{"id":136671,"date":"2026-09-03T00:09:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:09:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136671"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:08:51","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:08:51","slug":"yama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/","title":{"rendered":"Yama"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136671\" class=\"elementor elementor-136671 elementor-1997 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, gud i den hinduiska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e4r gud i den hinduiska traditionen.<\/p><p><strong>Den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren \u00f6ver sj\u00e4larna.<\/strong> Yama \u00e4r en av de \u00e4ldsta indiska gudomarna, inte ond utan oundviklig som d\u00f6den sj\u00e4lv. Som den f\u00f6rsta m\u00e4nniskan som dog blev han h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver d\u00f6dsriket, till *Yamadharma*, d\u00f6dens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen plikt och kosmisk ordning; inom buddhismen Buddhas l\u00e4ra.\">dharma<\/span>.<\/p><p>Med sin stav (*Danda*) och sin trogna buffel *Nandi* vandrar Yama genom v\u00e4rlden, samlar in de d\u00f6endes sj\u00e4lar och f\u00f6r dem inf\u00f6r domen. Inom hinduismen \u00e4r han ingen <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Andligt v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs skadlig eller mots\u00e4gelsefull verkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span>, utan en n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig kraft i den kosmiska ordningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud\/gudinna: personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt i en kulturs pantheon, med klara ansvarsomr\u00e5den, naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig, fruktbarhet. Dyrkad genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/hinduism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Hinduistiska gud-, asura- och skyddsv\u00e4rldar, fr\u00e5n vedisk till tantrisk tid.\">Hinduism<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/dodsgudomar\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Underjordens och d\u00f6dens gudar, h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver d\u00f6dsriket, d\u00f6dsdomare, sj\u00e4laledare.\">D\u00f6dsgudom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136257\" alt=\"Yama \u2013 gud fr\u00e5n den hinduiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I korthet: Yama<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Hindu-buddhistisk huvudgudom, d\u00f6dsdomare och h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver underjorden<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Samtliga gudar inom en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Pantheon<\/span>: hinduismen, buddhismen (Yamaraja), Tibet (Yama-Dharmaraja)<br>Funktion: Den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga som upplevde d\u00f6den; numera domare \u00f6ver alla d\u00f6da, herre \u00f6ver Naraka<br>Huvudattribut: Svart buffel som riddjur, klubba (Danda), snara (Pasha), de d\u00f6das bok<br>Huvudsakliga kultplatser: Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> i Tamil Nadu, tibetanska kloster (cham-dans), Japan (Enma-O)<br>Buddhistisk identifikation: Yamaraja (\u00e4ven i Tibet), Enma-O (Japan), Yeomra (Korea)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e4r belagd i <em>Rigveda<\/em> (1200\u2013900 f.Kr.) som den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga, den som f\u00f6rst gick v\u00e4gen till de d\u00f6das rike och som h\u00e4rskar d\u00e4r. I den senare episka traditionen (<em>Mahabharata<\/em>) blir han den strikta d\u00f6dsdomaren.<\/p><p>Inom buddhismen \u00f6vertogs han som <em>Yamaraja<\/em>, med ett ut\u00f6kat helvetskosmos. I Tibet sedan 700-talet e.Kr. som Yama-Dharmaraja i pantheonerna f\u00f6r wrathful deities. I \u00d6stasien som Enma-O \/ Yeomra \/ Yanluo, varje g\u00e5ng med lokala anpassningar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I Indien \u00e4r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span> till\u00e4gnade Yama s\u00e4llsynta, d\u00f6dsdomaren \u00e4r fruktad, inte kultiskt popul\u00e4r. Viktigast: Yamadharma-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> i Tamil Nadu, Yama-mandirer i Nepal. I Tibet centralt i cham-dansf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningarna vid gelug-klostren (s\u00e4rskilt Drepung, Gand\u00e4n, Sera). I Japan i varje buddhistisk kyrkog\u00e5rd som en Enma-O-staty. I Korea: Yeomra inom den schamanistiska mu-sok-traditionen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centrala k\u00e4llor: <em>Rigveda<\/em> X 14\u201318 (Yama som