{"id":136823,"date":"2026-09-03T00:10:22","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:10:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136823"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:12:54","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:12:54","slug":"pachamama-jordmoder-anderna","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pachamama-jordmoder-anderna\/","title":{"rendered":"Pachamama \u2013 jordmoder i Anderna"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136823\" class=\"elementor elementor-136823 elementor-2575 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama, jordmoder och fruktbarhetsgudinna i den andinska v\u00e4rlden<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama, jordmodern i Anderna, \u00e4r \u00e4n idag den viktigaste religi\u00f6sa gestalten i vardagen f\u00f6r den quechua- och aymaratalande h\u00f6glandsbefolkningen. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n den statligt-imperiala <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/inti-inkas-solgud\/\">Inti<\/a>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar som \u00e4gnas en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> \u00e4r v\u00f6rdnaden av Pachamama djupt f\u00f6rankrad i jordbrukets \u00e5rs- och livsrytmer och har \u00f6verlevt koloniseringen i synkretistisk form.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gudinna i traditionen Anderna \/ Inka.\">Gudinna<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/andeska-kulturer-inka-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mytologi i traditionen Anderna \/ Inka.\">Anderna \/ Inka<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Jordmoder.\">Jordmoder<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis \u00f6ffnen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Inhaltsverzeichnis schlie\u00dfen\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-pachamama-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2683\" alt=\"Pachamama - G\u00f6tter aus der Anden-inka-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_anden-inka_pachamama-1.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Placering i det andinska pantheon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama (quechua: <em>pacha<\/em>, v\u00e4rld, tid, rum; <em>mama<\/em>, mor) betecknar inom h\u00f6glandets traditionella religioner en kvinnlig numinositet som verkar i den fruktbara jorden, i de odlade f\u00e4lten och i levande varelsers fortplantning.<\/p><p>Sedan den inkatida <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> r\u00e4knas hon till de centrala h\u00f6gre v\u00e4sendena vid sidan av Inti, \u00e5skguden <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/illapa-aska-vadergud-inka\/\">Illapa<\/a>, m\u00e5nguden <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mama-killa-manguda-inka\/\">Mama Killa<\/a> och skaparen <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/viracocha-skapargud-anderna\/\">Viracocha<\/a>.<\/p><p>Religionsetnologen Joseph Bastien (<em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em>, 1978) har f\u00f6r det aymarska h\u00f6glandet i Bolivia visat att Pachamama i den lokala uppfattningen upplevs mindre som en personifierad gudinna \u00e4n som jordens levande substans sj\u00e4lv.<\/p><p>Denna substansartade karakt\u00e4r skiljer henne strukturellt fr\u00e5n m\u00e5nga klassiska jordmodersgestalter i Medelhavsomr\u00e5det (Demeter, Gaia), som mytologiskt \u00e4r starkare personifierade.<\/p><p>I f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande till den statliga <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/andeska-kulturer-inka-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">Inka<\/a>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologin<\/span> intog Pachamama en p\u00e5fallande underordnad position: den officiella rikskulten betonade den manlige Inti, medan majoriteten av lantbefolkningen offrade till Pachamama.