{"id":136766,"date":"2026-09-03T00:09:50","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:09:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136766"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:11:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:11:25","slug":"golem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/golem\/","title":{"rendered":"Golem"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136766\" class=\"elementor elementor-136766 elementor-2191 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, ande i den judiska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem \u00e4r i den judiska traditionen en konstgjort skapad, humanoid varelse av lera eller jord, v\u00e4ckt till liv genom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker ingripa i tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> eller det gudomliga ordet. Religionsvetenskapligt representerar han judisk skapelsemystik, gr\u00e4ns\u00f6verskridandet mellan m\u00e4nniska och Gud, samt senmedeltida praxis inom rabbinsk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s str\u00f6mning med fokus p\u00e5 direkt guderfarenhet; central i judisk, kristen och islamisk tradition.\">mystik<\/span> (kabbala). Golem betraktas som en ande i den judiska traditionen och st\u00e5r f\u00f6r gr\u00e4nsen mellan m\u00e4nniska och Gud.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ande: Okroppslig eller halvkroppslig varelse, avliden, naturv\u00e4sen, husande eller tr\u00f6skelv\u00e4ktare. Verkar i vardagslivet, ofta bunden till platser eller familjer.\">Ande<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/judendom\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Judisk trostradition fr\u00e5n Tanach till kabbala och nutida mystik.\">Judendom<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Judisk mystisk-kosmologisk tradition.\">Kabbala<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136379\" alt=\"Golem \u2013 ande fr\u00e5n den judiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_judentum_golem.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem \u00e4r en gestalt av lera eller jord som v\u00e4cks till liv genom Guds namn eller magisk-spr\u00e5kliga praktiker. I den mest k\u00e4nda <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenden<\/span>, Prag-Maharal, skapade rabbi Judah Loew en golem f\u00f6r att skydda den judiska gemenskapen.<\/p><p>Golem \u00e4r lydig, om\u00e4nskligt stark, men ocks\u00e5 farlig och blir till slut f\u00f6rst\u00f6rd. Centrala myter: den bibliska Adam-skapelsen som f\u00f6rebild, medeltida golemer som skyddsv\u00e4sen, senare symbolisk-psykologiska tolkningar (Freud, Scholem).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kortprofil: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Golem-ber\u00e4ttelsen uppstod i medeltida och tidigmodern judisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Judisk mystik med huvudverken Sefer Yetzira, Sohar och den lurianska skolan.\">kabbala<\/span> (ca 12.\u201316. \u00e5rhundradet). Centrala k\u00e4llor: Sefer Yetzirah (Skapelsens bok, 3.\u20136. \u00e5rhundradet, men golem-referenser senare), senmedeltida Maharal-legender (15.\u201316. \u00e5rhundradet), Scholems <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Judisk mystik med huvudverken Sefer Yetzira, Sohar och den lurianska skolan.\">kabbala<\/span> och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av en kulturs traderade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span> (1941).<\/span><\/p><p>Spridning: Mellaneuropa (B\u00f6hmen, Polen, Tyskland), senare litter\u00e4rt globalt. Forskningsl\u00e4ge: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Israelisk religionshistoriker (1897\u20131982); grundare av den moderna kabbalaforskningen.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism), Daniel Abrams (Kabbalah and Luria), Yehuda Liebes (The Sinai Revelation), Elliot Wolfson (Language, Eros, Being).