den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6de), <em>Atharvaveda<\/em>, <em>Mahabharata<\/em> (bok I, Sabha-Parva: skildringen av Yama-Sabh\u00e2), <em>Markandeya Purana<\/em>, <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> (helvetesbeskrivningar). Buddhistiskt: <em>Devadhamma-Sutta<\/em>, den tibetanska <em>Bardo Thodol<\/em>. Sekund\u00e4rlitteratur: O\u2019Flaherty, <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>; Doniger, <em>Hindu Myths<\/em>; Lopez, <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama avbildas som en gr\u00f6nhyad eller r\u00f6daktig man, ofta i kunglig rustning. Han b\u00e4r en stav (<em>Danda<\/em>), sitt attribut f\u00f6r straff och ordning, och ofta en snara (<em>Pasha<\/em>) f\u00f6r att binda sj\u00e4larna.<\/p><p>Hans buffel <em>Nandi<\/em> \u00e4r hans viktigaste djur; ibland rider han \u00e4ven p\u00e5 h\u00e4star eller blandar sig bland de levande. I senare ikonografiska texter har han ett gr\u00f6nt eller gr\u00e5svart ansikte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e4r den obestridda domaren. Inget bedr\u00e4geri undg\u00e5r honom. N\u00e4r livstiden tar slut kommer Yama personligen, eller hans s\u00e4ndebud Chitragupta f\u00f6r r\u00e4kenskap f\u00f6r att h\u00e4mta sj\u00e4len. Sj\u00e4len f\u00f6rs sedan till <em>Yamaloka<\/em>, d\u00e4r dess g\u00e4rningar (<em>Karma<\/em>) v\u00e4gs.<\/p><p>Beroende p\u00e5 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen, buddhismen och jainismen lagen om handlingens f\u00f6ljd: varje handling \u00e5terverkar p\u00e5 kommande existenser.\">karma<\/span> sker straff (<em>Naraka<\/em>) eller bel\u00f6ning (<em>Swarga<\/em>) inf\u00f6r n\u00e4sta \u00e5terf\u00f6delse. Ritualer f\u00f6r de avlidna (<em>Shraddha<\/em>) ska blidka Yama och f\u00f6ra sj\u00e4larna snabbare till n\u00e4sta liv.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Yama<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigaste aspekterna av Yama i korthet. F\u00f6ljande f\u00e4lt sammanfattar ursprung, funktion, gestalt, dyrkan, symboler och paralleller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamas ursprung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Yama \u00e4r son till solguden Vivasvat (Surya) och Saranyu, tvillingbror till Yami. I den \u00e4ldsta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> den f\u00f6rsta m\u00e4nniskan som m\u00f6ter d\u00f6den, d\u00e4rf\u00f6r den som f\u00f6rst gick v\u00e4gen till d\u00f6dsriket och nu h\u00e4rskar d\u00e4r.<\/p><p>I senare traditioner gift med hustrun Dhumorna, har tv\u00e5 hundhonor (Saramas avkomlingar) som v\u00e4gv\u00e4ktare. Hans hus ligger i s\u00f6der.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamas m\u00e5lgrupp<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6de, d\u00e4rf\u00f6r de d\u00f6das kung. <em>Dharmaraja<\/em> (pliktens kung), domare som avg\u00f6r utifr\u00e5n varje avlidens karma. F\u00f6rvaltare av de 21 helvetena (Naraka) och de himmelska bel\u00f6ningarna. Inom buddhismen formellt bevarare av den kosmiska lagen (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran och den r\u00e4tta ordningen f\u00f6r handlande.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>) med avseende p\u00e5 logiken om handling och f\u00f6ljd. I Tibet som en wrathful deity \u00e4ven beskyddare av skoltraditionen mot det negativa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamas utseende<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I hinduisk tradition: en m\u00f6rkhyad (gr\u00f6n-bl\u00e5-svart) gestalt med f\u00e4rgstarka smycken, i handen <em>Danda<\/em> (domens klubba) och <em>Pasha<\/em> (snaran som han f\u00e5ngar sj\u00e4larna med), rider p\u00e5 en svart buffel.<\/p><p>R\u00f6d kl\u00e4dnad. I Tibet som <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em>: buffelhuvud, tre \u00f6gon, flammande gloria, benornament, b\u00f6ljande h\u00e5rkrona, h\u00e5ller en skallb\u00e4gare och ett sv\u00e4rd. \u00c5tf\u00f6ljd av sin syster Yami och en tj\u00e4narh\u00e4r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verksamhet<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Yama \u00e5kallas s\u00e4llan direkt om skydd i Indien, han \u00e4r fruktad som den strikte domaren. I d\u00f6dsriter \u00e4r han dock central, de efterlevande ber om mild behandling av den avlidne.<\/p><p>I <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Inom tibetansk buddhism det \u00f6verg\u00e5ngstillst\u00e5nd mellan tv\u00e5 existenser; Bardo Th\u00f6dol beskriver fasen efter d\u00f6den.\">Bardo<\/span> Th\u00f6dol (Tibetanska d\u00f6dsboken) framtr\u00e4der han f\u00f6r den avlidne i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Inom tibetansk buddhism det \u00f6verg\u00e5ngstillst\u00e5nd mellan tv\u00e5 existenser; Bardo Th\u00f6dol beskriver fasen efter d\u00f6den.