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen (<em>The Hold Life Has<\/em>, 2002) beskriver detta f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande som en k\u00f6nsbest\u00e4md skiktning av det andinska religionssystemet, d\u00e4r den manliga solteologin ligger ovanp\u00e5 en \u00e4ldre, kvinnlig jordteologi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn och etymologi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Quechua-begreppet <em>pacha<\/em> \u00e4r semantiskt utomordentligt m\u00e5ngskiktat. Det betecknar samtidigt tid (en konkret epok), rum (v\u00e4rlden som helhet) och ett tillst\u00e5nd i v\u00e4rlden.<\/p><p>Diego Gonzalez Holguin \u00f6vers\u00e4tter det i sin <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608) beroende p\u00e5 sammanhang med <em>mundo<\/em>, <em>tiempo<\/em> eller <em>suelo<\/em>. Pachamama \u00e4r allts\u00e5 <em>hela v\u00e4rldsverklighetens moder<\/em>, inte bara jordens.<\/p><p>I aymara i de bolivianska Anderna finns motsvarigheten <em>Pachamama<\/em> ocks\u00e5, ibland omvandlad till <em>Pachatata<\/em> (fader-jord) som manlig motpol. I quechua fr\u00e5n Cajamarca och i regionen Ayacucho finns regionalt formen <em>Mama Pacha<\/em> med omv\u00e4nd ordning av best\u00e5ndsdelarna, men den avser samma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett v\u00e4sen som dyrkas som gudomligt inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>.<\/p><p>En alternativ etymologi f\u00f6rbinder <em>pacha<\/em> med begreppet kosmologisk ordning.<\/p><p>Religionshistorikern Frank Salomon p\u00e5pekar i <em>Native Lords of Quito<\/em> (1986) att <em>pacha<\/em> i det inkatida spr\u00e5ket \u00e4ven avser den historiska v\u00e4rlds\u00e5ldern i skikt (Pre-Inka, Inka, Post-Conquest), varigenom Pachamama kan f\u00f6rst\u00e5s som <em>moder till alla v\u00e4rlds\u00e5ldrar<\/em>, en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning som spelar en s\u00e4rskild roll i pachakuti-myterna (v\u00e4rldsomv\u00e4lvningarna).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning och ikonografi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Till skillnad fr\u00e5n Inti, som hade en konkret kultisk bildframst\u00e4llning (Punchao), avbildades Pachamama i den inkatida ikonografin knappast antropomorft. Hon framtr\u00e4der framf\u00f6r allt i form av rituella platser och f\u00f6rem\u00e5l: i den odlade jordskorpan, i <em>apacheta<\/em>-stenh\u00f6garna vid bergspass, p\u00e5 <em>mesa<\/em>-offerplatserna och i nedgr\u00e4vda offergropar.<\/p><p>I den koloniala och moderna folkkonsten avbildas hon alltmer antropomorft som en urinv\u00e5narkvinna i traditionell dr\u00e4kt, med vid polleras-kjol, sjal och plommonstop (i den bolivianska aymarakontexten). Ibland b\u00e4r hon ett barn eller en <em>aguayo<\/em>-b\u00e4rduk full av andinska spannm\u00e5l.<\/p><p>Dessa framst\u00e4llningar \u00e4r till \u00f6verv\u00e4gande del kristet-synkretistiskt p\u00e5verkade av marianikonografi, framf\u00f6r allt av Madonnan av Copacabana och Madonnan del Cerro (Potosi), d\u00e4r jordmodern och marianv\u00f6rdnaden sm\u00e4lter samman.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 bevarade f\u00f6rspanska keramikf\u00f6rem\u00e5l fr\u00e5n Moche- och Wari-kulturen finns kvinnofigurer med utpr\u00e4glade prim\u00e4ra och sekund\u00e4ra k\u00f6nskarakteristika, som arkeologiskt ofta tolkas som <em>Pachamama-f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare<\/em>. Denna tolkning \u00e4r dock spekulativ, eftersom den emiska beteckningen saknas. Christopher Donnan har i <em>Moche Art<\/em> (1978) manat till f\u00f6rsiktighet vid s\u00e5dana identifikationer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mytologiska ber\u00e4ttelser<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den mytologiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskapens och ber\u00e4ttelsernas \u00f6verf\u00f6ring genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> om Pachamama \u00e4r f\u00f6rv\u00e5nansv\u00e4rt tunn i de tidiga kr\u00f6nikorna, vilket Pierre Duviols har f\u00f6rklarat som en f\u00f6ljd av de spanska kr\u00f6nik\u00f6rernas huvudsakligen manligt-imperiala perspektiv. Det som g\u00e5r att bel\u00e4gga \u00e4r snarare fragment av kosmogoniska konstellationer: Pachamama som Pachakamaks maka eller syster i kustregionen, som Viracochas dotter i h\u00f6gl\u00e4nderna, som Pachatatas maka i det aymariska omr\u00e5det.