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fr\u00e5n Sefer Jezira via medeltidens kabbalistiska kommentarer till Prag-legenden om rabbi L\u00f6w p\u00e5 1500-talet har k\u00e4rnan i golem-ber\u00e4ttelsen best\u00e5tt: en gestalt formad av lera, v\u00e4ckt till liv genom heliga bokst\u00e4ver. \u00c4ven idag lever figuren vidare, men i f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrad form: den f\u00f6rekommer i litteratur, film och teater, och i Prag lever minnet vidare vid Altneu-synagogan, p\u00e5 vars vind golem enligt legenden ska vila.<\/p><h3>Mytologisk inordning<\/h3><p>Golem \u00e4r inom judisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s str\u00f6mning med fokus p\u00e5 direkt guderfarenhet; central i judisk, kristen och islamisk tradition.\">mystik<\/span> och senare europeisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sysslande med dolda krafter och praktiker bortom den erk\u00e4nda vetenskapen.\" tabindex=\"0\">ockultism<\/span> en konstgjort skapad, levande varelse av lera. Den mest k\u00e4nda \u00e4r rabbi L\u00f6ws golem i Prag. Han \u00e4r ingen naturlig varelse utan ett magiskt konstruktion, en manifestation av m\u00e4nsklig skaparkraft och en varning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem var inte begr\u00e4nsad till en best\u00e4md region eller plats, utan var universellt k\u00e4nd inom hela den judiska v\u00e4rlden och v\u00f6rdades eller fruktades respektfullt. Vare sig i stora urbana centra eller i perifera lantliga trakter, vare sig hos den sociala eliten eller bland vanligt folk, erk\u00e4ndes denna gestalts andliga eller kulturella betydelse genomg\u00e5ende och universellt.<\/p><p>Golem-ber\u00e4ttelsen vandrade tillsammans med de judiska gemenskaperna genom Europa och f\u00f6rblev i sina grunddrag densamma: en lergestalt, en livgivande inskription, en l\u00e4rd skapare. Att den mest k\u00e4nda versionen just kn\u00f6ts till Prag och rabbi L\u00f6w visar hur n\u00e4ra ber\u00e4ttelsen var f\u00f6rbunden med den lokala gemenskapens sj\u00e4lvf\u00f6rst\u00e5else, som i golem s\u00e5g en beskyddare i tr\u00e4ngda tider. Genom tryckta verk och muntlig tradering spreds Prag-versionen l\u00e5ngt bortom B\u00f6hmen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prim\u00e4rk\u00e4llor \u00e4r Sefer Yetzirah (antik text, golem-tolkningar 12.\u201316. \u00e5rhundradet), Maharal-legender (muntligt\/skriftligt i Shevet Judah, David Gans&#8217; Tzemach David, 16.\u201317. \u00e5rhundradet), <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Judisk mystik med huvudverken Sefer Yetzira, Sohar och den lurianska skolan.\">kabbala<\/span>-skrifter (Abulafia, Luria, Vital, 13.\u201316. \u00e5rhundradet). Tidsspann: 3.\u201317. \u00e5rhundradet (begreppslig lagring).<\/p><p>Spr\u00e5komr\u00e5de: hebreiska, senare tyska, jiddisch. Geografiskt: Mellaneuropa (B\u00f6hmen, Polen), senare litteratur globalt. Forskare: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Israelisk religionshistoriker (1897\u20131982); grundare av den moderna kabbalaforskningen.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span> (Major Trends), Moshe Idel (The Golem: Jewish Magical Traditions), Wolfram Brandes (Golem-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s str\u00f6mning med fokus p\u00e5 omedelbar guderfarenhet.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystik<\/span> i Mellaneuropa), Yehuda Liebes, Elliot Wolfson.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beteckning och stavningar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem framst\u00e4lls i olika k\u00e4llor och konstn\u00e4rliga traditioner med best\u00e4mda, \u00e5terkommande ikonografiska element som f\u00f6rblir relativt konstanta \u00f6ver decennier och \u00f6ver olika geografiska omr\u00e5den. Dessa element \u00e4r inte rent dekorativa eller slumpm\u00e4ssigt valda, utan \u00e4r djupt symboliskt kodade och b\u00e4r stor betydelse.<\/p><p>Hos golemen b\u00e4r varje inslag i ber\u00e4ttelsen betydelse: leran syftar p\u00e5 skapelsen av Adam ur jord, pann-inskriften emet (sanning) \u00e4r samtidigt brytaren f\u00f6r dess existens, eftersom borttagandet av den f\u00f6rsta bokstaven g\u00f6r det till met (d\u00f6d) och avslutar besj\u00e4lningen. Den som k\u00e4nde till de hebreiska bokst\u00e4verna och deras kabbalistiska tydning l\u00e4ste i golember\u00e4ttelsen en l\u00e4ra om spr\u00e5kets makt och gr\u00e4nserna f\u00f6r m\u00e4nsklig skapelse. Stumhet, styrka och tj\u00e4nstvillighet hos gestalten \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 fasta, traderade drag.