{"id":136676,"date":"2026-09-03T00:09:02","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:09:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136676"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:08:56","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:08:56","slug":"enma-o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/enma-o\/","title":{"rendered":"Enma-o"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136676\" class=\"elementor elementor-136676 elementor-2006 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O, domare \u00f6ver de f\u00f6rd\u00f6mda och h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver helvetet<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma O \u00e4r en gud inom den japanska traditionen.<\/p><p><strong>Domare \u00f6ver de f\u00f6rd\u00f6mda, h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver det buddhistiska helvetet.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud\/gudinna: Personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt inom en kulturs pantheon, med tydliga ansvarsomr\u00e5den som naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig och fruktbarhet. Dyrkad genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/japan\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Japanska shinto-kami och buddhistiska yokai-v\u00e4rldar.\">Japan<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/dodsgudomar\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gudar av underjorden och d\u00f6den, h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver efterlivet, d\u00f6dsdomare, sj\u00e4laledare.\">D\u00f6dsgudom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136256\" alt=\"Enma O \u2013 gud fr\u00e5n den japanska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_japan_enma-o.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Snabb\u00f6versikt: Enma O<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d \u00e4r den \u00f6stasiatiska formen av den indiske Yama, som via det kinesiska Y\u00e1nlu\u00f3-W\u00e1ng kom till Tendai-skolan. Han \u00e4r dokumenterad inom \u00f6stasiatisk buddhism sedan omkring 700-talet och spreds framf\u00f6r allt genom Tendai- och Shingon-skolorna. Som ordf\u00f6rande f\u00f6r de tio helvetesdomarna (J\u016b\u014d) avg\u00f6r han sj\u00e4lens \u00f6de p\u00e5 den sjunde dagen efter d\u00f6den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De \u00e4ldsta bevarade japanska k\u00e4llorna om Enma-\u014d h\u00e4rstammar fr\u00e5n slutet av 700-talet och b\u00f6rjan av 800-talet, inb\u00e4ddade i \u00f6verf\u00f6ringen av buddhistiska helveteskosmologier fr\u00e5n Kina. <em>Nihon Ry\u014diki<\/em> (ca. 822) inneh\u00e5ller tidiga ber\u00e4ttelser d\u00e4r Enma-\u014d utfr\u00e5gar de d\u00f6da.<\/p><p>Under 1100-talet bef\u00e4sts systemet med de tio helvetesdomarna med Enma-\u014d som ordf\u00f6rande; den ikonografiska standardrepertoaren (krona, m\u00f6rk hud, spegel, skrivtavla) uppst\u00e5r under Kamakura-perioden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dyrkan av Enma-\u014d var spridd \u00f6ver hela den buddhistiska v\u00e4rlden i \u00d6stasien, fr\u00e5n de stora tempelst\u00e4derna Ky\u014dto och Nara till landsbygdens pilgrimsorter.<\/p><p>S\u00e4rskilt betydelsefull var hans avbild i de buddhistiska tempelhallarna, d\u00e4r statyer av helvetesdomaren skulle uppmana de levande till etisk sj\u00e4lvpr\u00f6vning. Folkteatern tog upp <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llselement i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> fr\u00e5n 1300-talet och fram\u00e5t; Enma-\u014d f\u00f6rekommer regelbundet i n\u014d- och kabukipj\u00e4ser som en gestalt f\u00f6r den omutliga domen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den religionshistoriska forskningen om Enma-\u014d bygger p\u00e5 ett brett k\u00e4llmaterial: kanoniska buddhistiska s\u016btror i kinesisk \u00f6vers\u00e4ttning, tendai-buddhistiska setsuwa-samlingar, ikonografiska bildtavlor (J\u016b\u014d-zu) och folkliga otogi-z\u014dshi-ber\u00e4ttelser. De centrala standardverken kommer fr\u00e5n den regionala religionsetnologin och den internationella buddhismforskningen; en kuraterad bibliografi f\u00f6r varje v\u00e4sen kompletteras l\u00f6pande i lexikonet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d avbildas som en j\u00e4ttelik, muskul\u00f6s gestalt med djupr\u00f6d eller bl\u00e5svart hud. Hans h\u00e5r st\u00e5r i l\u00e5gor och hans \u00f6gon gl\u00f6der som gl\u00f6dande kol. Han b\u00e4r en brokadprydd dr\u00e4kt och sitter p\u00e5 en upph\u00f6jd tron.