{"id":136828,"date":"2026-09-03T00:10:25","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:10:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136828"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:13:02","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:13:02","slug":"supay-skadeandar-och-underjordsherre","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/supay-skadeandar-och-underjordsherre\/","title":{"rendered":"Supay \u2013 Skadeandar och underjordsherre i Anderna"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136828\" class=\"elementor elementor-136828 elementor-2580 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay, skadeandar, underjordsherre och gruvdemon i det andinska h\u00f6glandet<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay (Quechua <em>supay<\/em>, Aymara <em>supaya<\/em>) betecknar inom den andinska traditionen b\u00e5de en klass av skadliga andar och en specifik underjordsgestalt. I Bolivias gruvregion f\u00f6rvandlades han till <em>Tio<\/em>, stolldemonen i silvergruvorna i Potosi och Oruro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Skadeande inom traditionen Anderna \/ Inka.\">Skadeande<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/andeska-kulturer-inka-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi inom traditionen Anderna \/ Inka.\">Anderna \/ Inka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Underjordsdemon.\">Underjordsdemon<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis \u00f6ffnen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis schlie\u00dfen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-supay-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2675\" alt=\"Supay - Geister aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/geister_anden-inka_supay.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Placering i det andinska pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay \u00e4r en sv\u00e5rkategoriserad gestalt inom den andinska religionen. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n de statligt-imperiala h\u00f6ggudarna <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/inti-inkas-solgud\/\">Inti<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/viracocha-skapargud-anderna\/\">Viracocha<\/a> och <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mama-killa-manguda-inka\/\">Mama Killa<\/a> \u00e4r Supay varken personifierad skapare eller en klart definierad enskild gud. I de \u00e4ldsta quechuak\u00e4llorna betecknar han en klass av skadliga, kroppsl\u00f6sa v\u00e4sen, d\u00f6dsandar, sjukdomsdemoner, nattliga ofredare, och parallellt med detta en personifierad h\u00e4rskargestalt \u00f6ver underjorden.<\/p><p>De spanska mission\u00e4rerna anv\u00e4nde <em>supay<\/em> fr\u00e5n och med 1500-talet som quechua-motsvarighet till den kristna dj\u00e4vulen (<em>diablo<\/em>).<\/p><p>Denna identifikation har kraftigt f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngt den ursprungliga betydelsen: medan den kristna dj\u00e4vulen \u00e4r utformad som en renodlat ond makt, var supay i den f\u00f6rspanska andinska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> en moraliskt ambivalent gestalt, farlig men under vissa omst\u00e4ndigheter \u00e4ven hj\u00e4lpsam, i vart fall inte ren ondska.<\/p><p>Den peruanske antropologen Manuel Marzal beskrev i <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971) systematiskt f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngningen mellan supay och diablo.<\/p><p>I den religionsvetenskapliga klassifikationen tillh\u00f6r Supay den vida kategorin <em>ktoniska numinositeter<\/em>, v\u00e4sen fr\u00e5n djupet, jordens inre, grottorna och gruvschakten.<\/p><p>Strukturellt j\u00e4mf\u00f6rbara \u00e4r den grekiske Hades, den germanska Hel, den mesoamerikanske Mictlantecuhtli och p\u00e5 sitt s\u00e4tt \u00e4ven den vodouiske Baron Samedi. I samtliga fall r\u00f6r det sig om v\u00e4sen som \u00e4r f\u00f6rbundna med de d\u00f6das v\u00e4rld och med det underjordiska riket.