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e4sensdrag<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem stod i centrum f\u00f6r den religi\u00f6sa praktiken, vardagsritualerna och den vardagliga f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen inom judendomen. M\u00e4nniskor v\u00e4nde sig i kritiska eller s\u00e4rskilda livssituationer eller vid best\u00e4mda rituella tider p\u00e5 \u00e5ret till denna entitet, med strukturerade, ofta omfattande ritualer, b\u00f6ner eller offerg\u00e5vor.<\/p><p>Att skapa en golem betraktades i den judiska traditionen aldrig som fritt hantverk, utan som en l\u00e4rd praktik: den f\u00f6rutsatte studier av Sefer Jezira och kunskap om de kabbalistiska bokstavskombinationerna. I Prag-legenden \u00e4r det d\u00e4rf\u00f6r ingen slumpartad hantverkare, utan Rabbi L\u00f6w, en erk\u00e4nd talmudl\u00e4rd fr\u00e5n 1500-talet, som besj\u00e4lar lergestalten enligt de traderade reglerna.<\/p><p>Golem-f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen kan f\u00f6ljas fr\u00e5n Sefer Jezira via medeltida kommentarer fram till Prag-legenden p\u00e5 1500-talet, vilket visar att id\u00e9n om en gestalt besj\u00e4lad genom bokstavskonst h\u00f6lls levande i den judiska skriftkulturen under l\u00e5ng tid. Figurens funktioner v\u00e4xlade dock: i de kabbalistiska texterna tj\u00e4nade skapandet av en golem som bevis p\u00e5 mystiskt m\u00e4sterskap, i Prag-ber\u00e4ttelsen skyddar golemen den judiska f\u00f6rsamlingen mot f\u00f6rtal och \u00f6vergrepp, och som hustj\u00e4nare utf\u00f6r den \u00e4ven enkla sysslor.<\/p><h3>Utseende och symbolik<\/h3><p>Golem framst\u00e4lls som massiv och oproportionerlig, formad av jord eller lera, humanoid men ofullst\u00e4ndig. Ibland \u00e4r Guds namn inskrivet. Ansiktet \u00e4r uttrycksl\u00f6st. Genom att sudda ut en bokstav blir Emet till Met (d\u00f6d). Styrka och or\u00f6rlighet \u00e4r dess k\u00e4nnetecken.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Faktablad: Golem<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Faktabladet om golemen behandlar dess kosmiska ursprung (skapelse-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s str\u00f6mning med fokus p\u00e5 omedelbar guderfarenhet.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystik<\/span>), dess funktion som magisk skyddsvarelse, dess morfologi (lerfigur, ofta stum), praktikerna f\u00f6r dess uppv\u00e4ckande (bokstavs-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>, Sefer Yetzirah), de sociala grupper som skapade golemer, samt kulturella paralleller till homunculus, artificiellt liv i andra traditioner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradition<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golemen uppstod tidsm\u00e4ssigt inom den kabbalistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s str\u00f6mning med fokus p\u00e5 direkt guderfarenhet; central inom judisk, kristen och islamisk tradition.\">mystiken<\/span> p\u00e5 1100 1200-talet, med senare blomstring p\u00e5 1500 1600-talet (Maharal-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span>). Geografiskt ursprung: Mellaneuropa, s\u00e4rskilt B\u00f6hmen (Prag), Polen, tyska Rhenomr\u00e5den.<\/p><p>Kulturellt ursprung: judisk kabbala, platonska skapelseid\u00e9er (demiurg), Sefer Yetzirah-bruk, praktisk-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6s str\u00f6mning med fokus p\u00e5 omedelbar guderfarenhet.\" tabindex=\"0\">mystik<\/span>, rabbinsk praktisk-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>. F\u00f6rsta daterbara bel\u00e4gg: Sefer Hasidim (De frommas bok, cirka 1200), d\u00e4refter Maharal-ber\u00e4ttelserna (1500 1600-talet, litter\u00e4rt dokumenterade fr\u00e5n 1800-talet). Historisk utveckling: fr\u00e5n abstraktion (tidig kabbala: kosmisk golem) till <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span> (Prag-golemen som konkret gestalt).