<\/p><p>I h\u00e4nderna h\u00e5ller han ett domarsv\u00e4rd (<em>kensaku<\/em>) och ofta en stor liggare eller skriftrulle med varje sj\u00e4ls karmasaldo. Symboler \u00e4r helvetesvakterna (<em>oni<\/em>), de f\u00f6rd\u00f6mdas flod och de olika helvetesniv\u00e5erna under hans rike.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e4sensdrag<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-\u014d tar emot varje sj\u00e4l omedelbart efter d\u00f6den. I d\u00f6dsdomstolen agerar lekmannaklerker eller de egna onda handlingarna som \u00e5klagare, medan liggaren aldrig ljuger. Enma-\u014d f\u00f6rhandlar inte, han verkst\u00e4ller. Hans avg\u00f6rande best\u00e4mmer n\u00e4sta \u00e5terf\u00f6delse inom de sex tillvaroformerna (<em>Rokud\u014d<\/em>).<\/p><p>Hans rike handlar inte bara om bestraffning utan om karmisk utj\u00e4mning: stenig stig, kokande olja, eller \u00e5terf\u00f6delse som hungrig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett kroppsl\u00f6st v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span>. Inom Tendai-skolan underh\u00e5lls sm\u00e5 helgedomar \u00e5t Enma-\u014d i lokala tempel, ofta med <em>Jiz\u014d<\/em>-statyer intill, som symboliserar hj\u00e4lpen f\u00f6r f\u00f6rd\u00f6mda barn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Enma O<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e4r inom den japanska buddhismen d\u00f6dsdomaren, som d\u00f6mer de avlidna utifr\u00e5n deras handlingar. Han avbildas oftast som en vredgad \u00e4mbetsman i kinesisk tj\u00e4nstemannadr\u00e4kt med domarhuvudbonad och \u00e4mbetstavla. Hans gestalt f\u00f6renar indiska, kinesiska och japanska traditionslager till en egen figur inom folktron och tempelkonsten.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ursprung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O \u00e4r den japansk-buddhistiska anpassningen av den kinesiske Yanluo, vars r\u00f6tter finns i den indiske <em>Yama<\/em>, vedisk d\u00f6dsgud och den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dlige (Rigveda 10.14). Med spridningen av mahayanabuddhismen via Centralasien n\u00e5dde Yamas koncept Kina p\u00e5 500-800-talen och vidareutvecklades d\u00e4r till Yanluo Wang, kungen av de tio helvetena.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 800-900-talen \u00f6vertog den japanska buddhismen detta system med <em>J\u016b\u014d<\/em> (de tio kungarna). Enma-O intar den h\u00f6gsta platsen i denna rangordning. Religionshistoriskt sm\u00e4lte indisk karmal\u00e4ra, kinesiskt \u00e4mbetsmannabyr\u00e5kratiskt t\u00e4nkande och japanska d\u00f6dsf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar samman.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-Os m\u00e5lgrupp<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Japan var det fr\u00e4mst m\u00e4nniskor oroliga \u00f6ver de avlidnas \u00f6de som v\u00e4nde sig till Enma-O, i hopp om att genom d\u00f6dsriter och minnesceremonier uppn\u00e5 en gynnsam dom. Dessutom tj\u00e4nade hans gestalt den moraliska uppfostran: f\u00f6r\u00e4ldrar och tempel h\u00f6ll upp den str\u00e4nge domaren som varnande exempel f\u00f6r barn, bland annat med det k\u00e4nda hotet att Enma river ut tungan p\u00e5 l\u00f6gnare. Tempel med Enma-statyer, till exempel i Kyoto och Tokyo, var och \u00e4r fortfarande platser f\u00f6r f\u00f6rb\u00f6ner till f\u00f6rm\u00e5n f\u00f6r de d\u00f6da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utseende<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ikonografiskt avbildas Enma-O som en skr\u00e4mmande gammal man med l\u00e5ngt svart sk\u00e4gg, m\u00f6rk hud och brinnande \u00f6gon. Han b\u00e4r dr\u00e4kten av en kinesisk \u00e4mbetsman fr\u00e5n Tang-dynastin med kejserlig krona (<em>raikan<\/em>).<\/p><p>I h\u00e4nderna h\u00e5ller han den gyllene livsboken (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), d\u00e4r alla karmiska handlingar \u00e4r registrerade, samt en spira eller skrivpenna. Framf\u00f6r hans tribunal st\u00e5r budb\u00e4rarna <em>Ni\u016b-T\u014d<\/em> (tjurhuvud) och <em>Ba-Mien<\/em> (h\u00e4stansikte), samt skrivarsekreteraren. Tempelm\u00e5lningarna (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em> fr\u00e5n Edo-perioden) visar honom omgiven av helvetesscener.