<\/p><p>Anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rd \u00e4r den tidiga spanska observationen att de quechuatalande inkafolket saknade ett enhetligt begrepp f\u00f6r ett absolut ont. Polo de Ondegardo noterade 1559 att inkafolket visserligen k\u00e4nde till m\u00e5nga skadliga v\u00e4sen, men ingen enhetlig gestaltning av det onda motsvarande den kristna Satan.<\/p><p>Denna observation betraktades f\u00f6rst av mission\u00e4rerna som ett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>-underskott och \u00e5tg\u00e4rdades genom identifikationen mellan supay och diablo, en process som fortfarande syssels\u00e4tter religionshistorisk forskning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn och etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Quechuabegreppet <em>supay<\/em> \u00e4r belagt sedan de tidigaste koloniala ordb\u00f6ckerna. Diego Gonzalez Holguin ger 1608 betydelsen som <em>demonio o sombra<\/em>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Andligt v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs skadlig eller motstridig verkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> eller skugga. Denna dubbelbetydelse \u00e4r belysande: <em>sombra<\/em> avser inte bara den optiska skuggan, utan en form av kroppsl\u00f6st v\u00e4sen som kan f\u00f6lja de levande. Pluralformen <em>supaykuna<\/em> avser m\u00e4ngden av s\u00e5dana skugglika v\u00e4sen.<\/p><p>Inom det aymaratalande omr\u00e5det \u00e4r motsvarigheten <em>supaya<\/em> eller <em>saxra<\/em>. Det senare \u00e4r i dag det vanligare begreppet i de bolivianska aymarabyarna och betecknar skadeandar som bor i vissa naturfenomen (virvlar, bergsprickor, grottor).<\/p><p>I de moderna quechuatalande byarna har <em>supay<\/em> genomg\u00e5tt en differentierad begreppshistoria.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen urskiljer i <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002) tre semantiska f\u00e4lt: f\u00f6r det f\u00f6rsta <em>supay<\/em> som pejorativ beteckning f\u00f6r kristna demoner (i betydelsen av missionsidentifikationen), f\u00f6r det andra <em>supay<\/em> som generisk beteckning f\u00f6r en skugglik skadeande, f\u00f6r det tredje <em>supay<\/em> som v\u00f6rdnadsfullt tillnamn f\u00f6r vissa bergsherrar (Apu) eller f\u00f6rf\u00e4dersmumier (mallqui), som manar till respektfull f\u00f6rsiktighet.<\/p><p>Den etymologiska n\u00e4rheten mellan <em>supay<\/em> och quechuaverbet <em>supay-<\/em> (att f\u00f6ras bort av vinden, att b\u00e4ras iv\u00e4g) har lett n\u00e5gra lingvister till antagandet att grundbetydelsen \u00e4r en <em>bortf\u00f6rd <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span><\/em>, ett v\u00e4sen som efter d\u00f6den f\u00f6rs tillbaka till de levandes v\u00e4rld av vinden.<\/p><p>Denna spr\u00e5khistoriska hypotes \u00e4r inte slutgiltigt bekr\u00e4ftad, men den passar v\u00e4l in i den etnografiskt observerade f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om supay som <em>vind-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning och ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I de tidiga kr\u00f6nikorna beskrivs Supay som gestaltl\u00f6s, som ett osynligt, flyktigt v\u00e4sen som hems\u00f6ker de levande i s\u00f6mnen, i sjukdom eller om natten. Denna ikonografiska tomrum \u00e4r karakteristiskt f\u00f6r den gamla andinska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om skadliga andar; de avbildades inte i fast form utan fruktades som en osynlig n\u00e4rvaro.<\/p><p>Med den spanska missionen och identifikationen med den kristna dj\u00e4vulen f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrades ikonografin radikalt. I den koloniala Cusquena- och Potos\u00ed-m\u00e5leriet upptr\u00e4der Supay allt mer i europeisk-dj\u00e4vulsk gestalt: hornbev\u00e4pnad, med l\u00e5ng svans, med bockben, ibland omgiven av svaveldimma.