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avser<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Att skapa golemer var en praktik ut\u00f6vad av rabbiner, kabbalister och magiskt l\u00e4rda, elitmagiker, inte lekm\u00e4n. Anledningar: f\u00f6rsvar av f\u00f6rsamlingen (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legend<\/span>: antisemitiska pogromer), demonstration av under, mystisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Rituellt upptagande i en religi\u00f6s eller esoterisk orden; ofta f\u00f6rbundet med symbolisk d\u00f6d och \u00e5terf\u00f6delse.\">initiation<\/span> (studier av Sefer Yetzirah = f\u00f6rm\u00e5ga att v\u00e4cka liv), tecken p\u00e5 andlig mognad. Socialt sammanhang: f\u00f6rf\u00f6ljelse och s\u00f6kande efter skydd, rabbinsk legitimeringskultur, judiskt lidande som mystiskt problem (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Teologiskt problem om hur Guds allmakt och godhet kan f\u00f6renas med det ondas existens.\">teodic\u00e9<\/span>). Golemen var psykologiskt sett en \u00f6verm\u00e4nsklig skyddsfantasi i en or\u00e4ttf\u00e4rdig v\u00e4rld.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golemen beskrivs som humanoid, gjord av lera eller jord, ofta stum eller uttrycksl\u00f6s, med stora stirrande \u00f6gon eller en oskriven panna. Attribut: ibland <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text inristad eller ingraverad i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskriften<\/span> &#8221;Emet&#8221; (sanning) p\u00e5 pannan eller ett sigill med Guds namn.<\/p><p>Legendens Prag-golem \u00e4r m\u00f6rkbrun, j\u00e4ttelik (\u00f6verm\u00e4nsklig), or\u00f6rlig till dess han v\u00e4cks, och d\u00e4refter automatiskt lydig. I modern konst (K\u00e4the Kollwitz, E.T.A. Hoffmann) framst\u00e4lls han snarare tragiskt: som en isolerad varelse, inte ett monster. F\u00e4rg: brun, gr\u00e5, jordf\u00e4rgad. Ingen \u00f6vernaturlig aura, snarare en tung materialitet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verksamhet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong><p>Golemen verkar fr\u00e4mst som skyddsgestalt och magiskt verktyg. Historiskt belagda \u00e4r golemer som livvakter i Prag under 1500-talet, under Rabbi Jehuda Loew ben Bezalel, s\u00e4rskilt f\u00f6r att avv\u00e4rja pogromer.<\/p><p>Sefer Yetzirah-traditionen beskriver skapelsen genom bokst\u00e4ver och gudomliga namn som en kosmogonisk princip, golemen f\u00f6rkroppsligar materiens formning genom spr\u00e5k. I senare kabbalistiska system symboliserar golemen gr\u00e4nsen mellan skapare och skapelse: ett medvetet ting utan fri vilja, en automat av lera och skrift.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddsmedel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Golem kan inte besv\u00e4rjas bort som demoner, eftersom han inte \u00e4r ett ont v\u00e4sen utan ett verktyg. Skydd mot missbruk av golem: rabbinsk kontroll och urskillning (r\u00e4tt avsikt, r\u00e4tt ord-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>), etisk begr\u00e4nsning (f\u00f6rst\u00f6relse av golem p\u00e5 shabbat eller n\u00e4r uppgiften \u00e4r fullgjord), medvetenhet om risken (golem blir ett verktyg f\u00f6r kaos om han inte l\u00e4ngre kontrolleras).<\/p><p>Praktiskt: avl\u00e4gsnande av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text som ristats eller huggits in i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskriften<\/span> eller uppl\u00f6sning av namnbindningen. Teologiskt: respekt f\u00f6r skapelsens gr\u00e4ns (endast Gud skapar p\u00e5 riktigt, m\u00e4nniskan bara imiterar).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Motsvarigheter<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>J\u00e4mf\u00f6rbara gestalter \u00e4r homunkulusen i den europeiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rmodern f\u00f6rening av naturfilosofi och symbolvetenskap; arbetar med \u00e4mnesomvandling som inre transformation.