<\/p><p>En central <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traditionell ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myt<\/span> f\u00f6rbinder Pachamama med cykeln av torka och regn. I mars\/april tros hon bli fet och m\u00e4tt efter sk\u00f6rden, medan hon under de torra m\u00e5naderna maj till september uppfattas som hungrig och t\u00f6rstig, varf\u00f6r s\u00e4rskilt m\u00e5nga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, en \u00f6nskan eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span> bringas under denna tid.<\/p><p>I pampabergsregionerna i Argentina (Salta, Jujuy) h\u00e5lls den viktigaste Pachamama-festen i augusti. Den 1 augusti \u00f6ppnar b\u00f6nderna symboliskt jorden genom att gr\u00e4va en liten grop och l\u00e4gga den f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5van (chicha, kokablad, br\u00f6d, fett) i den.<\/p><p>En viktig ber\u00e4ttelse f\u00f6rbinder Pachamama med Plejadernas uppg\u00e5ng i juni. Plejadernas sju veckor l\u00e5nga n\u00e4rvaro p\u00e5 morgonhimlen tolkas som hennes uppm\u00e4rksamhet gentemot de m\u00e4nskliga s\u00e4desf\u00e4lten; n\u00e4r Plejaderna g\u00e5r upp klart och tydligt v\u00e4ntas ett rikt sk\u00f6rde\u00e5r.<\/p><p>Tom Zuidema och Gary Urton har systematiskt beskrivit denna andinska arkeoastronomiska korrelation i <em>At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky<\/em> (1981).<\/p><p>I s\u00f6dra Peru f\u00f6rbinds Pachamama ocks\u00e5 med den mytologiska figuren <em>Mama Pacha<\/em>, som enligt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskapens och ber\u00e4ttelsernas \u00f6verf\u00f6ring genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> i Pakaqtanpu orsakar jordskred och jordb\u00e4vningar om hon inte f\u00e5r tillr\u00e4ckliga offer.<\/p><p>Denna straffdimension hos jordmodern \u00e5terfinns \u00e4ven i de argentinska Anderna, d\u00e4r augusti anses vara <em>mes peligroso<\/em> (den farliga m\u00e5naden), eftersom den hungriga jordmodern beh\u00f6ver s\u00e4rskild uppm\u00e4rksamhet och of\u00f6rsiktiga vandrare p\u00e5st\u00e5s kunna bli sjuka. Religionsetnologiskt intressant \u00e4r att denna straffdimension regelbundet utel\u00e4mnas i den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska New Age-mottagningen av Pachamama.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult och offerpraxis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> \u00e4r \u00e4n idag den mest levande religi\u00f6sa praktiken i h\u00f6glandets byar.<\/p><p>Dess centrum utg\u00f6rs av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualen<\/span> <em>despacho<\/em> eller <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> (betalning till jorden), d\u00e4r kokablad, karameller, lamafett, lamaembryon (<em>sullu<\/em>), sm\u00e5 lerfigurer och g\u00e5vor av vin eller chicha arrangeras konstfullt i ett offerpaket och antingen gr\u00e4vs ner i jorden eller br\u00e4nns.<\/p><p>Catherine Allen beskriver f\u00f6r byn Sonqo (provinsen Paucartambo) det \u00e5terkommande elementet <em>kintu<\/em>, tre perfekta kokablad lagda p\u00e5 varandra, som bl\u00e5ses mot alla v\u00e4derstreck och sedan erbjuds jorden, bergen och de v\u00f6rdade f\u00f6rf\u00e4derna. Joseph Bastien har beskrivit den parallella aymariska praktiken i h\u00f6glandet kring La Paz.<\/p><p>De rituella specialisterna kallas beroende p\u00e5 region <em>yatiri<\/em> (aymara), <em>paqo<\/em> (quechua) eller <em>altomisayoq<\/em>. De \u00e4r inga institutionaliserade pr\u00e4ster som de inkatida Coricancha-funktion\u00e4rerna, utan bybundna divinat\u00f6rer och botare, som ofta har f\u00e5tt sin kallelse genom en upplevelse av blixtnedslag (Illapa-kallelsen).