\">Bardo<\/span>-tillst\u00e5ndet som en pr\u00f6vande gestalt. I Japan \u00e4r Enma-O huvudfigur i den folkligt pr\u00e4glade buddhistiska d\u00f6dsriten och central p\u00e5 varje kyrkog\u00e5rd. I Tibets Cham-danser f\u00f6rekommer han som en skr\u00e4ckinjagande maskb\u00e4rare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddsmedel<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Svart buffel (riddjur), Danda (klubba), Pasha (snara), D\u00f6dsboken, Karmans spegel (Karma-Darpana), skalleb\u00e4gare (tibetanskt), buffelhuvud (tibetanskt), flammande gloria, tredje \u00f6gat. V\u00e4xter: svart asfodill. Helig riktning: s\u00f6der.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">J\u00e4mf\u00f6rbart<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Yamaraja<\/em> (buddhism), <em>Yama-Dharmaraja<\/em> (Tibet), <em>Enma-O<\/em> (Japan), <em>Yeomra<\/em> (Korea), <em>Yanluo<\/em> (Kina, den f\u00f6rste av de tio helvetskonungarna), <em>Hades<\/em> (Grekland, underjordens konung), <em>Pluto<\/em> (Rom), <em>Anubis\/Osiris<\/em> (Egypten, d\u00f6dsledsagare och d\u00f6dsdomare), <em>Hel<\/em> (Germanskt, underjordens h\u00e4rskarinna), <em>Mictlantecuhtli<\/em> (aztekiskt). Den indoeuropeiska roten \u00e4r synlig i stammen Yama-Yima-Yumis (den vediske Yama, den avestiske Yima, den baltiske Yumis).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skyddspraxis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Riter till hans \u00e4ra<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama v\u00f6rdas i vediska hush\u00e5llsriter genom offerg\u00e5vor (Havis), mj\u00f6lk, sm\u00f6r och s\u00e4d vid f\u00f6rf\u00e4derfester (Pinda-Daan). Rigveda 10.14 dokumenterar v\u00f6rdnadsformler f\u00f6r en v\u00e4rdig d\u00f6d. I den hinduiska begravningsriten reciteras Yama-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En helig stavelse eller formel som upprepas inom hinduism och buddhism.\" tabindex=\"0\">mantra<\/span> f\u00f6re likbr\u00e4nningen. Modern praxis: meditationer vid d\u00f6dsb\u00e4dden eller vid f\u00f6rf\u00e4derfester till \u00e4ra av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran om och den r\u00e4tta ordningen f\u00f6r handlande.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>-konungen.<\/p><p><strong>Besv\u00e4rjelser och \u00e5kallanden<\/strong><\/p><p>Den klassiska Yama-invokationen fr\u00e5n Rigveda 10.14.1-2: \u201eYame pathivratah &#8230;&#8221;, \u201eAtt vandra med Yama i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran om och den r\u00e4tta ordningen f\u00f6r handlande.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmas<\/span> mening &#8230;&#8221;. Mantran f\u00f6r att \u00f6vervinna d\u00f6dsr\u00e4dsla finns i Katha-Upanishaden (Nachiketas dialog med Yama). Den tibetanska tantrologin inf\u00f6rlivar Yamantaka (besegraren av Yama) i \u00e5kallanden av den totala \u00f6verskridningen.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter och skyddssymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Yama-symboler \u00e4r s\u00e4llsynta som b\u00e4rbara <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett buret f\u00f6rem\u00e5l som tillskrivs en skyddande, olycksavv\u00e4rjande verkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">amuletter<\/span>, sambandet \u00e4r snarare konceptuellt. Historiska skarab\u00e9er i Egypten, som b\u00e4r Yama-analogier till d\u00f6dsguden Anubis, vittnar om kulturell \u00f6verlappning. Arkeologiska bel\u00e4gg f\u00f6r Yama-v\u00f6rdnad finns i vediska ritualtexter och inskrifter i indiska tempel fr\u00e5n 300-talet f.Kr., men inte i form av f\u00f6rem\u00e5lsamuletter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama, paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Yama liknar grekernas Hades, romarnas Dis Pater och Egyptens Osiris, allesammans gudar f\u00f6r underjorden och domen.<\/p><p>Med Chitragupta, sin bokh\u00e5llare, p\u00e5minner Yama om den kristna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om Sankt Petrus med sj\u00e4larnas bok. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska d\u00f6dsgudar \u00e4r Yama dock ingen ond motst\u00e5ndare, utan en kosmisk \u00e4mbetsman vars dom \u00e4r r\u00e4ttvis och oundviklig.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1b125fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1b125fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3cfb1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp3cfb1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myten om den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dlige<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1f925c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp1f925c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8613854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8613854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det \u00e4ldsta skiktet av den indiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6verf\u00f6ringen av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00f6verl\u00e4mningen<\/span> k\u00e4nner inte Yama som en straffande domare, utan som den f\u00f6rsta m\u00e4nniskan som dog. Den tionde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Cirkelformat diagram som inom hinduism och buddhism avbildar kosmos.