\">alkemin<\/span> (Paracelsus, Faust-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenden<\/span>), golemliknande skapelser i hinduisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden av en kulturs \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span> (Shakti-skapelser), kinesiska lerkrigare (Qin-terrakottan), den bibliska Adam (lera + gudomligt ord) och moderna science fiction-golemer (Frankenstein som litter\u00e4r efterf\u00f6ljare till golem). Alla delar: konstgjord besj\u00e4lning, magiskt eller vetenskapligt framst\u00e4lld, moraliskt tvetydig, \u00f6verm\u00e4nsklig kraft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Golem, paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Riter f\u00f6r evokation och bindning<\/h3><p>Sefer Yetzirah-metoden kr\u00e4ver kombinationer av de 22 hebreiska bokst\u00e4verna samt permutativa meditationer \u00f6ver de gudomliga namnen. Maharals metod anv\u00e4nde bokstavskombinationer och Shem ha-Meforasch (72-namns-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span>). Att radera det avslutande alef i \u201eEmet\u201d (sanning) \u2192 \u201eMet\u201d (d\u00f6d) ans\u00e5gs vara en avaktiveringsmekanism. Den Prag-baserade <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenden<\/span> dokumenterar muntligt \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade formler; historiska skriftliga bel\u00e4gg \u00e4r fragmentariska.<\/p><h3>Skrift- och namnmagi<\/h3><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En text inristad eller inhuggen i ett fast underlag.\" tabindex=\"0\">Inskriptionen<\/span> p\u00e5 golemens panna, vanligen \u201eEmet\u201d (sanning), bygger p\u00e5 kabbalistisk bokstavsmystik. Rabbinska k\u00e4llor pekar mot permutativa tekniker som \u00e4ven f\u00f6rekommer i Bahir och Zohar. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritualen<\/span> tillh\u00f6r den praktiska kabbalan, dokumenterad av Gedaliah ibn Yahya p\u00e5 1500-talet.<\/p><h3>Skyddssymboler och amuletter<\/h3><p>Golemen sj\u00e4lv \u00e4r ett vandrande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett buret f\u00f6rem\u00e5l som tillskrivs en skyddande, ondskeavv\u00e4rjande verkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">amulett<\/span>, dess kropp b\u00e4r det verksamma tecknet. Som f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> f\u00f6rekommer golemen i kabbalistiska anteckningssamlingar som en modell f\u00f6r materiell manifestation. Parallella skyddspraktiker \u00e4r serfen (bindningsformler) och anv\u00e4ndningen av yichudim (namnkombinationer) p\u00e5 pergament.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Judisk tradition:<\/strong> Golem \u00e4r helt och h\u00e5llet judisk; ingen annan judisk tradition existerar utan honom. Men den bibliske Adam \u00e4r en direkt f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare: \u201eGud formade Adam av stoft och bl\u00e5ste in liv\u201d (F\u00f6rsta Moseboken 2:7).<\/p><p>Mystiker tolkade detta som en skapelsemodell f\u00f6r golemer. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Judisk mystik med huvudverken Sefer Yetzira, Zohar och den lurianska skolan.\">Kabbalan<\/span> betonar bokst\u00e4vernas kraft, s\u00e4rskilt de tre bokst\u00e4verna i Guds namn, som ett livgivande princip. Rabbinsk etik: golemen \u00e4r ett verktyg, inte en person, men med starka ansvarsimplikationer.<\/p><p><strong>Den grekisk-romerska v\u00e4rlden:<\/strong> Platons demiurg (hantverkargud) skapar den materiella v\u00e4rlden, analogt med golem-skapelsen. Prometheus formar m\u00e4nniskor av lera (f\u00f6r \u00f6vrigt ett grekiskt eko av lerskapelse-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span>). Hefaistos skapar mekaniska m\u00e4nniskor (gyllene automater). Ingen direkt kontinuitet, men en strukturell likhet: m\u00e4nniskoskapade v\u00e4sen, gudomlig imitation.<\/p><p><strong>Mesopotamien:<\/strong> Enuma Elish: Marduk skapar m\u00e4nniskor ur blodet fr\u00e5n den besegrade demonen, en magisk skapelse ur ett ur\u00e4mne. Inga ler-golemer, men en magisk framst\u00e4llning av konstgjort liv. Liknande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>: m\u00e4nskligt liv som gudarnas magiska verktyg.