<\/p><p>Den peruanske antropologen Juan Nunez del Prado systematiserade i sina arbeten fr\u00e5n 1970-talet dessa paqo-specialisters initiationssteg.<\/p><p>Det viktigaste kalenderdatumet \u00e4r den 1 augusti, som betraktas som Pachamamas dag; dessutom offras det till henne vid alla viktiga tidpunkter i jordbruks\u00e5ret: vid s\u00e5dden, vid den f\u00f6rsta pl\u00f6jningen, vid den f\u00f6rsta sk\u00f6rden. \u00c4ven vid husbygge, gifterm\u00e5l och f\u00f6dslar \u00e4r ett Pachamama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, en \u00f6nskan eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span> obligatoriskt.<\/p><p>I Andernas gruvregioner (Potos\u00ed, Oruro, Cerro de Pasco) har dessutom en egen Pachamama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> utvecklats bland underjordsarbetarna, d\u00e4r Pachamama v\u00f6rdas tillsammans med gruvanden <em>Tio<\/em>.<\/p><p>June Nash har i <em>We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us<\/em> (1979) etnografiskt dokumenterat dubbelkulten Pachamama\/Tio i de bolivianska silvergruvorna och visat hur f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet mellan kapitalistiskt utnyttjande och rituell reciprocitet f\u00f6rhandlas i denna dubbelgudom.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddspraxis och apotrop\u00e4iskt<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> \u00e4r i grunden inte en skyddspraktik i strikt mening, utan en \u00f6msesidig relationsv\u00e5rd (<em>ayni<\/em>). D\u00e4r apotrop\u00e4iska funktioner tillskrivs sker detta oftast i samband med andra v\u00e4sen: mot skadliga andar som <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/supay-skadeandar-och-underjordsherre\/\">Supay<\/a> eller mot <em>condenados<\/em> (f\u00f6rbannade sj\u00e4lar) verkar Pachamama endast om man har uppr\u00e4tth\u00e5llit den rituella reciprociteten.<\/p><p>Konkreta skyddspraktiker i samband med Pachamama omfattar att l\u00e4gga kokablad under d\u00f6rrtr\u00f6skeln vid en nybyggnation, att gr\u00e4va ner en flaska fylld med vin och chicha under husets entr\u00e9, eller att bygga en apacheta (stenh\u00f6g) vid ett bergspass, d\u00e4r varje f\u00f6rbipasserande vandrare l\u00e4gger till en sten och d\u00e4rmed bidrar till den gemensamma s\u00e4kringen av v\u00e4gen.<\/p><p>Religionsetnologen Olivia Harris har i <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000) visat att denna stenh\u00f6gspraxis fortfarande \u00e4r levande p\u00e5 de bolivianska h\u00f6glandsv\u00e4garna idag.<\/p><p>Religionsvetenskapligt \u00e4r det viktigt att sl\u00e5 fast att dessa praktiker inte f\u00f6rst\u00e5s som verkningsmagi, utan som en rituell bekr\u00e4ftelse av en kosmisk ordning, d\u00e4r varje g\u00e5va f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntar sig en motsvarighet. iWell Guards koppling till Pachamama-traditionen \u00e4r h\u00e4r uttryckligen religionsbetraktande och inte verkanslovande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Strukturellt kan Pachamama j\u00e4mf\u00f6ras med andra jordmodergudomar inom v\u00e4rldsreligionerna, utan att man beh\u00f6ver postulera n\u00e5got genetiskt samband. Religionsvetenskapligt s\u00e4rskilt givande \u00e4r j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsen med den fornindiska Prithivi, den grekiska Gaia, den romerska Tellus Mater, den germanska Nerthus (Tacitus) och den nordamerikanska <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/changing-woman-livscykelgudinna-navajo\/\">Changing Woman<\/a> hos navajofolket.<\/p><p>Mircea Eliade identifierade i <em>Die Religion und das Heilige<\/em> ett jordmoderm\u00f6nster som f\u00f6rekommer i n\u00e4stan alla agrara h\u00f6gkulturer: en kvinnlig numinositet f\u00f6rbunden med fruktbarhet, cyklicitet, uts\u00e4de och d\u00f6d. Pachamama passar in i detta m\u00f6nster, men uppvisar genom sin pacha-dimensionalitet (tid, v\u00e4rldsera) en vidare semantisk horisont.