<\/p><p>Den ber\u00f6mda m\u00e5lningen <em>Triumph des Heiligen Michael<\/em> (Cusquena-skolan, 1600-talet) visar flera s\u00e5dana Supay under \u00e4rke\u00e4ngelns f\u00f6tter.<\/p><p>I den bolivianska gruvregionen har sedan 1600-talet en egen Tio-ikonografi utvecklats: mansfigurer modellerade i lera med gyllene \u00f6gon, hornbev\u00e4pnat huvud, en tobakscigarett i munnen och en framtr\u00e4dande erigerad fallos, uttryck f\u00f6r jordens fruktbarhet som f\u00f6der silvret.<\/p><p>Dessa Tio-figurer st\u00e5r \u00e4n idag i n\u00e4stan varje gruvstollen i regionen Potos\u00ed-Oruro. June Nash har dokumenterat dem utf\u00f6rligt i <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiska ber\u00e4ttelser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mytologiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vidaref\u00f6randet av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00f6verl\u00e4mningen<\/span> kring Supay \u00e4r fragmentarisk. I Huarochir\u00ed-manuskriptet (ca 1608) framtr\u00e4der flera supay-v\u00e4sen som antagonister till hj\u00e4ltegestalter; de besegras oftast genom list eller avv\u00e4rjs genom ritualpraktiska \u00e5tg\u00e4rder.<\/p><p>Crist\u00f3bal de Albornoz beskriver i sitt <em>Instrucci\u00f3n para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (ca 1581) olika supay-klasser, d\u00e4ribland <em>aya supay<\/em> (d\u00f6dsandar), <em>chuqui supay<\/em> (spjutandar, allts\u00e5 krigardemoner) och <em>llocsi supay<\/em> (framtr\u00e4dande, allts\u00e5 vandrande sp\u00f6kandar).<\/p><p>En vanlig topos i ber\u00e4ttelserna fr\u00e5n de quechuatalande byarna r\u00f6r <em>condenado<\/em> (den f\u00f6rd\u00f6mde): en d\u00f6d sj\u00e4l som p\u00e5 grund av incest, mord eller andra sv\u00e5ra brott inte finner intr\u00e4de i den andra v\u00e4rlden och vandrar omkring som en Supay.<\/p><p>Dessa condenados str\u00f6var framf\u00f6r allt nattetid i h\u00f6glandet, framtr\u00e4der f\u00f6r resen\u00e4rer som en sorgsen men skr\u00e4mmande f\u00f6ljeslagare och f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker dra de levande med sig i d\u00f6den. Catherine Allen har antecknat flera s\u00e5dana condenado-ber\u00e4ttelser f\u00f6r byn Sonqo.<\/p><p>I den bolivianska Andernas gruv-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span> upptr\u00e4der Supay\/Tio som herre \u00f6ver silverfyndigheterna. En central ber\u00e4ttelse beskriver hur den f\u00f6rsta gruvarbetaren st\u00f6tte p\u00e5 en Tio-staty och fr\u00e5gade den: Tio lovade rikt silver men kr\u00e4vde i geng\u00e4ld koka, sprit och ibland ett m\u00e4nniskoliv.<\/p><p>Denna ber\u00e4ttelse \u00e4r visserligen legendarisk men speglar mycket exakt den faktiskt observerade h\u00f6gre olycksrisken i gruvorna, som bearbetas ritualpraktiskt genom Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>.<\/p><p>En annan viktig ber\u00e4ttelseklass r\u00f6r <em>pishtaco<\/em>-v\u00e4sendena, en specifik form av Supay-sl\u00e4ktskap som f\u00e5tt s\u00e4rskild uppm\u00e4rksamhet i de yngre andinska byarna. Pishtacos \u00e4r vithyade, fettsugande v\u00e4sen som s\u00e4gs bygga in sina <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tack, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offers<\/span> fett i industriella maskiner.<\/p><p>Denna ber\u00e4ttelse \u00e4r belagd sedan slutet av 1500-talet och \u00e5teraktiveras i varje ekonomisk omv\u00e4lvningsfas. Mary Weismantel har i <em>Cholas and Pishtacos<\/em> (2001) visat hur denna ber\u00e4ttelse religi\u00f6st bearbetar de strukturella sp\u00e4nningarna mellan den ursprungsbefolkningen och icke-ursprungliga makter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult och gruvritual<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den inkatida Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> existerade endast i negativ form: Supay var inga mottagande gudomar utan andar vars skada m\u00e5ste avv\u00e4rjas genom ritualpraktiska \u00e5tg\u00e4rder.