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verkningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Enma-O \u00e4r universaldomare \u00f6ver alla avlidna. Vid den sjunde av de 49 d\u00f6dsdagarna (49 dagar efter d\u00f6den) h\u00e5lls den centrala karmaavr\u00e4kningen inf\u00f6r hans tribunal. Han avg\u00f6r \u00e5terf\u00f6delsen i en av de sex v\u00e4rldarna (gudar, halvgudar, m\u00e4nniskor, djur, hungrande andar, helveten).<\/p><p>Hans dom \u00e4r inte godtycklig utan strikt karmaenlig (<em>dharmatisk<\/em>). Levande dyrkar honom \u00e4ven f\u00f6r att mildra karman f\u00f6r avlidna. I japanska bondebygder betraktas han som skyddsgud mot ov\u00e4ntad d\u00f6d och som hj\u00e4lpare vid sv\u00e5ra f\u00f6rlossningar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skydd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Symboler: Den gyllene levnadsboken (<em>j\u014dfuzu<\/em>), skrivpenna, sv\u00e4rd, sanningens spegel (<em>j\u014dhari no kagami<\/em>), i vilken alla livsg\u00e4rningar blir synliga som bilder. Hans apotropeiska medel: konjakr\u00e4tter serveras honom som favoritr\u00e4tt (Edo-tradition); Enma-omamori i r\u00f6d siden skyddar mot ov\u00e4ntad d\u00f6d och karmasjukdomar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-Os paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den religionshistoriska forskningen beskriver Enma-O som en japansk utformning av en domargestalt som vandrat via Indien och Kina. I de vediska texterna \u00e4r Yama den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga och h\u00e4rskaren \u00f6ver d\u00f6dsriket, i den kinesiska buddhismen blir han den femte av de tio helveteskungarna. Japan tog \u00f6ver denna domsmodell tillsammans med f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om mellanstadier efter d\u00f6den, d\u00e4r de efterlevande genom minnesriter kan tr\u00e4da in f\u00f6r de avlidna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddspraxis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Apotrop\u00e4iska och devotionala ritualer<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-O (jap. \u95bb\u9b54\u5927\u738b) \u00e4r den japansk-buddhistiska anpassningen av den kinesiska Yanluo \/ indiske Yama. Han dyrkas i talrika Enma-tempel i Japan (Genkaku-ji i Tokyo, Inn-ji i Kyoto, Enn\u014d-ji i Kamakura). Huvuddagen f\u00f6r dyrkan \u00e4r den 16:e dagen i 1:a och 7:e m\u00e5naden (<em>Enmasai<\/em>), som fungerar som en port till helvetesv\u00e4rlden.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En m\u00e4nniska som g\u00f6r en religi\u00f6st motiverad resa till en helig plats.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pilgrimer<\/span> b\u00e4r fram konjakmat (Enmas favoritmat enligt Edo-traditionen), b\u00f6ner f\u00f6r avlidna anh\u00f6riga och \u00f6nskningar om lindrat karma (jfr Sekiguchi, <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>).<\/p><p><strong>Sutror och \u00e5kallanden<\/strong><\/p><p><em>J\u016b\u014d-ky\u014d<\/em> (de tio kungarnas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4rotext i kortfattad form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>) \u00e4r huvudliturgin. Buddhistiska munkar reciterar Hj\u00e4rtsutran med s\u00e4rskilda bugningar f\u00f6r Enma. Under Edo-perioden (1600-1800-talet) blev dyrkan av Enma popul\u00e4r inom folkbuddhismen genom bilderb\u00f6cker (<em>jigoku-z\u014dshi<\/em>, helvetesrullar).<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter och skyddssymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Enma-omamori (skyddsamuletter med Enmas bild) fr\u00e5n Enma-templen, oftast av r\u00f6tt tyg med guldbroderi. Go\u014dh\u014din (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som representerar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolen<\/span> f\u00f6r Yakushi-Buddhans l\u00e4kekraft) b\u00e4rs mot karmasjukdomar. Den ikonografiska tavlan med de tio helvetskungarna (<em>J\u016b\u014d-zu<\/em>) h\u00e4ngs upp vid buddhistiska hemaltaren som f\u00f6rberedelse inf\u00f6r d\u00f6den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-O, paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-O g\u00e5r tillbaka till den indiske d\u00f6dsguden Yama, som med buddhismen kom till Kina och d\u00e4r som Yanluo Wang inf\u00f6rlivades i systemet med de tio helveteskungarna. Denna kinesiska form kom med de buddhistiska skolorna till Japan, d\u00e4r den blev Enma-O. J\u00e4mf\u00f6rbara domargestalter i d\u00f6dsriket finns \u00e4ven i andra kulturer, till exempel den egyptiske Osiris vid d\u00f6dsdomen eller den koreanske Yeomra, som h\u00e4rstammar fr\u00e5n samma buddhistiska tradition.