin och en avslutad l\u00e4robyggnad. Den verklighet atua besitter vinns i ut\u00f6vandet: i karakia, i sammankomsterna p\u00e5 marae, i whakapapa-reciteringarna.<\/p><p>Religionsvetenskapligt betraktas denna praxisgrundade <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> som ett sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndigt bidrag till \u00e4mnet; Mary Ann Boord och Edward Tregear har systematiskt bearbetat den i sina religionsetnografiska unders\u00f6kningar av Polynesien.<\/p><p>Den som forskar om Hi&#8217;iaka m\u00f6ter en grundl\u00e4ggande sv\u00e5righet inom den polynesiska religionsforskningen: m\u00e5nga k\u00e4llor h\u00e4rr\u00f6r fr\u00e5n det koloniala 1800-talet och \u00e4r f\u00e4rgade av mission\u00e4rers och etnologers perspektiv. Den nyare forskningen arbetar d\u00e4rf\u00f6r st\u00e4ndigt med att avkolonisera detta material, genom att s\u00e4tta polynesiska r\u00f6ster i centrum och kritiskt granska v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska ordningsbegrepp.<\/p><p>St\u00e4ller man den polynesiska religionen bredvid andra ursprungsreligioner i Oceanien, Australien och Sydostasien framtr\u00e4der en dubbel egenskap: den f\u00f6rblir anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt konstant i sina grundmotiv, men anpassar sig samtidigt lokalt. Denna sp\u00e4nning mellan universalitet och lokalitet &#8211; lika p\u00e5taglig i Hi&#8217;iaka-ber\u00e4ttelsen som p\u00e5 andra h\u00e5ll &#8211; utg\u00f6r ett viktigt forskningsobjekt inom den religionsetnologiska Stillahavsforskningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn och etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Namnet Hi&#8217;iaka betyder &#8217;moln som stiger&#8217; eller &#8217;moln som lyfter&#8217;. F\u00f6rleden Hi&#8217;i betecknar att b\u00e4ra, att h\u00e5lla i famnen. Ber\u00e4ttelsen om Hi&#8217;iaka &#8217;i Peles sk\u00f6te&#8217; syftar p\u00e5 den mytiska upprinnelsen: Hi&#8217;iaka bars som ett \u00e4gg av den \u00e4ldre systern i armh\u00e5lan till Hawai&#8217;i och kl\u00e4cktes d\u00e4r.<\/p><p>M\u00e5ngfalden av systrar med samma huvudnamn \u00e4r spr\u00e5kligt intressant: binamnen avsl\u00f6jar funktion eller geografisk tillh\u00f6righet. Pukui beskriver denna praxis som typisk f\u00f6r hawaiiansk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>, d\u00e4r ett &#8217;namn&#8217; b\u00e4r flera aspekter.<\/p><p>Att flera systrar b\u00e4r namnet Hi&#8217;iaka och att dessutom m\u00e5nga binamn cirkulerar \u00e4r spr\u00e5khistoriskt belysande: en s\u00e5dan namnrikedom vittnar om en muntlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Att f\u00f6ra vidare kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradering<\/span> som har differentierats rikt p\u00e5 regional niv\u00e5.<\/p><p>Den spr\u00e5kliga djupheten hos de maoriska och hawaiianska teonymen \u00e4r dokumenterad i Bruce Biggs och Hugh Clarkes lexikonarbeten &#8211; en forskning som samtidigt \u00e4r grundl\u00e4ggande f\u00f6r f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen av de polynesiska spr\u00e5kens sl\u00e4ktskap.<\/p><p>Binamnen p\u00e5 Hi&#8217;iaka-systrarna \u00e4r i m\u00e5nga fall mer \u00e4n bara utsmyckning. De kodar best\u00e4mda rituella funktioner och \u00e4r fastst\u00e4llda i karakia-formlerna. Tohunga, de rituella specialisterna, visste exakt vilket binamn som skulle \u00e5kallas i vilken situation. Denna noggrant reglerade liturgiska praxis unders\u00f6ks av Charles Royal och Pou Temara.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning och ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka framst\u00e4lls traditionellt som en ung, vacker kvinna, smyckad med blommor, \u00f6rter och ormbunkar. Hennes favoritblomma \u00e4r den r\u00f6da lehua-blomman fr\u00e5n ohia-tr\u00e4det (Metrosideros polymorpha), som v\u00e4xer i vulkanomr\u00e5det. Ohia-lehua-f\u00f6rbindelsen \u00e4r mytologiskt central: Ohia och Lehua var \u00e4lskande som vulkangudinnan f\u00f6rvandlade till ett tr\u00e4d och dess blomma; Hi&#8217;iaka s\u00f6rjer dem.