<\/p><p>Det viktigaste exemplet \u00e4r den \u00e5rliga <em>Citua<\/em>-reningsfesten i Cusco (september), d\u00e5 krigarna drog genom staden med facklor, drev bort alla sjukdomar, alla k\u00e4nda supay-v\u00e4sen och alla st\u00f6rningar ur staden och symboliskt sk\u00f6ljde dem bort i de fyra v\u00e4derstrecken.<\/p><p>Sedan 1600-talet har en egen Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> uppst\u00e5tt i de bolivianska gruvregionerna, som g\u00e5r l\u00e5ngt ut\u00f6ver ren avv\u00e4rjning och \u00f6verg\u00e5r i ett aktivt v\u00e5rdande av relationen till stollendemonen.<\/p><p>Gruvarbetarna offrar varje tisdag och fredag till Tio genom att l\u00e4gga kokablad i hans kn\u00e4, h\u00e4lla sprit i hans mun, s\u00e4tta brinnande cigaretter i hans mun och be honom frige silvret och h\u00e5lla stollarna s\u00e4kra.<\/p><p>H\u00f6jdpunkten \u00e4r den \u00e5rliga <em>Carnaval Minero<\/em> (gruvarbetarnas karneval) i Oruro, som sedan 2001 \u00e4r listad som UNESCO-v\u00e4rldsarv.<\/p><p>I centrum st\u00e5r <em>Diablada<\/em>-dansen, som framst\u00e4ller Tios nederlag mot \u00e4rke\u00e4ngeln Mikael, en koreografisk sammansm\u00e4ltning av den f\u00f6rspanska Supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> med den katolska demonl\u00e4ran. De ber\u00f6mda silverdj\u00e4vulsmaskerna fr\u00e5n Oruro-karnevalen \u00e4r samtidigt ett konsthistoriskt och religionshistoriskt fenomen.<\/p><p>Gruvregionen Potos\u00ed var sedan uppt\u00e4ckten av silverfyndigheterna 1545 det ekonomiska centrumet f\u00f6r den spanska kolonialekonomin. Staden Potos\u00ed blev p\u00e5 1600-talet med \u00f6ver 160 000 inv\u00e5nare en av v\u00e4rldens st\u00f6rsta st\u00e4der.<\/p><p>De enorma d\u00f6dstalen bland de ursprungsbefolkade mita-arbetarna, tusentals gruvarbetare dog \u00e5rligen av kvicksilverf\u00f6rgiftning, olyckor och utmattning, pr\u00e4glade Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> och gav den en blodig bakgrund som fortfarande \u00e4r n\u00e4rvarande i de oruro-bolivianska karnevalsber\u00e4ttelserna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddspraxis och apotrop\u00e4iskt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Skyddspraxisen mot supays utg\u00f6r ett av de rikaste kapitlen i den andinska folkreligionen. Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien och Olivia Harris har i sina etnografiska verk systematiskt beskrivit denna praxis i byarna.<\/p><p>Centrala skyddsmedel omfattar: att b\u00e4ra en r\u00f6d ulltr\u00e5d runt handleden (s\u00e4rskilt hos sm\u00e5 barn), att s\u00e4tta upp en liten korskombination \u00f6ver husets ytterd\u00f6rr, att r\u00f6ka huset med eukalyptus- och munablad (en vild h\u00f6gl\u00e4ndsk mynta) samt att b\u00e4ra bitar av vitl\u00f6k eller ruta-\u00f6rten runt halsen. Dessa praktiker har i detalj p\u00e5verkats synkretistiskt av europeiska folkmedicinska traditioner.<\/p><p>En specifik skyddspraxis r\u00f6r <em>almas-en-pena<\/em> (sj\u00e4lar i pl\u00e5ga) och <em>condenados<\/em>: den som inte f\u00f6rbereder den rituellt korrekta m\u00e5ltiden f\u00f6r de d\u00f6da p\u00e5 Alla sj\u00e4lars dag (1\/2 november) riskerar att de avlidna f\u00f6rf\u00e4derna \u00e5terv\u00e4nder som supays.<\/p><p>Den utarbetade praxisen med <em>Todos Santos<\/em>-maten, med s\u00e4rskilt bakade br\u00f6dfigurer (<em>t&#8217;antawawas<\/em>), choclo, majsgodis och cocablad, \u00e4r samtidigt en v\u00f6rdnad av de d\u00f6da och en skyddspraxis mot vederg\u00e4llning fr\u00e5n de illa behandlade andarna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay\/Tio-konstellationen har f\u00e5tt stor uppm\u00e4rksamhet i den vetenskapliga litteraturen, eftersom den utg\u00f6r ett paradexempel p\u00e5 fenomenet <em>religi\u00f6s inversion<\/em>: en i grunden skr\u00e4ckinjagande gestalt blir i gruvpraxisen till en aktivt v\u00e5rdad relation, eftersom den ekonomiska \u00f6verlevnadssituationen tvingar fram en instrumentell n\u00e4rmande till det onda.