{"id":136679,"date":"2026-09-03T00:09:04","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136679"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:09:01","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:09:01","slug":"yama-dodsdomare","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama-dodsdomare\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama (d\u00f6dsdomare)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136679\" class=\"elementor elementor-136679 elementor-2015 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhism, gud i den buddhistiska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama buddhism \u00e4r en gud inom den buddhistiska traditionen.<\/p><p><strong>Den buddhistiska d\u00f6dsguden och domaren \u00f6ver sj\u00e4larna efter d\u00f6den.<\/strong><\/p><p>Inom buddhismen verkar Yama som karmadomare och f\u00f6rvaltare av helvetesv\u00e4rldarna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud \/ Gudinna: Personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt inom en kulturs pantheon, med klara ansvarsomr\u00e5den, naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig, fruktbarhet. Dyrkas genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/buddhism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradition med bodhisattvor, skyddsgudomar, hungerandar och helvetesv\u00e4ktare.\">Buddhism<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/dodsgudomar\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gudar av underjorden och d\u00f6den, h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver d\u00f6dsriket, d\u00f6dsdomare, sj\u00e4laledsagare.\">D\u00f6dsgudom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136248\" alt=\"Yama d\u00f6dsdomare \u2013 gudar fr\u00e5n den buddhistiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_buddhismus_yama-totenrichter.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En snabb \u00f6verblick: Yama buddhism<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Buddhistisk huvudgudom (Mahayana, Vajrayana), d\u00f6dsdomare och bevarare av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran och den r\u00e4tta ordningen f\u00f6r handlandet.\" tabindex=\"0\">Dharma<\/span><br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samlingen av gudar inom en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: Buddhism (alla skolor), \u00f6vertagen fr\u00e5n den hinduiska Yama<br>Funktion: D\u00f6dsdomare, bevarare av karmans lagbundenhet, i tibetansk tradition en wrathful deity<br>Huvudattribut: De d\u00f6das bok, karmans spegel, sv\u00e4rd (khadga), snara (pasha), svart buffel<br>Huvudkultplatser: tibetanska gelug-kloster (cham-dans), Japan (Enma-O), Vietnam (Yamaraja)<br>Olika former: Yama-Dharmaraja (Tibet), Enma-O (Japan), Yeomra (Korea), Yanluo (Kina)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00f6verf\u00f6rs tillsammans med buddhismen fr\u00e5n Indien till alla buddhistiska l\u00e4nder (vedisk f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare i <em>Rigveda<\/em>, fr\u00e5n 1200 f.Kr.). I palitraditionen (Theravada) \u00e4r han huvuddomare vid d\u00f6dsdomen.<\/p><p>Inom Mahayana med egen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4retext i koncentrerad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-korpus (t.ex. <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>). I Tibet \u00e4r han sedan 700-talet e.Kr. som <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> central i vajrayanatraditionens wrathful-deity-pantheon. Huvudblomstringstid: i tibetanska gelug-kloster fram till idag, med dramatiska cham-dansframtr\u00e4danden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Huvudkultplatser: tibetanska <strong>gelugkloster<\/strong> (Drepung, Sera, Gand\u00e4n, Tashilhunpo, med Yama-Dharmaraja-cham-danserna), <strong>Japan<\/strong> som Enma-O (i varje d\u00f6ds-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>), <strong>Vietnam<\/strong> som Diem Vu&#7901;ng. I theravadal\u00e4nder (Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka) som kosmisk bakgrundsn\u00e4rvaro. I Kina som <em>Yanluo<\/em> (egen sida).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centrala k\u00e4llor: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em> (pali), <em>Yama <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4retext i koncentrerad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutra<\/span><\/em> (kinesisk), den tibetanska <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em> (\u201dTibetanska d\u00f6dsboken\u201d, klassisk k\u00e4lla f\u00f6r Yama-Dharmaraja-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om en religions gud och tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>), tantriska texter om Yama-Dharmaraja-sadhana. Sekund\u00e4rlitteratur: Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>; Linrothe, <em>Ruthless Compassion. Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art<\/em>; Williams, <em>Mahayana Buddhism<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den buddhistiska Yama avbildas ofta med ett tjurhuvud, massiva horn, ett fasansfullt ansikte och svart eller m\u00f6rkbl\u00e5 hud. Ibland har han tv\u00e5 eller fyra armar. Han b\u00e4r en <em>damaru<\/em> (d\u00f6dsbenstrumma) och en lasso av sj\u00e4lsrep.<\/p><p>Runt honom dansar demoner och yaksha. Eld omger honom, blod droppar fr\u00e5n hans gap. I tibetansk konst sitter han ofta i en grotta eller i sitt palats i Naraka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e4sensdrag<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama i den buddhistiska l\u00e4ran \u00e4r inte straff utan spegel. Domen genom Yama sker automatiskt: varje handling (<em>karma<\/em>) f\u00e5r sin f\u00f6ljd. I tantriska praktiker b\u00f6nfaller man inte Yama om n\u00e5d, utan visualiserar honom som en l\u00e4rare i f\u00f6rg\u00e4nglighet.<\/p><p>D\u00f6dsriterna inom tibetansk buddhism v\u00e4nder sig direkt till Yama, med b\u00f6nen att \u00f6ppna en gynnsam <em>bardo<\/em>-v\u00e4g f\u00f6r sj\u00e4len. Ut\u00f6varna l\u00e4r sig att m\u00f6ta Yama utan r\u00e4dsla.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama buddhism<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigaste aspekterna av Yama (buddhism) i korthet. F\u00f6ljande f\u00e4lt sammanfattar ursprung, funktion, utseende, dyrkan, symboler och kulturella paralleller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhisms ursprung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inom buddhismen \u00f6vertas Yama fr\u00e5n den hinduiska Yama (den vediska f\u00f6rste d\u00f6de), och han beh\u00e5ller funktionen som d\u00f6dsdomare men omtolkas buddhistiskt: inte en godtycklig domare utan en spegelf\u00f6rmedlare av karma.<\/p><p>I det tibetanska Bardo-Thodol-systemet framtr\u00e4der han f\u00f6r den avlidne i bardotillst\u00e5ndet mellan d\u00f6d och \u00e5terf\u00f6delse. Hans spegel visar den d\u00f6de dennes eget karma, utan att Yama sj\u00e4lv d\u00f6mer. Straffet uppst\u00e5r ur den egna karmareaktionen. I wrathful-form som Yama-Dharmaraja \u00e4r han beskyddare av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran och den r\u00e4tta ordningen f\u00f6r handlandet.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> mot alla hot.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhisms m\u00e5lgrupp<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f6dsdomare i bardotillst\u00e5ndet. Bevarare av karmans lagbundenhet. I den tantriska vajrayanatraditionen en skyddande yidam (meditations-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett v\u00e4sen som dyrkas som gudomligt inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>) mot alla inre och yttre hot, s\u00e4rskilt mot d\u00f6dsr\u00e4dslan. Beskyddare av pr\u00f6vningspraktiken (att \u00e4rligt se sina egna handlingar). I tibetanska cham-danser en rituell p\u00e5minnelse om d\u00f6dligheten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama buddhisms utseende<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I de flesta asiatiska traditioner framst\u00e4lls han antropomorft som en str\u00e4ng \u00e4mbetsman med de d\u00f6das bok och skrivstift. I den tibetanska vajrayana-traditionen f\u00f6rekommer han som <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: en m\u00f6rkbl\u00e5 eller svart vredgad gestalt med buffelhuvud, tre \u00f6gon, flammande h\u00e5r och flammande aureol.<\/p><p>Benornament, tigerskinnssk\u00f6rt. I h\u00e4nderna h\u00e5ller han en skallkopp (kapala), khatvanga (skallspira), snara (pasha) och sv\u00e4rd. Han rider p\u00e5 en svart buffel som trampar ner en m\u00e4nniska. Han \u00e5tf\u00f6ljs av sin syster Yami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama inom buddhismens verkan<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> I den tibetanska Bardo Th\u00f6dol f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntas Yama uppenbara sig i bardo-tillst\u00e5ndet, och d\u00f6ende f\u00f6rbereds p\u00e5 m\u00f6tet med honom. I tibetanska cham-danser sker en rituell konfrontation med d\u00f6dsdomaren, if\u00f6rd dramatiska masker. I tantrisk praxis meditationsobjekt som skyddande yidam. I theravada- och mahayana-d\u00f6dsritualer fungerar han som en bakomliggande f\u00f6rmedlare av karma. I Japan \u00e4r han som Enma-O central p\u00e5 varje buddhistisk begravningsplats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama inom buddhismens avv\u00e4rjning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De d\u00f6das bok, karmans spegel (karma-darpana), sv\u00e4rd (khadga), snara (pasha), svart buffel (riddjur), khatvanga (skallspira), kapala (skallkopp), buffelhuvud (i den tibetanska vredgade formen), tredje \u00f6gat, flammande h\u00e5r. Heliga v\u00e4xter: inga specifika. Helig riktning: s\u00f6der (enligt indisk tradition).