<\/p><p><strong>Indien\/Asien:<\/strong> Hindu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden av en kulturs \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span>: Durga eller Shiva skapar Shakti-manifestationer genom vilja\/energi, likt golemens uppv\u00e4ckning. Kali-gestalter \u00e4r sj\u00e4lvbelevade utan yttre skapelse. Buddhistiska yidam \u00e4r visualiserade gudomligheter, inte fysiskt materialiserade som golemer. Tibetansk magi: tulpor (mentala tankeformer, uppv\u00e4ckta genom koncentration) \u00e4r kanske den n\u00e4rmaste parallellen, men immateriella snarare \u00e4n av lera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac49763 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpac49763\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcddfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcddfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ordet golem: fr\u00e5n Bibeln till lergestalten<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb1b272e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb1b272e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb8526b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpb8526b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det hebreiska ordet <em>golem<\/em> f\u00f6rekommer bara en enda g\u00e5ng i den hebreiska bibeln, i Psaltaren, d\u00e4r det betecknar en oformad massa eller ett ofullst\u00e4ndigt tillst\u00e5nd, h\u00e4r syftande p\u00e5 den \u00e4nnu inte fullbildade kroppen. Ur denna grundbetydelse av det of\u00e4rdiga, r\u00e5a, \u00e4nnu inte genomformade utvecklades det senare ordbruket.<\/p><p>I den rabbinska litteraturen anv\u00e4nds <em>golem<\/em> p\u00e5 olika s\u00e4tt, till exempel f\u00f6r en obildad eller andligt oformad m\u00e4nniska eller f\u00f6r ett f\u00f6rem\u00e5l som \u00e4nnu inte har sin slutgiltiga form.<\/p><p>I ett mycket diskuterat avsnitt i den babyloniska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Huvudverket inom det rabbinska judendomen med utl\u00e4ggning av den religi\u00f6sa traditionen.\" tabindex=\"0\">Talmud<\/span> ber\u00e4ttas att en l\u00e4rd man skapade en m\u00e4nniska och skickade henne till en annan l\u00e4rd man, som talade till varelsen men inte fick n\u00e5got svar, varp\u00e5 han l\u00e4t den \u00e5terg\u00e5 till stoft.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 samma st\u00e4lle ber\u00e4ttas att tv\u00e5 l\u00e4rda m\u00e4n regelbundet \u00e4gnade sig \u00e5t att skapa en kalv. Dessa korta anteckningar \u00e4r de \u00e4ldsta bel\u00e4ggen f\u00f6r f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen att visa m\u00e4n genom sin kunskap kan frambringa levande varelser.<\/p><p>Steget fr\u00e5n denna kortfattade talmudiska antydan till den utarbetade f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om en varelse formad av lera och besj\u00e4lad genom bokst\u00e4ver eller ett gudsnamn togs f\u00f6rst under medeltiden.<\/p><p>F\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen finns allts\u00e5 inte f\u00e4rdig fr\u00e5n b\u00f6rjan som en sluten ber\u00e4ttelse, utan v\u00e4xer under \u00e5rhundraden samman av spridda byggstenar. F\u00f6r f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen av golemen \u00e4r det viktigt att h\u00e5lla denna utveckling i minnet, i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r att f\u00f6ruts\u00e4tta en enhetlig, gammal tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5c39f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5c39f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2f7236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpa2f7236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sefer Jetzira och den medeltida skapelsepraktiken<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa34f4f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa34f4f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp05fc40e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp05fc40e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En nyckelroll i golemtankens historia spelar <em>Sefer Jetzira<\/em>, skapelsens bok, en kortfattad, sv\u00e5rdaterad skrift som f\u00f6rbinder v\u00e4rldens tillkomst med bokst\u00e4verna i det hebreiska alfabetet och med tal.<\/p><p>Medeltida judiska l\u00e4rda, s\u00e4rskilt i det ashkenaziska omr\u00e5det, l\u00e4ste detta verk \u00e4ven som en anvisning. Den som r\u00e4tt beh\u00e4rskade bokstavskombinationerna kunde, enligt denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning, ta del av den skapande kraft som finns i spr\u00e5ket.