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpdd3226a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpdd3226a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpecda6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpecda6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">En indisk guds v\u00e4g till Japan<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp085f5fd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp085f5fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp00ded11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp00ded11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Enma-o, underjordens h\u00e4rskare och d\u00f6dsdomare inom den japanska buddhismen, \u00e4r slutpunkten i en l\u00e5ng vandring. Hans ursprung finns i det vediska Indien, d\u00e4r <em>Yama<\/em> ans\u00e5gs vara den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga och d\u00e4rmed de d\u00f6das kung.<\/p><p>Via buddhismen kom gestalten till Kina, d\u00e4r han som <em>Yanluo<\/em> byggdes in i systemet med underjordens domstolar, och d\u00e4rifr\u00e5n via Korea till Japan. Det japanska namnet <em>Enma<\/em> \u00e4r en ljudlig anpassning av sanskrit <em>Yama<\/em>, till\u00e4gget <em>o<\/em> betyder kung.<\/p><p>Med varje station f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrades gestalten. Den indiske Yama var ursprungligen mer en h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver ett d\u00f6dsrike \u00e4n en str\u00e4ng domare.<\/p><p>I Kina sm\u00e4lte han samman med f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om en byr\u00e5kratisk f\u00f6rvaltning i det andra livet, som granskar varje avlidens liv, g\u00f6r upp r\u00e4kningen och avg\u00f6r \u00e5terf\u00f6delsen. Denna kinesiska pr\u00e4gling, som skildrar det andra livet som en \u00e4mbetsapparat med akter, skrivare och domstolar, \u00f6vertogs till stor del av den japanska buddhismen.<\/p><p>I Japan blev Enma-o fast integrerad i den popul\u00e4ra buddhistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den levda religi\u00f6sa h\u00e5llningen och praktiken hos en m\u00e4nniska.\" tabindex=\"0\">fromheten<\/span>. Han f\u00f6rekommer i predikningar, i tempelm\u00e5leri och i l\u00e4rotexter som den instans inf\u00f6r vilken varje m\u00e4nniska m\u00e5ste st\u00e5 till svars efter d\u00f6den. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n en abstrakt f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning om karmisk vederg\u00e4llning gav han denna l\u00e4ra ett ansikte, en konkret, tilltalbar och skr\u00e4ckinjagande gestalt.<\/p><p>Den vetenskapliga betydelsen av denna vandring ligger i att man genom Enma-o kan avl\u00e4sa hur en religi\u00f6s f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning f\u00f6rs \u00f6ver spr\u00e5k- och kulturgr\u00e4nser och samtidigt f\u00e4rgas om p\u00e5 nytt. Den japanske d\u00f6dsdomaren b\u00e4r i sig lager av tre kulturer: det indiska ursprunget, den kinesiska byr\u00e5kratiseringen och den japanska folkreligi\u00f6sa utformningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3083d3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3083d3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd9e0c27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpd9e0c27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De tio underjordskungarna och domen i det andra livet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfd44577 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpfd44577\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc0abe80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpc0abe80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Inom den kinesiskt pr\u00e4glade buddhismen, som kom till Japan, \u00e4r Enma-o inte den enda h\u00e4rskaren \u00f6ver d\u00f6dsriket utan en del av ett kollegium.<\/p><p>Systemet med de tio underjordiska kungarna, som utarbetades under den kinesiska medeltiden och n\u00e5dde Japan via bildrullar och texter, tilldelar varje kung en domstol och en best\u00e4md tidpunkt efter d\u00f6den. Den avlidne genomg\u00e5r dessa domstolar i en fastst\u00e4lld tidsordning, p\u00e5 best\u00e4mda dagar efter d\u00f6den och p\u00e5 \u00e5rsdagar.<\/p><p>Enma-o intar en s\u00e4rst\u00e4llning i detta system. Han \u00e4r oftast den femte av de tio kungarna, hans domstol genomg\u00e5s den trettiofemte dagen efter d\u00f6den, och han anses vara den viktigaste och m\u00e4ktigaste av dem alla. Inf\u00f6r hans domstol granskas den avlidnes g\u00e4rningar s\u00e4rskilt noggrant.