<\/p><p>Bildframst\u00e4llningar av Hi&#8217;iaka visar henne oftast dansande, med en lei (blomsterkedja) av lehua-blommor. I den moderna hula-traditionen framtr\u00e4der Hi&#8217;iaka i talrika mele (s\u00e5nger) och koreografier som en central referenspunkt.<\/p><p>Under de senaste decennierna har maoriernas och hawaiianernas snidarhantverk f\u00e5tt ny livskraft. Snidare som Cliff Whiting, Robyn Kahukiwa, Wright Bowman och Sam Ka\u02bbai f\u00f6renar traderad formspr\u00e5k med egna bearbetningar. F\u00f6r en gestalt som Hi\u02bbiaka, som \u00e4r f\u00f6rbunden med hulan, med l\u00e4ke\u00f6rter och v\u00e4xtlighetens frodighet, \u00e4r s\u00e5dana verk belysande: v\u00e4xtmotiv, lei och dansande gestalter f\u00e5ngar bildligt hennes koppling till den levande naturen och till den traderade dansen och f\u00f6r den vidare till v\u00e5r tid.<\/p><p>I sina verk antar atua, bland dem Hi&#8217;iaka, m\u00e5ngskiftande gestalt; deras ikonografiska n\u00e4rvaro str\u00e4cker sig d\u00e4rmed \u00e4nda in i dagens konst.<\/p><p>Polynesisk konst kan inte skiljas fr\u00e5n sin kosmologiska betydelse. Varje spiral (koru), varje utsmyckning och varje linje b\u00e4r religionsfenomenologisk mening, \u00e4ven d\u00e4r Hi&#8217;iaka framst\u00e4lls med lehua-blommor och ormbunkar. Roger Neich, Damian Skinner och andra konsthistoriker har systematiskt utforskat dessa betydelseskikt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hi'iaka-Pele-cykeln<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den centrala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> om Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r hennes resa till Kaua&#8217;i f\u00f6r att h\u00e4mta vulkangudinnans \u00e4lskade, Lohi&#8217;au. Pele ligger i trans och s\u00e4nder ut Hi&#8217;iaka.<\/p><p>Hi&#8217;iaka f\u00e5r tre g\u00e5vor: en kjol av lehua-l\u00f6v, blixtens kraft och sin v\u00e4ninna och f\u00f6ljeslagare Wahine&#8217;oma&#8217;o. Hon lovar att vara tillbaka inom 40 dagar och st\u00e4ller bara ett villkor: att systern inte r\u00f6r hennes skog och hennes v\u00e4ninna Hopoe.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Under resan upplever Hi&#8217;iaka m\u00e5nga \u00e4ventyr. Hon bek\u00e4mpar mo&#8217;o (drakkvinnor), botar sjuka, v\u00e4cker Lohi&#8217;au fr\u00e5n d\u00f6den och tar sig \u00f6ver stormiga hav. Resan tar l\u00e4ngre tid \u00e4n utlovat, vulkangudinnan blir ot\u00e5lig och f\u00f6rg\u00f6r Hi&#8217;iakas skog och Hopoe med lavastr\u00f6mmar. Denna komplexa ber\u00e4ttelse \u00e4r \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad i flera nedteckningar, viktigast hos Nathaniel Emerson (1915) och Ka&#8217;ili (2006).<\/span><\/p><p>Hi&#8217;iaka-Pele-cykeln b\u00f6r vetenskapligt inte f\u00f6rst\u00e5s som en sluten ber\u00e4ttelse, utan som ett n\u00e4tverk av ber\u00e4ttelser som \u00f6msesidigt f\u00f6rklarar varandra och som viktas olika i de enskilda stamtraditionerna.<\/p><p>Denna rhizomatiska, n\u00e4tliknande struktur st\u00e4ller forskningen inf\u00f6r metodiska utmaningar, men \u00f6ppnar samtidigt f\u00f6r hermeneutiskt djup. Avvikande versioner av en ber\u00e4ttelse betraktas som j\u00e4mb\u00f6rdiga regionala uttryck, aldrig som &#8217;felaktiga&#8217; eller &#8217;f\u00f6rvanskade&#8217;.