<\/p><p>Specifikt andinskt \u00e4r f\u00f6rbindelsen mellan Pachamama och de lokala bergsandarna <em>Apu<\/em> (se <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/apu-ausangate-bergsgudom-anderna\/\">Apu Ausangate<\/a>). Dessa manliga bergherrar och den kvinnliga jordmodern bildar ett komplement\u00e4rt k\u00f6nssystem, som i den andinska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om v\u00e4rldens uppbyggnad och ordning inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologin<\/span> uttrycks som <em>yanantin<\/em>, den produktiva sp\u00e4nningen mellan motsatspar.<\/p><p>En ytterligare viktig parallell visar den afroamerikanska v\u00f6rdnaden f\u00f6r orishan <em>Yemaya<\/em> eller den vodouiska loan Erzulie, d\u00e4r kvinnlig numinositet f\u00f6rbinds med vatten, fruktbarhet och skydd. \u00c4ven h\u00e4r r\u00f6r det sig om konvergenta strukturer inom agrar religiositet, inte om historiskt sl\u00e4ktskap.<\/p><p>Den vetenskapliga kategorin <em>Magna Mater<\/em>, den stora modern, har diskuterats upprepade g\u00e5nger sedan Johann Jakob Bachofen under 1800-talet, men den enkla reduktionen av alla jordmodergudomar till en arketypisk urgestalt betraktas idag metodiskt kritiskt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kristnande och synkretism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den spanska missionen kunde aldrig helt undantr\u00e4ngda Pachamama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>. Ist\u00e4llet uppstod en av de mest anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rda synkretiseringarna i den amerikanska religionshistorien: f\u00f6rbindelsen mellan Pachamama och den katolska Mariav\u00f6rdnaden, s\u00e4rskilt med Madonnan av Copacabana (Bolivia) och Madonna del Cerro (Potos\u00ed).<\/p><p>I den ber\u00f6mda m\u00e5lningen <em>Virgen del Cerro<\/em> (anonym, ca 1720, Potos\u00ed) framtr\u00e4der Madonnan sj\u00e4lv som Potos\u00eds silverberg, hennes kl\u00e4dnad bildar bergssilhuetten, i bergstoppen sitter kronan, och inuti berget syns bergsarbetarna.<\/p><p>Teresa Gisbert har tolkat denna bild som ett ikonografiskt manifest f\u00f6r Pachamama-Maria-synkretismen. Madonnan \u00e4r h\u00e4r inte st\u00e4lld ovanf\u00f6r berget, hon \u00e4r berget, och d\u00e4rmed \u00e4r hon samtidigt jordmodern.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven den centrala vallfartsorten Copacabana vid Titicacasj\u00f6n \u00e4r uppf\u00f6rd p\u00e5 en \u00e4ldre inka-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En helig plats till\u00e4gnad v\u00f6rdnaden av en gudom.\" tabindex=\"0\">helgedom<\/span>. <em>Virgen Morena<\/em> (den m\u00f6rkhyade Madonnan), som v\u00f6rdas d\u00e4r, g\u00e4ller idag samtidigt som Bolivias kristna skyddshelgon och som en manifestation av Pachamama. Sabine MacCormack (<em>Religion in the Andes<\/em>, 1991) har beskrivit denna dubbelidentitets process ing\u00e5ende.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nutida mottagande och forskning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pachamama \u00e4r idag, l\u00e5ngt bortom den sn\u00e4vare religi\u00f6sa kontexten, en identifikationsfigur f\u00f6r sydamerikanska urfolksr\u00f6relser. I Bolivia har president Evo Morales (2006, 2019) f\u00f6rklarat den 1 augusti till nationell helgdag som <em>Dia de la Pachamama<\/em>, och 2009 \u00e5rs konstitution h\u00e4nvisar explicit till Pachamama-tron.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven i Ecuador har <em>Pachamama<\/em> genom 2008 \u00e5rs konstitution tillerk\u00e4nts egna r\u00e4ttigheter, ett steg som internationellt uppm\u00e4rksammats inom r\u00e4ttshistorien.<\/p><p>Inom milj\u00f6r\u00f6relsen och i v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska New Age-kretsar har Pachamama under de senaste decennierna f\u00e5tt bred resonans. Denna reception b\u00f6r dock betraktas kritiskt: den lyfter ofta ut begreppet ur sin konkreta andinska kontext och g\u00f6r det till en global jordmoder-chiffer.