<\/p><p>Strukturellt parallella fenomen \u00e5terfinns i den mesoamerikanska Tlazolteotl- och Mictlantecuhtli-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span>, i den v\u00e4stasiatiska Lilith-traditionen (som \u00e5 ena sidan kan vara en skadeande, \u00e5 andra sidan en skyddsande) och i den afrikanska Eshu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span>. June Nash har i <em>We Eat the Mines<\/em> (1979) uttryckligen beskrivit den bolivianska Tio som ett exempel p\u00e5 en <em>working-class theology<\/em>, som kan l\u00e4sas b\u00e5de marxistiskt och religionsetnologiskt.<\/p><p>Specifikt f\u00f6r den andinska regionen \u00e4r sammanfl\u00e4tningen av supay\/Tio-komplexet med <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pachamama-jordmoder-anderna\/\">Pachamama<\/a>-komplexet. I de bolivianska gruvorna uppfattas Tio och Pachamama som ett kompletterande par: Tio inne i gruvg\u00e5ngen, Pachamama utanf\u00f6r vid gruving\u00e5ngen. Denna komplementaritet motsvarar den allm\u00e4nna andinska <em>yanantin<\/em>-principen om dubbla par.<\/p><p>En viktig parallell utg\u00f6rs av den judiska <em>Lilith<\/em>-traditionen, som ocks\u00e5 framst\u00e4ller en dubbelansiktad gestalt mellan skadeande och en under vissa omst\u00e4ndigheter tillg\u00e4nglig f\u00f6rmedlare.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven det japanska <em>oni<\/em>-konceptet \u00e4r besl\u00e4ktat, eftersom \u00e4ven oni-v\u00e4sen framst\u00e4lls som moraliskt inte entydigt onda utan ambivalenta. Dessa strukturella paralleller b\u00f6r dock inte leda till en typologisk likst\u00e4llning: den historisk-kulturella specificiteten hos respektive tradition f\u00f6rblir central.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutida mottagande och forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tio-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> vid de bolivianska gruvorna \u00e4r idag ett av v\u00e4rldens mest observerade religi\u00f6sa praxiskomplex. Arbeten av June Nash (1979), Tristan Platt (1983), Pascale Absi (2005) och den franske gruvetnologen Tristan Platt har i detalj beskrivit kultens kontinuitet och f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar sedan den spanska koloniala tiden.<\/p><p>Anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rd \u00e4r historien om identifikationen av Supay med den kristna dj\u00e4vulen: ett fr\u00e5n b\u00f6rjan snarast skuggligt, moraliskt ambivalent andekomplex omvandlades genom den spanska missionsstrategin till en framtr\u00e4dande antigud, som nu i gruvpraxisen paradoxalt nog \u00e5ter blivit mottagargestalt f\u00f6r en reciprok <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tack, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>-relation.<\/p><p>Denna ironiska v\u00e4ndning \u00e4r ett klassiskt exempel p\u00e5 <em>religious creativity<\/em> hos ursprungsbefolkningar under koloniala f\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden.<\/p><p>Ur vetenskaplig synvinkel f\u00f6rblir Supay\/Tio en viktig varning mot den enkla identifikationen av inhemska skadeandar med den kristna dj\u00e4vulen. Kategorin <em>diablo<\/em>, som \u00e4r av kolonialt ursprung, d\u00f6ljer den genuint andinska moraliska ambivalensen i supay-komplexet och g\u00f6r det oanv\u00e4ndbart f\u00f6r vetenskaplig analys. iWell Guard-kontexten beskriver detta f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande historiskt, inte som ett verkansl\u00f6fte.<\/p><p>Aktuell forskning kopplar ocks\u00e5 samman supay-komplexet med fr\u00e5gan om inhemska r\u00e4ttvisef\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar. D\u00e4r det traditionella statliga r\u00e4ttsv\u00e4sendet misslyckas fungerar f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om supay-condenado i byarna som en moralisk utj\u00e4mningsmekanism: den som har dragit skuld \u00f6ver sig kommer efter d\u00f6den att \u00e5terv\u00e4nda som en vandrande supay och verkst\u00e4lla sitt eget straff.