<\/p><p>Fr\u00e5n denna milj\u00f6 h\u00e4rstammar de f\u00f6rsta mer utf\u00f6rliga beskrivningarna av hur en golem skulle tillverkas. Man ber\u00e4ttar om formandet av en m\u00e4nniskolik gestalt av jord, om omkretsningar, om uttal eller nedskrivning av bokstavskombinationer och namn.<\/p><p>Dessa skildringar pr\u00e4glas ofta av en sp\u00e4nning: de beskriver en m\u00f6jlig praktik men betonar samtidigt dess farlighet eller den \u00f6dmjukhet som ett s\u00e5dant handlande kr\u00e4ver. M\u00e4nniskan som skapar en golem imiterar skapelsehandlingen och n\u00e4rmar sig d\u00e4rmed en gr\u00e4ns.<\/p><p>Forskningen, h\u00e4r b\u00f6r framf\u00f6r allt Gershom Scholems grundl\u00e4ggande unders\u00f6kning av golemid\u00e9n n\u00e4mnas, har visat att golemen i dessa texter till att b\u00f6rja med \u00e4r mindre en nyttig tj\u00e4nare och mer ett f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r kunskap och andakt.<\/p><p>Skapandet tj\u00e4nade det mystiska studiet, ett \u00e5terupplevande av skapelsen, inte praktiska \u00e4ndam\u00e5l. Golemen som arbetande hj\u00e4lpare och som en gemenskaps beskyddare \u00e4r en senare utformning av stoffet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3db2ced e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3db2ced\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27f5120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp27f5120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Guds-golemen i Prag och Rabbi L\u00f6w: en legends tillkomst<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa2cae17 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa2cae17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0770e35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp0770e35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den idag mest k\u00e4nda golember\u00e4ttelsen \u00e4r den om golemen i Prag, som ska ha skapats av den l\u00e4rde Jehuda L\u00f6w ben Bezalel, den s\u00e5 kallade Maharal av Prag, under sextonhundratalet f\u00f6r att skydda den judiska f\u00f6rsamlingen.<\/p><p>Anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt \u00e4r att denna koppling mellan golemstoffet och den historiska personen Maharal inte kan bel\u00e4ggas i k\u00e4llor fr\u00e5n sextonhundra- och sjuttonhundratalen. Maharal var en betydande l\u00e4rd man, men samtida vittnesb\u00f6rd f\u00f6rbinder honom inte med n\u00e5gon golem.<\/p><p>Forskningen daterar utformningen av Prag-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenden<\/span> f\u00f6rst till slutet av sjuttonhundratalet och framf\u00f6r allt till artonhundratalet.<\/p><p>Under denna tid uppstod samlingar och bearbetningar som fast f\u00f6rband golemen med Prag och med Rabbi L\u00f6w och som gav ber\u00e4ttelsen motiv som den besj\u00e4lande lappen i golemens mun, den veckovisa avst\u00e4ngningen p\u00e5 sabbaten och varelsen som till slut kommer utom kontroll.<\/p><p>En s\u00e4rskilt inflytelserik samling publicerades i b\u00f6rjan av nittonhundratalet och gav <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppbygglig ber\u00e4ttelse, oftast om helgons liv.\" tabindex=\"0\">legenden<\/span> dess form som fortfarande \u00e4r g\u00e4ngse idag.<\/p><p>D\u00e4rmed \u00e4r golemen i Prag ett exempel p\u00e5 en tradition som \u00e4r yngre \u00e4n den ger sig ut f\u00f6r att vara.<\/p><p>Den f\u00f6rbinder ett medeltida mystiskt stoff med en historisk person fr\u00e5n tidigmodern tid, men sj\u00e4lva kopplingen h\u00f6r till den moderna tiden. Detta minskar inte dess kulturella verkan, tv\u00e4rtom: just i denna sena, litter\u00e4rt genomformade gestalt har golemen blivit en fast best\u00e5ndsdel av den europeiska ber\u00e4ttarkulturen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd4d3fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfd4d3fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp40d9c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp40d9c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mottagande: fr\u00e5n skr\u00e4ckroman till teknikens sinnebild<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9000c67 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp9000c67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpadbf7af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpadbf7af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-nosnippet>Under det tjugonde \u00e5rhundradet blev golem ett flitigt bearbetat \u00e4mne inom litteratur, film och konst. Romanen <em>Der Golem<\/em> av Gustav Meyrink, utgiven 1915, anv\u00e4nder gestalten mindre som en handlande varelse \u00e4n som ett atmosf\u00e4riskt och psykologiskt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> i Prags judiska kvarter.