<\/p><p>Hi&#8217;iaka-Pele-cykeln f\u00f6rs vidare aktivt, inte bara bevarad i minnet, utan i karakia, i talen p\u00e5 marae och i undervisningen. Den \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed levd praxis och inget vilande arkiv. Spr\u00e5kprogrammen f\u00f6r Te Reo Maori och Olelo Hawai&#8217;i har under de senaste tre decennierna avsev\u00e4rt f\u00f6rst\u00e4rkt denna livskraft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hi'iaka som hulans skyddsgudinna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka anses traditionellt vara en av hulans skyddsgudinnor. En annan viktig hula-gudinna \u00e4r Laka, som i vissa traditioner betraktas som en av Hi&#8217;iakas systrar. Hula \u00e4r mycket mer \u00e4n &#8217;dans&#8217; i v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndsk mening: en omfattande religi\u00f6s, kroppslig och poetisk praxis som f\u00f6renar mele, r\u00f6relser, dr\u00e4kt, v\u00e4xter och f\u00f6rf\u00e4derskoppling.<\/p><p>Hula-halau (hulaskolor) dyrkar traditionellt Hi&#8217;iaka eller Laka som sin skyddsgudom. F\u00f6re varje f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning och varje lektion talas en pule, och ett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Upph\u00f6jd plats eller bord f\u00f6r offer och religi\u00f6sa handlingar.\" tabindex=\"0\">altare<\/span> med v\u00e4xter och g\u00e5vor st\u00e4lls upp. Denna praxis \u00e4r levande \u00e4n idag och f\u00f6rekommer p\u00e5 m\u00e5nga hula-halau v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver.<\/p><p>Att Hi&#8217;iaka dyrkas som hulans skyddsgudinna, allts\u00e5 en praxis som f\u00f6renar dans, s\u00e5ng och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastst\u00e4lld, \u00e5terkommande religi\u00f6s handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>, visar ett grunddrag i maoriernas och hawaiianernas religion: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastst\u00e4lld, \u00e5terkommande religi\u00f6s handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> och vardaglig verksamhet griper in i varandra.<\/p><p>Religi\u00f6sa system som strikt skiljer det heliga fr\u00e5n det profana k\u00e4nner inte till detta p\u00e5 samma s\u00e4tt; h\u00e4r genomsyrar atua-relationerna hela livet. Denna i livsv\u00e4rlden sj\u00e4lv f\u00f6rankrade religiositet \u00e4r f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r religionsfenomenologiska studier av Mason Durie, Charles Royal, Lilikala Kame&#8217;eleihiwa och andra samtida polynesiska forskare.<\/p><p>Hur t\u00e4tt sammanfl\u00e4tade rituell praxis och vardag \u00e4r kan \u00e4ven avl\u00e4sas i spr\u00e5ket: begrepp som mana, tapu, aroha eller hauora h\u00f6r idag till Aotearoas allm\u00e4nna engelska och anv\u00e4nds \u00e4ven utanf\u00f6r religi\u00f6sa sammanhang. Att maori-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> p\u00e5 s\u00e5 s\u00e4tt har skrivit in sig i spr\u00e5kbruket dokumenterar dess kulturella djupverkan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hi'iaka som helare<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r i den hawaiianska traditionen ocks\u00e5 en skyddshelgon f\u00f6r l\u00e4kekonst. I sj\u00e4lva cykeln v\u00e4cker hon Lohi&#8217;au till liv fr\u00e5n d\u00f6den tv\u00e5 g\u00e5nger. Hon k\u00e4nner till v\u00e4xter, karakia och riter som r\u00e4ddar liv. Traditionella healers (Kahuna La&#8217;au Lapa&#8217;au) h\u00e4nvisar ibland till Hi&#8217;iaka som k\u00e4llan till sin kunskap.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Vetenskapligt sett \u00e4r kopplingen mellan dans, l\u00e4kekonst och naturkunskap typiskt polynesisk. Dessa omr\u00e5den bildar ett integrerat kunskapssystem, och traditionen g\u00f6r h\u00e4r ingen \u00e5tskillnad. Hi&#8217;iaka st\u00e5r f\u00f6r hela detta kunskapssystem. Mary Kawena Pukui (<em>Nana I Ke Kumu<\/em>, 1972) beskriver kopplingen i detalj.<\/span><\/p><p>Den polynesiska religionen lever framf\u00f6r allt vidare vid marae och heiau, de platser som \u00e4r b\u00e5de samlingsplats och kultplats i ett. Varje marae och varje heiau har sin egen whakapapa, egna traditioner och egna atua-samband, hos Hi&#8217;iaka som helare \u00e4ven s\u00e5dana som \u00e4r kopplade till l\u00e4keriter.