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama inom buddhismens paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yama<\/em> (hinduism, ursprunget), <em>Yamaraja<\/em> (hinduism\/buddhism), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet, vredgad vajrayana-form), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japan), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Kina, den f\u00f6rste av de tio helvetskungarna), <em>Hades<\/em> (Grekland), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egypten, ledsagare och domare), <em>Hel<\/em> (germansk mytologi), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (aztekisk mytologi). Yama \u00e4r ett av de mest utbredda gudsbegreppen i v\u00e4rlden, fr\u00e5n Indien \u00f6ver hela Asien till Japan.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Praktiskt skydd<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualer f\u00f6r avv\u00e4rjning<\/strong><\/p><p>Buddhistiskt Yama-avv\u00e4rjande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>: recitation av dharani-texter och bodhisattva-\u00e5kallanden vid utsatta tillf\u00e4llen, som d\u00f6dsprocessen eller n\u00e4ra-d\u00f6den-upplevelser. Goma-eldritualer (tibetanska eldoffer) riktas mot Yamas bestraffning. Chanting-traditionerna anv\u00e4nder mantran till medk\u00e4nslans gudar f\u00f6r att mildra Yamas domslut. Kinesisk-buddhistisk folkpraxis: pappersedlar till Jadekejsarens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad avsedd f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomligheter.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>, f\u00f6r att blidka Yamas domare.<\/p><p><strong>Besv\u00e4rjelser och \u00e5kallanden<\/strong><\/p><p>Jizo-mantran (bodhisattvan f\u00f6r helvetet) och \u00e5kallanden till Avalokiteshvara anses skydda mot Yamas bestraffning. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4rotext i kortfattad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">Sutran<\/span> om den stora medk\u00e4nslan (karuna-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4rotext i kortfattad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>) reciteras. Tibetanskt: Yamantaka-visualisering i Guhyasamaja-tantrat, den aggressiva besegringen av Yama genom \u00abdemonbetvingaren Yamantaka\u00bb. Sanskritoriginal: \u00abOm j\u00f1ana-jyoti <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran och den r\u00e4tta handlingsordningen.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span> dhara Yamantaka hum phat\u00bb.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter och skyddssymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Jizo-statyer som skyddssymboler i kinesiska och japanska tempel. Buddhistiskt armband (mala) med 108 p\u00e4rlor, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tillh\u00f6rande ett fastst\u00e4llt religi\u00f6st handlingsf\u00f6rlopp.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituellt<\/span> f\u00f6rbundet med att blidka helvetets v\u00e4ktare. Arkeologiska bel\u00e4gg: buddhistiska stenstelar fr\u00e5n 700-talet i Kina och Korea, som st\u00e4ller Yamas domare mot bodhisattvans r\u00e4ddare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama inom buddhismen, paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Den buddhistiska Yama liknar den hinduistiska Yama, men \u00e4r mindre en \u00bbdomare\u00ab och mer en \u00bbf\u00f6rkroppsling av lagen\u00ab. Med den kristna d\u00f6den (<em>Thanatos<\/em> eller <em>Grim Reaper<\/em>) delar han oundviklighetens drag.<\/p><p>I tibetansk kontext \u00e4r Yama en dharmapala, en \u00bbbeskyddare av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran och den r\u00e4tta handlingsordningen.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>\u00ab, likt Kali eller Bhairava inom hinduismen. Den svarta f\u00e4rgen och den vilda gestalten \u00e4r universella drag hos d\u00f6dsgudar.