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>N\u00e5gra \u00e5r senare skapades flera stumfilmer, av vilka Paul Wegeners filmatisering fr\u00e5n 1920 \u00e4r den mest k\u00e4nda och som varaktigt pr\u00e4glat den visuella bilden av golem som en tung, lerf\u00e4rgad gestalt.<\/span><\/p><p>Ut\u00f6ver dessa verk blev golem en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00e5sk\u00e5dlig bild som st\u00e5r f\u00f6r en abstrakt tanke.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> som str\u00e4cker sig l\u00e5ngt bortom sitt religi\u00f6sa ursprung. Den tolkas ofta som en f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare till moderna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om den konstgjorda m\u00e4nniskan, fr\u00e5n den mekaniska figuren \u00f6ver monstret i Mary Shelleys <em>Frankenstein<\/em> till roboten och den artificiella intelligensen.<\/p><p>I denna tolkning st\u00e5r golem f\u00f6r fr\u00e5gan om vad som h\u00e4nder n\u00e4r m\u00e4nniskan skapar n\u00e5got levande eller handlande som undandrar sig hennes kontroll. Centralt \u00e4r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> med skapelsen som blir farlig eftersom den tar sin uppgift alltf\u00f6r bokstavligt eller inte l\u00e4ngre kan stoppas.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vetenskapen som utforskar religioner j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande och utan trosbindning.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religionsvetenskapen<\/span> uppmanar h\u00e4r till urskillning. Den popul\u00e4ra golem som en varnande gestalt inf\u00f6r tekniken \u00e4r en modern tolkning som till stor del l\u00e4mnat den \u00e4ldre mystiska betydelsen bakom sig, n\u00e4mligen att efterforma skapelsen som en akt av studium och <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kort, personlig eller gemensam religi\u00f6s besinning.\" tabindex=\"0\">andakt<\/span>.<\/p><p>B\u00e5da dessa lager h\u00f6r till \u00e4mnets historia, men de b\u00f6r inte blandas samman. Besl\u00e4ktade f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om det genom kunskap skapade \u00e5terfinns \u00e4ven i andra traditioner inom <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/judendom\/\">judendomen<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Israelisk religionshistoriker (1897\u20131982); grundare av den moderna kabbalaforskningen.\">Gershom Scholem<\/span>: <em>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism<\/em>. Schocken Books, 1954.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Moshe Idel: <em>Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid<\/em>. SUNY Press, 1990.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Elliot Wolfson: <em>Language, Eros, Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination<\/em>. Fordham University Press, 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Peter Cole (ed.): <em>The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from the Bible to the Present<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1608,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Golem","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Golem - konstgjort skapad varelse av lera eller jord","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Golem, som i judisk skapelsemystik har traderats i \u00e5rhundraden: en gestalt av lera, v\u00e4ckt till liv genom Guds namn, Prag-legenden om rabbi Judah Loew.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"judentum","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136766","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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