<\/p><p>Ett bes\u00f6k vid en marae inleds med powhiri, det <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> med vilket tangata whenua h\u00f6gtidligt tar emot sina g\u00e4ster. Det \u00e4r ingen ceremoniell <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den ned\u00e4rvda folkkulturen med seder, ber\u00e4ttelser och s\u00e5nger.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>, utan levd religi\u00f6s praxis, och r\u00e4knas vetenskapligt som ett av de b\u00e4st dokumenterade polynesiska v\u00e4lkomstritualerna.<\/p><p>Under 1900- och 2000-talet har kultpraktiken f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrats avsev\u00e4rt. D\u00e4r tohunga tidigare stod i centrum b\u00e4rs <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En fastst\u00e4lld, \u00e5terkommande religi\u00f6s handling.\" tabindex=\"0\">riten<\/span> idag i stor utstr\u00e4ckning av kaumatua, de \u00e4ldste, samt marae-kommitt\u00e9erna. Religionssociologiskt \u00e4r denna f\u00f6rskjutning belysande; Manuka Henare och Mason Durie behandlar den i sin forskning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult och skyddstraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka dyrkas i hawaiiansk tradition genom hula, karakia och v\u00e4xtritualer. Den som g\u00e5r ut i skogen f\u00f6r att samla lehua, maile-rankor eller awa (kava) ber f\u00f6rst Hi&#8217;iaka om lov. Denna praxis \u00e4r idag delvis \u00e5terupplivad inom ramen f\u00f6r kulturella traditioner p\u00e5 Hawai&#8217;i.<\/p><p>Skyddspraktiker inom Hi&#8217;iaka-omr\u00e5det fokuserar p\u00e5 r\u00e4tt beteende i naturen och p\u00e5 r\u00e4tt \u00e5kallan inf\u00f6r viktiga f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar eller l\u00e4keritualer. I centrum st\u00e5r den rituella v\u00e5rden av relationen till gudinnan, magiska skyddsobjekt i v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndsk mening spelar ingen roll h\u00e4r.<\/p><p>N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller skydd finns vetenskapligt sett en viktig distinktion att g\u00f6ra: den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen utg\u00e5r fr\u00e5n det verksamma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett buret f\u00f6rem\u00e5l som tillskrivs en skyddande, olycksavv\u00e4rjande verkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulettet<\/span>, den polynesiska fr\u00e5n den v\u00e5rdade relationen. Skyddet \u00e4r h\u00e4r relationellt och ritualiserat till sin natur, snarare \u00e4n grundat p\u00e5 magisk-kausal verkan.<\/p><p>Den som st\u00e5r i relation till en atua som Hi&#8217;iaka och underh\u00e5ller denna relation anses vara &#8217;skyddad&#8217;, anledningen \u00e4r att en best\u00e5ende relation \u00e4r kosmologiskt bindande, och just inte att ett f\u00f6rem\u00e5l har n\u00e5gon verkan. I religionsantropologin g\u00e5r denna tanke under begreppet &#8217;relational ontology&#8217;.<\/p><p>Skyddspraxisen \u00e4r dessutom ett omr\u00e5de d\u00e4r tradition och modernitet m\u00f6ts. Smartphone-appar med karakia, onlineguider f\u00f6r skyddsritualer och virtuella marae-bes\u00f6k visar att den polynesiska religionen tar upp nya medier i sin praxis. Denna modernisering b\u00f6r f\u00f6rst\u00e5s som en anpassningsbar vidareutveckling, och inneb\u00e4r just inte n\u00e5gon urvattning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka kan j\u00e4mf\u00f6ras med andra dans- och l\u00e4kegudinnor v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver: Sarasvati (vedisk, musik och kunskap), Terpsichore (grekisk, dans), Brigid (keltisk, l\u00e4kekonst och diktning). Kombinationen av dans, kunskap och l\u00e4kekonst i en och samma gestalt \u00e4r inte ovanlig.<\/p><p>Viktigare \u00e4n universalier \u00e4r den specifikt hawaiianska utformningen. Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r skyddsgudinna f\u00f6r en praxis och samtidigt hj\u00e4ltinna i en konkret ber\u00e4ttelsecykel. Denna ber\u00e4ttart\u00e4thet \u00e4r utm\u00e4rkande.<\/p><p>S\u00e5dana universella strukturer i religi\u00f6s erfarenhet har Joseph Campbell och Mircea Eliade systematiskt unders\u00f6kt. Hur grundl\u00e4ggande deras arbeten \u00e4n \u00e4r, m\u00e5ste de likv\u00e4l ompr\u00f6vas f\u00f6r de konkreta polynesiska sammanhangen, utan att glida in i en pan-globaliserande f\u00f6renkling. Den nyare polynesiska forskningen l\u00e4gger stor vikt vid denna kontextk\u00e4nsliga tolkning.<\/p><p>Inom den globala forskningen om urfolksstudier arbetas parallellerna mellan polynesiska och andra ursprungsreligioner systematiskt fram. Linda Tuhiwai Smith satte med Decolonizing Methodologies (1999) metodologiska riktm\u00e4rken vars inflytande str\u00e4cker sig internationellt, l\u00e5ngt ut\u00f6ver Polynesien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aktuell mottagning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r sedan 1970-talet en central gestalt i den hawaiianska ren\u00e4ssansen. \u00c5terupplivandet av hula som rituell praxis, inte som turistattraktion, \u00e4r n\u00e4ra knutet till Hi&#8217;iaka. Merrie Monarch Festival, Hawaiis viktigaste hula-tillst\u00e4llning, \u00e4r en plats d\u00e4r Hi&#8217;iaka-traditionen f\u00f6rnyas varje \u00e5r.<\/p><p>I litteratur och film \u00e4r Hi&#8217;iaka mindre k\u00e4nd \u00e4n Pele eller Maui, men vinner allt mer synlighet. Marie Alohalani Browns studier \u00f6ppnar f\u00f6r en modern feministisk l\u00e4sning. En f\u00f6rdjupad placering inom den <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/polynesien-maori-hawaii-skyddstraditioner\/\">polynesiska religionsfamiljen<\/a> som helhet visar den hawaiianska utformningens kulturella s\u00e4rdrag.<\/p><p>I den internationella debatten har den polynesiska religionen alltmer f\u00e5tt erk\u00e4nnande som ett sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndigt religi\u00f6st system och nedv\u00e4rderas inte l\u00e4ngre som ren &#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade ned\u00e4rvda gudeber\u00e4ttelsen inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span>&#8217; eller &#8217;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den ned\u00e4rvda folkkulturen med seder, ber\u00e4ttelser och s\u00e5nger.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>&#8217;.<\/p><p>Att begrepp som mana, tapu, mauri och whakapapa har f\u00e5tt insteg i det vetenskapliga fackspr\u00e5ket dokumenterar denna f\u00f6r\u00e4ndring. Deras bruk kr\u00e4ver dock en kontextuell k\u00e4nslighet som inte \u00e4r given utan f\u00f6ruts\u00e4ttningar.<\/p><p>Hur polynesiska religioner tas upp inom popul\u00e4rkulturen, i Disney-produktioner, inom turism, i esoterisk litteratur, \u00e4r f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r kritiska debatter. Var sker en l\u00e4mplig f\u00f6rmedling, var sker en urvattning eller f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngning? Dessa fr\u00e5gor diskuteras med eftertryck och \u00f6ppet i Aotearoa och Hawai&#8217;i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskning och k\u00e4llor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Viktiga bidrag om Hi&#8217;iaka kommer fr\u00e5n Nathaniel Emerson, Martha Beckwith, Mary Kawena Pukui, Marie Alohalani Brown och Ka&#8217;ili. Emersons verk fr\u00e5n 1915 \u00e4r den klassiska nedteckningen, medan Ka&#8217;ilis utg\u00e5va fr\u00e5n 2006 \u00e4r den mest moderna hawaiisk-interna bearbetningen. Brown \u00f6ppnar f\u00f6r ett feministiskt perspektiv.<\/p><p>Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r en levande gestalt i en levande tradition, som b\u00e4rs upp av hula-halau, kulturorganisationer och akademisk forskning tillsammans.