<\/p><p>Religionsetnologer som Marisol de la Cadena (<em>Earth Beings<\/em>, 2015) har p\u00e5pekat att den andinska Pachamama inte \u00e4r identisk med den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska Gaia-hypotesen och inte kan reduceras till dess begreppsv\u00e4rld.<\/p><p>I Vatikanen hamnade Pachamama 2019 i centrum f\u00f6r en kontroversiell debatt under Amazonassynoden, efter att tr\u00e4figurer st\u00e4llts upp i kyrkan Santa Maria in Traspontina.<\/p><p>H\u00e4ndelsen visar jordmodersymbolikens obrutna verkningskraft \u00e4nda in i det 21. \u00e5rhundradet. Inom den akademiska forskningen har s\u00e4rskilt arbeten av Catherine Allen, Joseph Bastien, Frank Salomon och Marisol de la Cadena pr\u00e4glat f\u00e4ltet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur och k\u00e4llor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>F\u00f6ljande urval listar centrala verk inom andinsk etnologi och religionshistoria som \u00e4r avg\u00f6rande f\u00f6r Pachamama-forskningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21d1bd35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp21d1bd35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp261bfd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp261bfd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pago a la Tierra och seden med jordg\u00e5van<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26889d35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp26889d35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ab2cdd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2ab2cdd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En v\u00e4ldokumenterad och \u00e4n idag levande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad handling som regelbundet upprepas inom en gemenskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">sedv\u00e4nja<\/span> i samband med Pachamama \u00e4r jordg\u00e5van, i Andesl\u00e4nderna oftast kallad <em>pago a la tierra<\/em> eller <em>despacho<\/em>.<\/p><p>Man s\u00e4tter samman ett bylte av olika g\u00e5vor som, beroende p\u00e5 region, kan inneh\u00e5lla kokablad, majskorn, fett, s\u00f6tsaker, sm\u00e5 figurer och andra best\u00e5ndsdelar. Byltet gr\u00e4vs ner eller br\u00e4nns, ofta p\u00e5 fastst\u00e4llda platser och vid best\u00e4mda tidpunkter.<\/p><p>I m\u00e5nga delar av de sydperuanska och bolivianska Anderna \u00e4r augusti den m\u00e5nad d\u00e5 s\u00e5dana g\u00e5vor ges s\u00e4rskilt ofta, eftersom jorden under denna tid anses vara \u00f6ppen och mottaglig. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad handling som regelbundet upprepas inom en gemenskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sedv\u00e4njan<\/span> leds ofta av rituella specialister som ben\u00e4mns olika beroende p\u00e5 region.<\/p><p>Den etnografiska forskningen, till exempel Catherine Allens arbeten om en quechuagemenskap n\u00e4ra Cusco, har visat att g\u00e5van till Pachamama \u00e4r infl\u00e4tad i det vardagliga f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet till omgivningen. Att h\u00e4lla ut lite v\u00e4tska p\u00e5 marken innan man dricker h\u00f6r till samma f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningsv\u00e4rld.<\/p><p>Forskningen betonar att denna komplex varken \u00e4r en ren forts\u00e4ttning av f\u00f6rkolonial praxis eller enbart <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade folkkulturen med sedv\u00e4njor, ber\u00e4ttelser och s\u00e5nger.\" tabindex=\"0\">folklore<\/span>. Under \u00e5rhundraden har den tagit upp kristna inslag utan att f\u00f6rlora sin k\u00e4rna. Pachamama dyrkas p\u00e5 m\u00e5nga h\u00e5ll tillsammans med katolska helgon, och samma personer deltar b\u00e5de i m\u00e4ssan och i jordg\u00e5van.