\" tabindex=\"0\">mandalan<\/span> i <em>Rigveda<\/em> inneh\u00e5ller flera hymner som b\u00e4r denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning.<\/p><p>I <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.14 \u00e5kallas Yama som den som f\u00f6rst fann v\u00e4gen till livet efter detta och d\u00e4rigenom \u00f6ppnade den f\u00f6r alla efterkommande. Han anses d\u00e4r vara son till solguden Vivasvant och d\u00e4rmed besl\u00e4ktad med m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet sj\u00e4lvt.<\/p><p>En s\u00e4rskilt mycket diskuterad hymn \u00e4r <em>Rigveda<\/em> 10.10, dialogen mellan Yama och hans tvillingsyster Yami. Yami uppmanar Yama till f\u00f6rening f\u00f6r att m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet ska fortleva, och Yama avvisar henne med h\u00e4nvisning till f\u00f6rbudet mot incest mellan syskon och till de vakande gudarna.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Forskningen, till exempel Stephanie Jamison och Joel Brereton i sin Rigveda-\u00f6vers\u00e4ttning fr\u00e5n 2014, tolkar denna hymn som en reflektion \u00f6ver gr\u00e4nserna f\u00f6r till\u00e5tna sl\u00e4ktskapsrelationer, inte som en etiologi f\u00f6r m\u00e4nskligheten.<\/span><\/p><p>Anm\u00e4rkningsv\u00e4rd \u00e4r den spr\u00e5kliga n\u00e4rheten till den fornpersiska Yima, som i <em>Avesta<\/em> likaledes framtr\u00e4der som den f\u00f6rsta kungen och herre \u00f6ver en underjordisk tillflyktsort. B\u00e5da namnen g\u00e5r tillbaka p\u00e5 en indoiransk rot med betydelsen tvilling.<\/p><p>Den j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande indoeuropeistiken, bland annat i Bruce Lincolns arbeten, har d\u00e4ri sett resterna av en gemensam skapelse- och d\u00f6dsmyt, d\u00e4r den f\u00f6rsta m\u00e4nniskan samtidigt blir den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6de och f\u00f6rf\u00e4dernas h\u00e4rskare.<\/p><p>Den senare Yama i epos och puranor, som f\u00f6rfogar \u00f6ver helveten och bokf\u00f6ring av g\u00e4rningar, \u00e4r en betydande vidareutveckling av denna tidiga gestalt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5e6d19f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp5e6d19f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5d9ad8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5d9ad8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yamas rike och bokf\u00f6ringen av g\u00e4rningar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp960b1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp960b1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5504436 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5504436\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I den episka och puraniska litteraturen f\u00f6rvandlas Yama fr\u00e5n de saliga f\u00f6rf\u00e4dernas herre till f\u00f6rvaltare av ett differentierat d\u00f6dsrike. Hans boning, <em>Yamaloka<\/em> eller <em>Yamapura<\/em>, ligger enligt de flesta texter i s\u00f6der, varf\u00f6r s\u00f6der i rituell geografi g\u00e4ller som Yamas v\u00e4derstreck.<\/p><p><em>Garuda Purana<\/em>, en central text f\u00f6r f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningarna om d\u00f6den och sj\u00e4lens v\u00e4g, beskriver den avlidnes resa \u00f6ver den gl\u00f6dande floden <em>Vaitarani<\/em> fram till Yamas tron.<\/p><p>Vid Yamas sida st\u00e5r <em>Chitragupta<\/em>, en skrivare som antecknar varje m\u00e4nniskas handlingar i ett register.<\/p><p>Denna bok, ofta kallad <em>Agrasandhani<\/em>, l\u00e4ses upp vid d\u00f6dstillf\u00e4llet, och utifr\u00e5n dess inneh\u00e5ll avg\u00f6r Yama den fortsatta v\u00e4gen. Chitragupta har i Nordindien blivit stamfader f\u00f6r skrivarkasten kayasthas, som v\u00f6rdar honom som anfader. H\u00e4r visar sig hur en mytologisk gestalt skapar social identitet.<\/p><p>Straffen i Yamas helveten, <em>Naraka<\/em>, \u00e4r katalogiserade i <em>Garuda Purana<\/em> och delar av <em>Manusmriti<\/em> och kopplade till enskilda f\u00f6rbrytelser. Avg\u00f6rande \u00e4r dock att dessa helveten enligt klassisk l\u00e4ra inte \u00e4r eviga platser.<\/p><p>De \u00e4r stationer i \u00e5terf\u00f6delsens kretsg\u00e5ng, och n\u00e4r f\u00f6ljderna av d\u00e5liga handlingar har avtj\u00e4nats forts\u00e4tter sj\u00e4lens v\u00e4g.