<\/p><p>Utbytet mellan de polynesisk-interna kunskapstraditionerna och den akademiska forskningen vilar idag p\u00e5 en fast institutionell grund: Royal Society of New Zealand &#8211; Te Aparangi, Maori Studies Department vid Auckland University, University of Hawai&#8217;i at Manoa och stiftelsen Te Punga Tipu.<\/p><p>Dessa institutioner s\u00e4kerst\u00e4ller att forskningen om Polynesien ocks\u00e5 b\u00e4rs av Polynesien sj\u00e4lvt, och inte enbart kommer utifr\u00e5n.<\/p><p>En l\u00e4nk till den globala <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vetenskapen som unders\u00f6ker religioner j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande och utan trosbundenhet.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvetenskapen<\/span> utg\u00f6rs av de studier som anv\u00e4nder den polynesiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> som exempel p\u00e5 en icke-v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndsk religiositet. S\u00e5dant j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande arbete \u00e4r metodiskt kr\u00e4vande, men \u00f6ppnar nya perspektiv p\u00e5 hur religion kan f\u00f6rst\u00e5s som ett kulturellt fenomen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20e647f3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp20e647f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp213de17b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp213de17b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resan till Kaua'i och konflikten mellan systrarna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2a723d89 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2a723d89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp278e42ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp278e42ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mest k\u00e4nda och t\u00e4tast \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade ber\u00e4ttelsen om Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r hennes resa fr\u00e5n \u00f6n Hawai&#8217;i till Kaua&#8217;i, som finns bevarad i talrika versioner inom den hawaiiska traditionen och som publicerades i flera tidningsserier under sent 1800-tal och tidigt 1900-tal.<\/p><p>Utl\u00f6saren \u00e4r ett uppdrag fr\u00e5n hennes \u00e4ldre syster, vulkangudinnan <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pele-hawaiisk-gudinna-for-vulkaner\/\">Pele<\/a>: Hi&#8217;iaka ska h\u00e4mta den unge mannen Lohi&#8217;au, som Pele \u00e5tr\u00e5r i en dr\u00f6m, och f\u00f6ra honom tillbaka inom en fastst\u00e4lld tidsfrist. Villkoret \u00e4r att hon inte sj\u00e4lv f\u00e5r r\u00f6ra honom.<\/p><p>Resan utvecklas till en rad m\u00f6ten med fientliga andev\u00e4sen, \u00f6dlev\u00e4sen kallade <em>mo&#8217;o<\/em> och platsbundna makter, som Hi&#8217;iaka \u00f6vervinner med rituell och stridsm\u00e4ssig skicklighet. Hon \u00e5tf\u00f6ljs av sin v\u00e4ninna Wahine&#8217;oma&#8217;o och tidvis av dansaren Hopoe, vars senare f\u00f6rg\u00f6relse genom gudinnan blir v\u00e4ndpunkten.<\/p><p>Ty medan Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4r borta, avvaktar vulkangudinnan sj\u00e4lv inte den avtalade fristen p\u00e5 det f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntade s\u00e4ttet. Hon reagerar i st\u00e4llet med misstro och vrede, l\u00e5ter lava str\u00f6mma \u00f6ver de skogar som Hi&#8217;iaka \u00e4lskar, och d\u00f6dar Hopoe. N\u00e4r Hi&#8217;iaka slutligen, befriad fr\u00e5n sin f\u00f6rpliktelse genom f\u00f6rlust och brutet f\u00f6rtroende, \u00e4nd\u00e5 kramar Lohi&#8217;au, eskalerar konflikten fullst\u00e4ndigt.<\/p><p>Vetenskapligt \u00e4r ber\u00e4ttelsen belysande p\u00e5 flera s\u00e4tt. Den f\u00f6renar topografi och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myt<\/span>: n\u00e4stan varje station motsvarar en verklig plats, en <em>wahi pana<\/em>, en namngiven och betydelsefull plats, s\u00e5 att ber\u00e4ttelsen samtidigt utg\u00f6r ett slags landskapsminne.