<\/p><p>Denna etiska dimension av supay-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> har av Allen, Bastien och Salomon i deras verk beskrivits som en <em>moral ecology<\/em> hos den quechua-aymariska religiositeten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur och k\u00e4llor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00f6ljande urval listar centrala verk om supay\/Tio-traditionen i de centrala Anderna, s\u00e4rskilt om den bolivianska gruvetnografin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp290cce30 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp290cce30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp268756bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp268756bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Supay mellan f\u00f6rkolonial f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning och kristen omtolkning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2e5496e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2e5496e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2761718f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2761718f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Begreppet <em>supay<\/em> h\u00f6r till de ord vars betydelse f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrades grundligt genom den spanska koloniseringen.<\/p><p>I de tidiga quechuaordb\u00f6ckerna, till exempel <em>Lexicon<\/em> av Domingo de Santo Tom\u00e1s (1560) och vokabulariet av Diego Gonz\u00e1lez Holgu\u00edn (1608), f\u00f6rekommer <em>supay<\/em> som beteckning f\u00f6r en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett kroppsl\u00f6st v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span> eller ett skuggv\u00e4sen som \u00e4r f\u00f6rbundet med de d\u00f6das rike och underjorden.<\/p><p>En entydigt negativ moralisk v\u00e4rdering kan inte s\u00e4kert rekonstrueras f\u00f6r den f\u00f6rkoloniala tiden.<\/p><p>De kristna mission\u00e4rerna \u00f6versatte dock <em>supay<\/em> konsekvent med dj\u00e4vul och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Andligt v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs skadlig eller mots\u00e4gelsefull verkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>. D\u00e4rigenom blev ett m\u00e5ngtydigt v\u00e4sen ur andinv\u00e4rlden en gestalt av det kristna onda. Denna likst\u00e4llning \u00e5terfinns redan i katekeserna som Limas tredje kyrkom\u00f6te gav ut p\u00e5 quechua och aymara fr\u00e5n 1583.<\/p><p>Forskningen, bland annat arbeten av Sabine MacCormack och Gerald Taylor, har visat att de koloniala texterna d\u00e4rmed skapade en kategori som inte hade funnits tidigare.<\/p><p>Bilden blir komplex genom att den andinska befolkningen delvis tog till sig denna omtolkning och delvis kringgick den. Den underjordiska sf\u00e4ren f\u00f6rblev i f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningsv\u00e4rlden f\u00f6rbunden med rikedom och med gruvorna, och s\u00e5 blev <em>supay<\/em> samtidigt herre \u00f6ver gruvorna.<\/p><p>Gestalten <em>t\u00edo<\/em>, herren under jord, som gruvarbetare i Potos\u00ed och andra gruvcentra fortfarande ger offerg\u00e5vor till, st\u00e5r i denna tradition.<\/p><p>Han \u00e4r ingen enkel kristen dj\u00e4vul utan ett v\u00e4sen som man m\u00e5ste m\u00f6ta, eftersom han f\u00f6rfogar \u00f6ver bergets skatter. Liknande ambivalens visar hanteringen av <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pachamama-jordmoder-anderna\/\">Pachamama<\/a>, som likaledes tillkommer offerg\u00e5vor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2745eaad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2745eaad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c1826c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2c1826c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diablada och dj\u00e4vulsdansen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2d0b1363 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2d0b1363\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2f6bbec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2f6bbec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ett sammanhang som fortfarande \u00e4r levande och d\u00e4r f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om supay blir synlig \u00e4r <em>Diablada<\/em>, dj\u00e4vulsdansen som framf\u00f6r allt \u00e4r f\u00f6rbunden med karnevalen i Oruro i Bolivia.