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfc795b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpfc795b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcfb77e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcfb77e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama mellan vediskt arv och buddhistisk omtolkning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp680eb01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp680eb01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp4042dbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp4042dbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den buddhistiska gestalten Yama har inte uppst\u00e5tt frist\u00e5ende, utan har sitt ursprung i en \u00e4ldre indisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett v\u00e4sen som dyrkas som gudomligt inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>. I det vediska Indien, i hymnerna i <em>Rigveda<\/em>, \u00e4r Yama den f\u00f6rsta m\u00e4nniskan som dog, och d\u00e4rmed de d\u00f6das kung, den som funnit v\u00e4gen till livet efter detta.<\/p><p>Han h\u00e4rskar \u00f6ver ett ljust rike d\u00e4r de avlidna f\u00f6rf\u00e4derna samlas, och \u00e4r snarare en v\u00e4nlig mottagare av de d\u00f6da \u00e4n en straffande domare.<\/p><p>Buddhismen \u00f6vertog Yama, men f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrade hans funktion v\u00e4sentligt. I den buddhistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om v\u00e4rldens uppbyggnad och ordning inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologin<\/span> blir Yama underjordens herre och den domare som avg\u00f6r de avlidnas \u00e5terf\u00f6delse, s\u00e4rskilt vem som hamnar i helvetesrikena.<\/p><p>Denna f\u00f6rskjutning, fr\u00e5n mottagare av de saliga till domare \u00f6ver de skyldiga, h\u00e4nger samman med den centrala buddhistiska l\u00e4ran om <em>karma<\/em>: \u00f6det efter d\u00f6den best\u00e4ms av g\u00e4rningarna, och Yama blir den instans som representerar detta samband.<\/p><p>Viktig \u00e4r den religionsvetenskapliga insikten att Yama, i den strikta buddhistiska f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen, inte d\u00f6mer p\u00e5 eget bev\u00e5g. Texterna understryker upprepade g\u00e5nger att det \u00e4r <em>karma<\/em> sj\u00e4lvt som avg\u00f6r \u00e5terf\u00f6delsen, och att Yama snarare h\u00e5ller den avlidnes egna g\u00e4rningar fram f\u00f6r denne.<\/p><p>En k\u00e4nd liknelse fr\u00e5n <em>Devaduta Sutta<\/em> i Pali-kanon l\u00e5ter Yama visa den avlidne de gudomliga budb\u00e4rarna, \u00e5lderdom, sjukdom och d\u00f6d, och fr\u00e5ga om han inte lagt m\u00e4rke till dessa varningar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcdbb663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpcdbb663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp67c8373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp67c8373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama i den tibetanska buddhismen och livshjulet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc472e02 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpc472e02\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4c936b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa4c936b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inom den tibetanska buddhismen fick Yama en s\u00e4rskilt framtr\u00e4dande ikonografisk och rituell betydelse. H\u00e4r framtr\u00e4der han oftast som <em>Shinje<\/em>, i en skr\u00e4ckinjagande gestalt med tjurhuvud, flammkrans och attributen hos en d\u00f6dsdomare, ofta st\u00e5ende p\u00e5 en tjur.<\/p><p>S\u00e4rskilt k\u00e4nd \u00e4r hans avbildning p\u00e5 det s\u00e5 kallade livshjulet, <em>Bhavachakra<\/em>. P\u00e5 denna vitt spridda bildkomposition, som pryder ing\u00e5ngen till m\u00e5nga kloster, h\u00e5ller en stor, tandagapande varelse hjulet med de sex tillvaroformerna i klor och t\u00e4nder.<\/p><p>Denna omslutande varelse tolkas vanligtvis som Yama, f\u00f6rkroppsligandet av f\u00f6rg\u00e4ngligheten och d\u00f6den, som alla betingade tillvaroformer \u00e4r underkastade. Bilden uttrycker l\u00e4ran om att varje p\u00e5nyttf\u00f6delsesf\u00e4r, \u00e4ven himlarna, \u00e4r underst\u00e4lld d\u00f6den och d\u00e4rmed Yamas grepp.<\/p><p>Ut\u00f6ver detta k\u00e4nner den tibetanska traditionen till den meditativa gestalten Yamantaka, vars namn betyder besegraren av Yama eller den som g\u00f6r slut p\u00e5 d\u00f6den. Yamantaka betraktas som en vredgad manifestation av bodhisattvan Manjushri och f\u00f6rkroppsligar den vishet som \u00f6vervinner sj\u00e4lva d\u00f6den.