<\/p><p>Till hans domstols utrustning h\u00f6r fasta ikonografiska element. Enma-o f\u00f6r register d\u00e4r varje god och ond g\u00e4rning \u00e4r antecknad. Vid hans sida st\u00e5r medhj\u00e4lpare, den japanska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vidaref\u00f6randet av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> k\u00e4nner till exempel en gestalt som b\u00e4r m\u00e4nniskolika huvuden p\u00e5 stavar, ett med vred, ett med lugn min, som visar den avlidnes sinnelag.<\/p><p>Ett ber\u00f6mt attribut \u00e4r sj\u00e4laspegeln, i vilken den d\u00f6de ser sitt liv och sina f\u00f6rbrytelser of\u00f6rvanskat \u00e5terspeglade, s\u00e5 att l\u00f6gn blir om\u00f6jlig.<\/p><p>Detta domsystem hade en tydlig sj\u00e4lav\u00e5rdande funktion. Det l\u00e5g till grund f\u00f6r seden att h\u00e5lla d\u00f6dsminnen vid fasta intervall efter d\u00f6den.<\/p><p>De efterlevande kunde genom riter och \u00f6verf\u00f6ring av f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nst p\u00e5verka den avlidnes v\u00e4g genom de tio domstolarna p\u00e5 ett gynnsamt s\u00e4tt. Enma-o var d\u00e4rmed inte bara en skr\u00e4ckgestalt, utan medelpunkten i en hel rituell ekonomi mellan levande och d\u00f6da.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc7399f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpc7399f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp32219a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp32219a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografi och tempelbilder av helvetesdomarna<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa8fb7d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa8fb7d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpfb0fb1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpfb0fb1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den bildliga framst\u00e4llningen av Enma-o f\u00f6ljer en fast konvention som h\u00e4rstammar fr\u00e5n den kinesiska f\u00f6rlagan. Han framtr\u00e4der som kung eller h\u00f6g \u00e4mbetsman, ofta i en kinesisk v\u00e4rdighetsb\u00e4rares \u00e4mbetsdr\u00e4kt med en karakteristisk krona eller huvudbonad, p\u00e5 vilken tecknet f\u00f6r kung ofta \u00e4r avbildat.<\/p><p>Hans ansikte \u00e4r oftast vredgat r\u00f6df\u00e4rgat, med uppsp\u00e4rrade \u00f6gon och m\u00f6rk min, ett uttryck f\u00f6r omutlig str\u00e4nghet.<\/p><p>S\u00e5dana bildnisser \u00e5terfinns i m\u00e5nga japanska tempel, ofta som skulptur i en egen hall, Enma-hallen. Ber\u00f6mda exempel \u00e4r Enma-figurerna i tempel i och kring Kyoto och Kamakura.<\/p><p>Enma-o omges ofta av de andra nio kungarna eller \u00e4r inb\u00e4ddad i en st\u00f6rre helvetesframst\u00e4llning. Den japanska bildtraditionen <em>jigoku-e<\/em>, helvetesbilderna, skildrar i drastiska scener underjordens straff och placerar Enma-o som den d\u00f6mande instansen i dess begynnelse.<\/p><p>En ikonografiskt betydelsefull tradition f\u00f6rbinder Enma-o med bodhisattvan Jizo. I den japanska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En m\u00e4nniskas levda religi\u00f6sa h\u00e5llning och praxis.\" tabindex=\"0\">fr\u00f6mheten<\/span> anses Jizo vara den barmh\u00e4rtige r\u00e4ddaren som bist\u00e5r varelserna i helvetet.<\/p><p>Vissa texter och bilder tolkar Enma-o och Jizo som tv\u00e5 aspekter av en och samma verklighet, den str\u00e4nga och den barmh\u00e4rtiga sidan, som samverkar f\u00f6r att leda den avlidne till b\u00e4ttring och en gynnsam \u00e5terf\u00f6delse. Denna sammankoppling mildrar domarens skr\u00e4mmande karakt\u00e4r och infogar honom i en fr\u00e4lsningsinriktad <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och om en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tempelbilderna hade en pedagogisk uppgift. Predikande munkar anv\u00e4nde dem f\u00f6r att visa lekm\u00e4n f\u00f6ljderna av d\u00e5liga handlingar. Den r\u00f6df\u00e4rgade, vredgade Enma-o var d\u00e4rmed ett l\u00e4romedel som \u00f6versatte den abstrakta l\u00e4ran om karma till en minnesv\u00e4rd, skr\u00e4mmande bild.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp998b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp998b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpac0eec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpac0eec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enma-o i folktron och i den moderna kulturen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa4d7b45 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa4d7b45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp72e526a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp72e526a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utanf\u00f6r klostren blev Enma-o en fast gestalt i den japanska folktron. Hans namn levde vidare i fasta tales\u00e4tt och uppfostringsf\u00f6rmaningar.