<\/p><p>Yama \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed mindre en gud f\u00f6r slutgiltig f\u00f6rd\u00f6melse \u00e4n en tj\u00e4nsteman f\u00f6r den kosmiska lagen. Hans hedersnamn <em>Dharmaraja<\/em>, kung av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"I de indiska religionerna l\u00e4ran och den r\u00e4tta ordningen f\u00f6r handlande.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharma<\/span>, uttrycker just detta: han verkst\u00e4ller en ordning, han uppfinner den inte.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp681dbb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp681dbb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5666882 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp5666882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yama i Bhagavadgita och Katha-upanishaden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ae4b61 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2ae4b61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9e65f84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp9e65f84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tv\u00e5 klassiska texter ger Yama en roll som g\u00e5r ut\u00f6ver den rent d\u00f6mande. I <em>Katha-upanishaden<\/em> \u00e4r Yama l\u00e4raren. Den unge brahmanen Nachiketas blir i vredesmod utlovad till d\u00f6den av sin far och v\u00e4ntar tre dagar utanf\u00f6r Yamas hus.<\/p><p>Som gottg\u00f6relse beviljar Yama honom tre \u00f6nskningar. Den tredje \u00e4r fr\u00e5gan om vad som h\u00e4nder med m\u00e4nniskan efter d\u00f6den.<\/p><p>Yama f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker f\u00f6rst avleda Nachiketas med rikedom och l\u00e5ngt liv, men ynglingen st\u00e5r fast. D\u00e4refter l\u00e4r Yama honom skillnaden mellan det behagliga och det gagneliga och undervisar honom om det od\u00f6dliga sj\u00e4lvet, <em>Atman<\/em>. H\u00e4r \u00e4r d\u00f6dsguden paradoxalt nog f\u00f6rmedlaren av den kunskap som \u00f6vervinner d\u00f6den.<\/p><p>I <em>Bhagavadgita<\/em>, i tionde kapitlet, d\u00e4r Krishna r\u00e4knar upp sina gudomliga uppenbarelseformer, s\u00e4ger han om sig sj\u00e4lv att han \u00e4r Yama bland tuktarna eller domarna.<\/p><p>D\u00e4rmed placeras Yama bland de h\u00f6gsta representanterna f\u00f6r sin respektive klass. Uttalandet understryker att Yama inom den klassiska hinduismen inte \u00e4r en demonisk, utan en ordnad och legitim makt.<\/p><p>Denna texttradition har starkt pr\u00e4glat den religionsvetenskapliga bed\u00f6mningen av Yama. Medan popul\u00e4ra skildringar reducerar honom till skr\u00e4cken, betonar indologer som Wendy Doniger att Yama i sanskritlitteraturen framtr\u00e4der lika mycket som l\u00e4rare, som r\u00e4ttvis och som en n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig instans. D\u00f6den \u00e4r i denna syn inte motsatsen till ordningen, utan en del av den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp1a6dd18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp1a6dd18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe3ae724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpe3ae724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ikonografi och spridning bortom Indien<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb513861 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb513861\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5b64d2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp5b64d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I bildkonsten framst\u00e4lls Yama vanligtvis med m\u00f6rk, ofta gr\u00f6naktig eller bl\u00e5aktig hud, kl\u00e4dd i r\u00f6tt, med en buffel som riddjur.<\/p><p>I h\u00e4nderna b\u00e4r han en snara, <em>Pasha<\/em>, med vilken han drar livssj\u00e4len ur kroppen, och ofta en stav eller klubba, <em>Danda<\/em>. Dessa attribut har varit stabila i tempelreliefer och miniatyrm\u00e5leri sedan medeltiden.<\/p><p>Som en av <em>Lokapalas<\/em>, v\u00e4ktarna av v\u00e4derstrecken, f\u00f6rekommer Yama regelbundet p\u00e5 tempelns ytterv\u00e4gg mot s\u00f6der.<\/p><p>Via buddhismen kom Yama till Tibet, Kina, Japan och Sydostasien och f\u00f6r\u00e4ndrades d\u00e4rvid. I den tibetanska traditionen \u00e4r han som <em>Shinje<\/em> herre \u00f6ver d\u00f6dsdomen och samtidigt f\u00f6rem\u00e5l f\u00f6r en egen l\u00e4rohistoria, d\u00e4r bodhisattvan Manjushri underkuvar honom i gestalten av <em>Yamantaka<\/em>, Yama-besegraren.<\/p><p>I Kina blev han <em>Yanluo<\/em>, f\u00f6rest\u00e5ndaren f\u00f6r de tio helveteskungarna (se <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yanluo\/\">Yanluo<\/a>), i Japan <em>Enma<\/em>. Denna vandring visar hur en indisk gud kunde bli en panasiatisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00e5sk\u00e5dlig bild som st\u00e5r f\u00f6r en abstrakt tanke.