<\/p><p>I denna konstellation blir Yamas ambivalenta st\u00e4llning tydlig: han \u00e4r d\u00f6dens herre och samtidigt en makt som kan \u00f6vervinnas genom uppvaknandet. Forskningen ser i den rika tibetanska Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e4ran om bildinneh\u00e5ll och deras betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografin<\/span> en sammansm\u00e4ltning av indiska f\u00f6rlagor med lokala tibetanska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om berg- och d\u00f6dsgudomar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp43aed0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp43aed0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdb86525 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpdb86525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama i \u00d6stasien: Fr\u00e5n indisk gud till helvetesdomaren Enma<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b79416 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b79416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc5df073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc5df073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Med buddhismens spridning till Kina, Korea och Japan vandrade \u00e4ven Yama vidare och integrerades djupt i lokala f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om det andra livet. I Kina sm\u00e4lte den indiska gestalten samman med f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om en byr\u00e5kratiskt organiserad underjord och blev till Yanluo Wang, kung Yanluo, en av tio helvetskungar som var och en leder en underjordisk domstol.<\/p><p>Dessa Tio Kungar av Underjorden pr\u00f6var de avlidna i p\u00e5 varandra f\u00f6ljande instanser, och den d\u00f6de passerar dem i tur och ordning innan hans n\u00e4sta tillvaro avg\u00f6rs. Yanluo Wang intar d\u00e4r oftast platsen som den femte kungen. Hela systemet speglar erfarenheten av den jordiska \u00e4mbetsmannahierarkin, med register, domar och straffl\u00e4ngder.<\/p><p>I Japan togs denna gestalt \u00f6ver som Enma eller Enma-\u014d, i Korea som Yeomra. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/enma-o\/\">Enma<\/a> \u00e4r en k\u00e4nd gestalt inom japansk folkreligion, ofta avbildad med r\u00f6tt ansikte, en domarens huvudbonad samt en skrivtavla eller spegel d\u00e4r den avlidnes handlingar blir synliga.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vetenskapen som j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande och utan trosbundenhet unders\u00f6ker religioner.\" tabindex=\"0\">Religionsvetenskapen<\/span> betonar att de \u00f6stasiatiska utformningarna g\u00e5r l\u00e5ngt ut\u00f6ver den indiska f\u00f6rlagan och att Yama d\u00e4r blev en fast best\u00e5ndsdel i popul\u00e4ra f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om det andra livet, som f\u00f6renar buddhistiska, daoistiska och folkreligi\u00f6sa element. F\u00f6rvandlingen fr\u00e5n den vediska ljusgestalten \u00f6ver den indisk-buddhistiska domaren till den \u00f6stasiatiska helvetesbyr\u00e5kraten \u00e4r ett l\u00e4roboksexempel p\u00e5 religi\u00f6s kultur\u00f6verf\u00f6ring.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/\">Yama (hinduism), rot<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, besl\u00e4ktad form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, japansk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, koreansk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo, kinesisk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/buddhism\/\">Buddhism, pantheon&ouml;versikt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/dodsgudomar\/\">D&ouml;dsgudomar, underkategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Williams, Paul: <em>Mahayana Buddhism. The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. London 1989.<\/span><\/li><li>Bardo Thodol (talrika &ouml;vers&auml;ttningar, t. ex. Coleman\/Jinpa\/Dorje 2005).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (utg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (uppslagsordet &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Fler standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/litteratur\/\">litteraturf&ouml;rteckningen<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1740,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama buddhism","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama: Den buddhistiska d\u00f6dsguden och karmadomaren","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama inom buddhismen: tjurhuvud, bardodomare och karmaverkst\u00e4llning. Hans roll i den tibetanska d\u00f6dsboken, Bardo Thodol.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"buddhismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136679","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama: Den buddhistiska d\u00f6dsguden och karmadomaren<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama inom buddhismen: tjurhuvud, bardodomare och karmaverkst\u00e4llning. 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