<\/p><p>F\u00f6r\u00e4ldrar varnade barn som lj\u00f6g att Enma-o skulle riva ut deras tunga, ett hot som var k\u00e4nt i m\u00e5nga delar av Japan. D\u00e4rmed blev d\u00f6dsdomaren en instans f\u00f6r vardaglig moralisk fostran, l\u00e5ngt innan ett barn ens hade bes\u00f6kt ett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som \u00e4gnas \u00e5t v\u00f6rdnad av en eller flera gudomligheter.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>.<\/p><p>Vid best\u00e4mda dagar under \u00e5ret, traditionellt p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren och senare sommaren, h\u00f6lls p\u00e5 vissa platser s\u00e4rskilda andaktsstunder framf\u00f6r Enma-figurerna, d\u00e5 tempelhallarna \u00f6ppnades och troende kunde besk\u00e5da de annars st\u00e4ngda bildnisserna. S\u00e5dana seder visar att Enma-o inte bara var en litter\u00e4r eller doktrin\u00e4r gestalt, utan f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r levd v\u00f6rdnad och fruktan.<\/p><p>I den moderna japanska kulturen har Enma-o f\u00f6rblivit anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rt n\u00e4rvarande. Han f\u00f6rekommer i manga, anime, dataspel och filmer, ibland som en skr\u00e4ckinjagande antagonist, ibland i komisk brytning som en \u00f6verbelastad byr\u00e5krat i underjorden.<\/p><p>Denna popul\u00e4rkulturella bearbetning tar s\u00e4rskilt g\u00e4rna fasta p\u00e5 gestaltens byr\u00e5kratiska sida, kungen som med akter, st\u00e4mplar och underlydande leder en enorm f\u00f6rvaltningsapparat i det bortomv\u00e4rldsliga.<\/p><p>Denna best\u00e4ndighet \u00e4r vetenskapligt belysande. Enma-o har genomg\u00e5tt \u00f6verg\u00e5ngen fr\u00e5n religi\u00f6s l\u00e4rogestalt till allm\u00e4nkulturell figur utan att f\u00f6rlora sin k\u00e4rna. \u00c4ven i den humoristiska bearbetningen f\u00f6rblir han den som avg\u00f6r r\u00e4tt och or\u00e4tt i ett levt liv.<\/p><p>Gestalten visar hur djupt den buddhistiska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om en d\u00f6dsdomstol har tr\u00e4ngt in i den japanska kulturen och hur den, fr\u00e5n tempelhallen till barnboken, st\u00e4ndigt kan ber\u00e4ttas p\u00e5 nytt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/\">Yama, vedisk f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama-dodsdomare\/\">Yama (buddhism), direkt f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo Wang, kinesisk f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, koreansk motsvarighet<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/buddhism\/\">Buddhistisk tradition, \u00f6vergripande sammanhang<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningslitteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Sekiguchi, Makiko: <em>The Cult of King Yama in Medieval Japan<\/em>. Brill, Leiden 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism<\/em>. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Teiser, Stephen F.: <em>The Ghost Festival in Medieval China<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1988.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Bock, Felicia: <em>Engi-Shiki: Procedures of the Engi Era<\/em>. Sophia University, Tokyo 1972.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Picken, Stuart D. B.: <em>Essentials of <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Japans inhemska religion, pr\u00e4glad av v\u00f6rdnaden f\u00f6r kami.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shinto<\/span><\/em>. Greenwood, Westport 1994.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S. (red.): <em>Buddhism in Practice<\/em>. Princeton UP, Princeton 1995.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1732,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Enma-O d\u00f6dsdomare","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Enma-\u014d \u2013 domaren \u00f6ver de d\u00f6da inom japansk buddhism","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver det japanska helvetet Jigoku, karmaf\u00f6rvaltning och d\u00f6dsdomstolen i Japans buddhistiska mytologi.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"japan","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136676","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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