<\/p><p>Den \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 n\u00e4ra f\u00f6rbunden med <em>hula<\/em>, eftersom Hi&#8217;iaka betraktas som skyddspatron f\u00f6r denna dans och m\u00e5nga s\u00e5nger inom traditionen tar upp episoder fr\u00e5n resan.<\/p><p>Forskningen, till exempel utgivningsarbetet kring versionerna av Ho&#8217;oulum\u0101hiehie och Nathaniel Emerson, visar att de skriftliga versionerna redigerades och anpassades f\u00f6r en f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrad publik. Sp\u00e4nningen mellan lojalitet, uppdrag och egen k\u00e4nsla, som <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> genomspelar, betraktas av m\u00e5nga tolkare som dess egentliga k\u00e4rna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Nathaniel Emerson: <em>Pele and Hiiaka: A Myth from Hawaii<\/em> (1915)<\/span><\/li><li>Martha Beckwith: <em>Hawaiian Mythology<\/em> (1940)<\/li><li>Mary Kawena Pukui: <em>Nana I Ke Kumu<\/em> (1972)<\/li><li>Marie Alohalani Brown: <em>Facing the Spears of Change<\/em> (2016)<\/li><li>Ka&#8217;ili: <em>The Epic Tale of Hiiakaikapoliopele<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Nathaniel Emerson: <em>Unwritten Literature of Hawaii<\/em> (1909)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-hiiaka e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-hiiaka\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw-add-hiiaka-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw-add-hiiaka-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kulten<\/span> kring <em>Hi&#8217;iaka<\/em> \u00e4r n\u00e4ra f\u00f6rbunden med hula som rituell danspraktik och med Hawai&#8217;is vulkaniska landskap. Hennes v\u00f6rdnad ut\u00f6vas traditionellt inom <em>h\u0101lau hula<\/em>, danskolorna, d\u00e4r s\u00e5nger, v\u00e4xtkunskap och genealogier f\u00f6rs vidare till vulkangudinnans syster. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kulten<\/span> \u00f6verlevde missioneringen i dans, s\u00e5ng och familjetraditioner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterade nyckelbegrepp: Hi&#8217;iaka Hawaii Hula Pele Lohi&#8217;au Ohia Lehua Hopoe.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-hi-iaka\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard och skyddstraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ansluter till den kulturhistoriska traditionen av b\u00e4rbara skyddsobjekt, i traditionen fr\u00e5n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/polynesien-maori-hawaii-skyddstraditioner\/\">Polynesien\/maorierna<\/a> och m\u00e5nga andra kulturer v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver. 41 lager, \u00e4kta guld, platina, silver, tillverkat i Tyskland. 30 dagars \u00e5ngerr\u00e4tt.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personliga erfarenheter kan variera. Ingen medicinteknisk produkt. Inget l\u00f6fte om l\u00e4kning.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-hiiaka-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-hiiaka-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard \u00e4r <strong>ingen medicinteknisk produkt<\/strong> och ers\u00e4tter inte l\u00e4karv\u00e5rd eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvetenskapliga inneh\u00e5llen \u00e4r kulturhistorisk inordning, ingen andlig praxisrekommendation.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2709,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Hi'iaka Hawaii Hula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hi'iaka - Hawaiiansk gudinna, myt och kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hi'iaka, syster till vulkangudinnan Pele, \u00e4r beskyddare av hula och l\u00e4kekonst. 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