<\/p><p>G\u00e5van \u00e4r ingen beg\u00e4ran om ett under utan uttryck f\u00f6r ett \u00f6msesidigt f\u00f6rh\u00e5llande: den som tar av jorden ger ocks\u00e5 tillbaka till den. Denna logik av \u00f6msesidighet, i Anderna ofta f\u00f6rknippad med quechuabegreppet <em>ayni<\/em>, \u00e4r enligt m\u00e5nga forskare den egentliga nyckeln till att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 seden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp25fcc55d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp25fcc55d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp21ebc69e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp21ebc69e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pachamama i dagens politiska och kyrkliga strider<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp23c41102 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp23c41102\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2eb276f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2eb276f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Under 2000-talet har Pachamama, ut\u00f6ver den religi\u00f6sa sf\u00e4ren, blivit en politisk och ideologisk referenspunkt. I Bolivia och Ecuador togs begreppet upp i f\u00f6rfattnings- och lagstiftningsarbetet p\u00e5 2000- och 2010-talet.<\/p><p>Ecuador inf\u00f6rde 2008 naturens r\u00e4ttigheter i sin f\u00f6rfattning, och Bolivia antog 2010 en lag som blev k\u00e4nd under namnet <em>Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra<\/em>. Pachamama framst\u00e5r h\u00e4r som en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En bildlig framst\u00e4llning som st\u00e5r f\u00f6r en abstrakt tanke.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> f\u00f6r en milj\u00f6ordning som tillskriver naturen ett eget v\u00e4rde.<\/p><p>Forskningen diskuterar kritiskt hur v\u00e4l denna politiska anv\u00e4ndning st\u00e4mmer med de lokala religi\u00f6sa f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningarna. Vissa f\u00f6rfattare ser den som en meningsfull anknytning till andinskt t\u00e4nkande, andra som en till\u00e4gnelse som generaliserar en m\u00e5ngskiftande lokal <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad handling som upprepas regelbundet inom en gemenskap.\" tabindex=\"0\">sedv\u00e4nja<\/span> till en nationell <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som representerar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> och d\u00e4rigenom f\u00f6renklar den. Den faktiska rituella praktiken i byarna p\u00e5verkas i stort sett inte av den statliga symboliken.<\/p><p>En egen kontrovers uppstod 2019 inom kyrkan. Under den s\u00e5 kallade Amazonassynoden i Rom anv\u00e4ndes tr\u00e4figurer som i den offentliga debatten beskrevs som Pachamama-avbildningar. Flera konservativa kretsar inom den katolska kyrkan uppfattade detta som avguderi, och figurerna stals av ok\u00e4nda personer fr\u00e5n en romersk kyrka och kastades i Tibern.<\/p><p>H\u00e4ndelsen utl\u00f6ste en bred debatt om hur kyrkan b\u00f6r f\u00f6rh\u00e5lla sig till urfolkens religi\u00f6sa uttrycksformer. F\u00f6r den vetenskapliga betraktelsen visar den att Pachamama i dag, l\u00e5ngt bortom Andesregionen, har blivit ett tvisteobjekt d\u00e4r fr\u00e5gor om inkulturation, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sammansm\u00e4ltning av f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar eller gudomar fr\u00e5n olika religi\u00f6sa traditioner.\" tabindex=\"0\">synkretism<\/span> och religi\u00f6s identitet f\u00f6rhandlas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Catherine Allen: <em>The Hold Life Has<\/em> (2002)<\/li><li>Joseph Bastien: <em>Mountain of the Condor<\/em> (1978)<\/li><li>Sabine MacCormack: <em>Religion in the Andes<\/em> (1991)<\/li><li>Marisol de la Cadena: <em>Earth Beings<\/em> (2015)<\/li><li>Olivia Harris: <em>Of Bread and Blood<\/em> (2000)<\/li><li>Diego Gonzalez Holguin: <em>Vocabulario de la lengua general<\/em> (1608)<\/li><li>Frank Salomon: <em>The Cord Keepers<\/em> (2004)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-pachamama-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Som <em>fruktbarhetsgudinna<\/em> i den andinska v\u00e4rlden f\u00f6renar Pachamama jordbruk, boskapssk\u00f6tsel och bergsv\u00f6rdnad; offerg\u00e5vor av coca, majs och chicha \u00e5tf\u00f6ljer \u00e4n idag s\u00e5dd, sk\u00f6rd och husbygge i Bolivia, Peru och norra Argentina.