<\/p><p>Vid denna fest, som \u00e4r belagd i sin nuvarande grundform sedan 1700-talet, drar dansargrupper med utsmyckade dj\u00e4vulsmasker genom staden. Maskb\u00e4rarna f\u00f6rest\u00e4ller en arm\u00e9 av <em>supay<\/em>-gestalter som till slut symboliskt besegras av \u00e4rke\u00e4ngeln Mikael.<\/p><p>Den vetenskapliga tolkningen ser i <em>Diablada<\/em> en f\u00f6rening av tv\u00e5 skikt. Den yttre formen f\u00f6ljer det kristna m\u00f6nstret om det godas seger \u00f6ver det onda, s\u00e5 som spanska missionsspel f\u00f6rmedlade det.<\/p><p>Samtidigt bevaras den underjordiska kopplingen: Oruro var en gruvstad, och den centrala pilgrimsorten, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En liten helig f\u00f6rvaringsplats eller andaktsplats.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgedomen<\/span> f\u00f6r Virgen del Socav\u00f3n, allts\u00e5 jungfrun av gruvg\u00e5ngen, ligger vid ing\u00e5ngen till en gruvg\u00e5ng. Dansen framf\u00f6rs f\u00f6r jungfrun men \u00e4ger rum p\u00e5 en plats som tillh\u00f6r herren \u00f6ver gruvorna.<\/p><p>Forskare som Thomas Abercrombie har p\u00e5pekat att de inblandade sj\u00e4lva tolkar denna dubbeltydighet p\u00e5 olika s\u00e4tt. F\u00f6r n\u00e5gra \u00e4r dansen en botg\u00f6ring, f\u00f6r andra en f\u00f6rpliktelse gentemot berget. UNESCO tog upp Carnaval de Oruro p\u00e5 listan \u00f6ver immateriellt kulturarv 2001, vilket ledde till en starkare standardisering och kommersialisering.<\/p><p>Forskningen konstaterar att den turistiska uppv\u00e4rderingen delvis \u00f6verlagrar den rituella betydelsen utan att helt tr\u00e4nga undan den. <em>Diablada<\/em> \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed ett v\u00e4ldokumenterat exempel p\u00e5 hur en kolonialt omtolkad gestalt fortlever i en offentlig fest och d\u00e4rvid tar upp nya betydelser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp24212341 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp24212341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2406cb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2406cb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningsdebatt om dualiteten mellan \u00f6ver- och underjord<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20d2c88b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp20d2c88b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp20a30241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp20a30241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En omtvistad fr\u00e5ga inom andinsk forskning g\u00e4ller f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet mellan <em>supay<\/em> och en antagen f\u00f6rkolonial v\u00e4rldsmodell.<\/p><p>Vissa framst\u00e4llningar ordnar den andinska kosmologin i tre sf\u00e4rer: en \u00f6vre v\u00e4rld, de levandes mellersta v\u00e4rld och en undre v\u00e4rld som \u00e4r f\u00f6rbunden med jordens inre och med de d\u00f6da. <em>Supay<\/em> uppfattas i denna syn som inv\u00e5nare eller herre \u00f6ver den undre v\u00e4rlden.<\/p><p>Forskningen \u00e4r oenig om hur gammal och hur spridd denna tredelade modell egentligen var. Kritiker som Bruce Mannheim har p\u00e5pekat att de k\u00e4llor som den rekonstrueras fr\u00e5n n\u00e4stan alla har koloniala ursprung och redan kan inneh\u00e5lla kristna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om himmel, jord och helvete.<\/p><p>Det finns en risk att projicera ett kristet m\u00f6nster bak\u00e5t i den f\u00f6rkoloniala tiden och sedan utge det som inhemsk egendom.