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> f\u00f6r den omutliga d\u00f6dsdomen.<\/p><p>I dagens Indien lever Yama vidare framf\u00f6r allt i begravningsritualer, i d\u00f6dslitteratur och i festen <em>Yama Dvitiya<\/em> eller <em>Bhai Dooj<\/em>, som anknyter till relationen mellan Yama och hans syster Yami.<\/p><p>Systern bjuder brodern p\u00e5 mat och ber om ett l\u00e5ngt liv f\u00f6r honom. D\u00e4rmed \u00e5terkommer i folkseden ett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llselement i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> som redan fanns anlagt i den \u00e4ldsta vediska hymnen, tvillingarnas dialog.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpbdd2ba4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpbdd2ba4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77afc58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp77afc58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forskningshistoria och tolkningsstrid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf7f3b26 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf7f3b26\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp019c46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp019c46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den vetenskapliga sysslan med Yama tar sin b\u00f6rjan p\u00e5 1800-talet med den europeiska utforskningen av <em>Rigveda<\/em>. Tidiga indologer som Hermann Oldenberg och Abel Bergaigne tvistade om huruvida Yama ursprungligen var en f\u00f6rgudad urm\u00e4nniska eller fr\u00e5n b\u00f6rjan en d\u00f6dsgudom.<\/p><p>Debatten h\u00e4nger n\u00e4ra samman med fr\u00e5gan om hur hymnerna 10.10 och 10.14 ska dateras och tolkas.<\/p><p>Under 1900-talet flyttade den j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande indoeuropeistiken fokus till f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet mellan Yama och den iranska Yima. Georges Dum\u00e9zil och forskare i hans efterf\u00f6ljd rekonstruerade utifr\u00e5n detta en indoiransk, m\u00f6jligen indoeuropeisk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En \u00f6verl\u00e4mnad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myt<\/span> om den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga som blir de d\u00f6das h\u00e4rskare.<\/p><p>Bruce Lincoln har i <em>Death, War, and Sacrifice<\/em> argumenterat f\u00f6r att bakom Yama och besl\u00e4ktade gestalter ligger ett gemensamt skapelsem\u00f6nster, d\u00e4r det f\u00f6rsta dr\u00e5pet strukturerar v\u00e4rlden.<\/p><p>Det \u00e4r fortfarande omtvistat hur starkt den vediska Yama b\u00f6r skiljas fr\u00e5n den senare puranska Yama. Vissa forskare ser en kontinuerlig utveckling, andra betonar ett brott mellan f\u00f6rfaderskonungen fr\u00e5n den tidiga eran och helvetesf\u00f6rvaltaren i de klassiska texterna.<\/p><p>\u00c4ven ursprunget till skrivaren Chitragupta \u00e4r oklart, eftersom han saknas i de \u00e4ldsta lagren och troligen tillkom senare, m\u00f6jligen under inflytande av konkreta sociala grupper. K\u00e4ll\u00e4get kr\u00e4ver f\u00f6rsiktighet h\u00e4r: mycket av det som anses vara en fastst\u00e4lld Yama-bild \u00e4r resultatet av en sekelgammal skiktning av olika texttraditioner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yamaraja\/\">Yamaraja, buddhistisk \u00f6vertagning<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama-dodsdomare\/\">Yama, d\u00f6dsdomare (buddhism)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/enma-o\/\">Enma-O, japansk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yeomra\/\">Yeomra, koreansk form<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/hades\/\">Hades, grekisk parallell<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/hinduism\/\">Hinduism, panteon\u00f6versikt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/dodsgudomar\/\">D\u00f6dsgudomar, underkategori<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>O&rsquo;Flaherty, Wendy Doniger: <em>The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology<\/em>. Berkeley 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Doniger, Wendy: <em>Hindu Myths. A Sourcebook<\/em>. London 1975.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lopez, Donald S.: <em>The Tibetan Book of the Dead. A Biography<\/em>. Princeton 2011.<\/span><\/li><li>Rigveda X 14&ndash;18 (talrika \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningar).<\/li><li>Walde, Christine (Hg.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (uppslagsord &bdquo;Yama&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Fler standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/litteratur\/\">litteraturf\u00f6rteckningen<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd3732 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9bd3732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599231e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"599231e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Vanliga fr\u00e5gor om Yama<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Vem \u00e4r Yama i buddhismen?