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Relaterade nyckelbegrepp: Pachamama Quechua Aymara Ayni Despacho Paqo Yatiri Apacheta Sullu.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-pachamama\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard och skyddstraditioner<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard ansluter till den kulturhistoriska traditionen av b\u00e4rbara skyddsf\u00f6rem\u00e5l, i traditionen fr\u00e5n <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/andeska-kulturer-inka-inti-pachamama-viracocha\/\">Anderna \/ Inkariket<\/a> och m\u00e5nga andra kulturer v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver. 41 niv\u00e5er, \u00e4kta guld, platina, silver, tillverkad i Tyskland. 30 dagars \u00f6ppet k\u00f6p.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb iwg-cc-button iwg-cc-cta-2026-05-13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-button\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"jet-button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-jet-button jet-elements\"><div class=\"jet-button__container\"><a class=\"jet-button__instance jet-button__instance--icon-left hover-effect-1\" href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&amp;utm_medium=info-box&amp;utm_campaign=wesen-tradition\"><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__plane jet-button__plane-hover\"><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-normal\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><div class=\"jet-button__state jet-button__state-hover\"><span class=\"jet-button__label\">Mer om iWell Guard<\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><style>.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__instance{width:320px;height:56px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-normal .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#1a1b20;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__state-hover .jet-button__label{text-align:center;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;color:#FECC76;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:1.714em;text-transform:uppercase;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-normal{background-color:#FECC76;border-style:solid;border-color:#C99540;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}.elementor-element.elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccb .jet-button__plane-hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.55);border-style:solid;border-color:#FECC76;border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-ccd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-ccd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p style=\"text-align:center;font-size:13px;opacity:0.7;margin-top:14px\" data-nosnippet=\"true\">Personliga erfarenheter kan variera. Ingen medicinteknisk produkt. Inget l\u00f6fte om l\u00e4kning.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-pachamama-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-pachamama-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard \u00e4r <strong>ingen medicinteknisk produkt<\/strong> och ers\u00e4tter inte l\u00e4karv\u00e5rd eller psykoterapeutisk behandling. De religionsvetenskapliga inneh\u00e5llen \u00e4r kulturhistorisk inordning, ingen andlig praxisrekommendation.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2683,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Pachamama jordmoder Anderna","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Pachamama \u2013 Andinsk jordmoder och kult","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Pachamama, jordmodern i Anderna, \u00e4r \u00e4n idag en central gestalt i det andinska bondelivet. 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