<\/p><p>Andra forskare, till exempel i anslutning till arbeten om Huarochir\u00ed-manuskripten, en samling lokala traditioner nedtecknad p\u00e5 quechua omkring 1600, ser dock indikationer p\u00e5 en f\u00f6rkolonial betydelse av den underjordiska sf\u00e4ren, utan att denna dock skulle motsvara den kristna helvetesf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen. <em>Supay<\/em> skulle enligt detta syns\u00e4tt ursprungligen ha varit ett neutralt eller m\u00e5ngtydigt v\u00e4sen i de d\u00f6das rike.<\/p><p>Debatten \u00e4r inte avslutad, eftersom den beror p\u00e5 den grundl\u00e4ggande sv\u00e5righeten att utr\u00f6na f\u00f6rkolonial andinsk religion utifr\u00e5n till \u00f6verv\u00e4gande del koloniala texter. F\u00f6r en seri\u00f6s framst\u00e4llning f\u00f6ljer d\u00e4rav \u00e5terh\u00e5llsamhet: vad som kan anses s\u00e4kerst\u00e4llt \u00e4r betydelsef\u00f6rskjutningen under kolonialtiden, inte det exakta f\u00f6rkoloniala f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>June Nash: <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979)<\/li><li>Tristan Platt: <em>Estado boliviano y ayllu andino<\/em> (1982)<\/li><li>Pascale Absi: <em>Les ministres du diable<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Manuel Marzal: <em>El mundo religioso de Urcos<\/em> (1971)<\/li><li>Cristobal de Albornoz: <em>Instruccion para descubrir todas las guacas<\/em> (ca. 1581)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-supay-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-supay-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Supay betraktas inom den <em>andinska<\/em> religionshistorien som <em>underjordens herre<\/em> och samtidigt som <em>gruvdemon<\/em>, till vilken gruvarbetare i de koloniala silvergruvorna i Potos\u00ed bringade <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span> f\u00f6r att avv\u00e4rja gruvras och sjukdom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterade nyckelbegrepp: Supay Saxra Tio Condenado Citua Diablada Oruro Potosi Aya Supay Tantawawa.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-supay\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard och skyddstraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ansluter till den kulturhistoriska traditionen av b\u00e4rbara skyddsf\u00f6rem\u00e5l, i traditionen fr\u00e5n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/andeska-kulturer-inka-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">Anderna \/ Inkariket<\/a> och m\u00e5nga andra kulturer v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver. 41 niv\u00e5er, \u00e4kta guld, platina, silver, tillverkad i Tyskland. 30 dagars \u00f6ppet k\u00f6p.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personliga erfarenheter kan variera. Ingen medicinteknisk produkt. Inget l\u00f6fte om l\u00e4kning.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-supay-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-supay-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard \u00e4r <strong>ingen medicinteknisk produkt<\/strong> och ers\u00e4tter inte l\u00e4karv\u00e5rd eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvetenskapliga inneh\u00e5llen \u00e4r kulturhistorisk inordning, ingen andlig praxisrekommendation.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2675,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Supay Anderna skadeande","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Supay \u2013 Andinsk underjordsherre och skadeande","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Supay betecknar inom den andinska traditionen skadeandar och en underjordsherre. I gruvregionen f\u00f6rvandlades han till Tio i Potosi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"anden-inka","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136828","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Supay \u2013 Andinsk underjordsherre och skadeande<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Supay betecknar inom den andinska traditionen skadeandar och en underjordsherre. 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