<\/h3><p>Yama \u00e4r i buddhismen h\u00e4rskaren \u00f6ver helvetesriket (Naraka) och de d\u00f6das domare. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen \u00e4r det buddhistiska helvetet ingen evig straffplats, utan en tidsbegr\u00e4nsad \u00e5terf\u00f6delseplats. Den som d\u00e4r har sonat sitt karma \u00e5terf\u00f6ds.<\/p><p>Yama f\u00f6rh\u00f6r varje avliden om dennes livsg\u00e4rningar, mahayana-buddhismen k\u00e4nner till ett helt hov av helvetesdomare som bist\u00e5r honom. Yamas riken beskrivs med ofattbar detaljrikedom i den buddhistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om v\u00e4rldens uppbyggnad och ordning inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologin<\/span> (Abhidharma-texterna).<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Hur skiljer sig Yama i buddhismen fr\u00e5n den hinduiska Yamaraja?<\/h3><p>B\u00e5da gestalterna delar samma ursprung i den vediska Yama (Rigveda 10,14), den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga som samtidigt blev de d\u00f6das herre. Inom hinduismen f\u00f6rblev Yama den centrala domargudomen som mottar varje sj\u00e4l.<\/p><p>Inom buddhismen blev Yama en m\u00e5ngfacetterad gestalt: i theravada snarare som ett begrepp, i mahayana och s\u00e4rskilt i den tibetanska buddhismen som en personifierad helvetesherre med komplex <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"L\u00e4ran om bildinneh\u00e5ll och deras betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ikonografi<\/span> (ofta med tjurhuvud, Yama-aspekten Dharmaraja). I Tibet \u00e4r de vandrande demondansarna (Cham-festivalen) ofta Yama-uttolkare.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Vem \u00e4r Yama i buddhismen?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yama \u00e4r i buddhismen h\u00e4rskaren \u00f6ver helvetesriket (Naraka) och de d\u00f6das domare. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n den v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndska f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen \u00e4r det buddhistiska helvetet ingen evig straffplats, utan en tidsbegr\u00e4nsad \u00e5terf\u00f6delseplats. Den som d\u00e4r har sonat sitt karma \u00e5terf\u00f6ds.Yama f\u00f6rh\u00f6r varje avliden om dennes livsg\u00e4rningar, mahayana-buddhismen k\u00e4nner till ett helt hov av helvetesdomare som bist\u00e5r honom. Yamas riken beskrivs med ofattbar detaljrikedom i den buddhistiska kosmologin (Abhidharma-texterna).\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Hur skiljer sig Yama i buddhismen fr\u00e5n den hinduiska Yamaraja?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"B\u00e5da gestalterna delar samma ursprung i den vediska Yama (Rigveda 10,14), den f\u00f6rsta d\u00f6dliga som samtidigt blev de d\u00f6das herre. Inom hinduismen f\u00f6rblev Yama den centrala domargudomen som mottar varje sj\u00e4l.Inom buddhismen blev Yama en m\u00e5ngfacetterad gestalt: i theravada snarare som ett begrepp, i mahayana och s\u00e4rskilt i den tibetanska buddhismen som en personifierad helvetesherre med komplex ikonografi (ofta med tjurhuvud, Yama-aspekten Dharmaraja). I Tibet \u00e4r de vandrande demondansarna (Cham-festivalen) ofta Yama-uttolkare.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1731,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Yama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Yama \u2013 d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"2","wesen_kultur":"hinduismus","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136671","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Yama \u2013 d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yama\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"iWell Guard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-03T01:08:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/\",\"name\":\"Yama \u2013 d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-03T00:09:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-03T01:08:51+00:00\",\"description\":\"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"sv-SE\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sv-SE\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":1536,\"caption\":\"Gudar fr\u00e5n den hinduiska traditionen.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Start\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/?page_id=136483\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Yama\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/\",\"name\":\"iWell Guard\",\"description\":\"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"sv-SE\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"sv-SE\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png\",\"width\":1182,\"height\":237,\"caption\":\"Ittermann electronic GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/pantip.com\\\/profile\\\/9367242\",\"https:\\\/\\\/micro.blog\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.diggerslist.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\",\"https:\\\/\\\/skitterphoto.com\\\/photographers\\\/2870314\\\/iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\\\/2026\\\/06\\\/06\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/hub.docker.com\\\/u\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/bit.ly\\\/m\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\\\/profiles\\\/iwellguard\\\/activity\",\"https:\\\/\\\/gravatar.com\\\/reallybeded8fd34\",\"https:\\\/\\\/naijamatta.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.goodreads.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/experiment.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/wakelet.com\\\/@iWellGuard82270\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.chordie.com\\\/forum\\\/profile.php?id=2555664\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instapaper.com\\\/p\\\/17757966\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mapleprimes.com\\\/users\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/businesslistingplus.com\\\/profile\\\/iwell-guard\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/telegra.ph\\\/iWell-Guard-06-06\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pbase.com\\\/iwellguard\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/b.hatena.ne.jp\\\/iwellguard\\\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882\",\"https:\\\/\\\/fliphtml5.com\\\/home\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/anyflip.com\\\/homepage\\\/cmiwl#About\",\"https:\\\/\\\/transfur.com\\\/Users\\\/iwellguard\",\"http:\\\/\\\/delphi.larsbo.org\\\/user\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\\\/profiles\\\/8380803-iwell-guard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/md.chaosdorf.de\\\/s\\\/jfbe5SBdJD\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.lingvolive.com\\\/en-us\\\/profile\\\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\\\/translations\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.fitday.com\\\/fitness\\\/forums\\\/members\\\/iwellguard.html\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.mymeetbook.com\\\/iwellguard\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pxhere.com\\\/en\\\/photographer-me\\\/5040798\",\"https:\\\/\\\/disqus.com\\\/by\\\/iwellguard\\\/about\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pastelink.net\\\/hjwciqwq\",\"https:\\\/\\\/pubhtml5.com\\\/homepage\\\/scjhn\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bitchute.com\\\/channel\\\/2O2eOKzNqujT\",\"https:\\\/\\\/audiomack.com\\\/iwellguard\"]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ralf Ittermann\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f\"},\"headline\":\"Yama\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-03T00:09:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-03T01:08:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/sv\\\/yama\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/iwell-guard.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp\",\"inLanguage\":\"sv-SE\",\"description\":\"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Yama \u2013 d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen","description":"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/","og_locale":"sv_SE","og_type":"article","og_title":"Yama","og_description":"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.","og_url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/","og_site_name":"iWell Guard","article_modified_time":"2026-09-03T01:08:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":1536,"url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Yama","datePublished":"2026-09-03T00:09:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T01:08:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","inLanguage":"sv-SE","description":"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet."},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/","name":"Yama \u2013 d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","datePublished":"2026-09-03T00:09:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T01:08:51+00:00","description":"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"sv-SE","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sv-SE","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","width":1024,"height":1536,"caption":"Gudar fr\u00e5n den hinduiska traditionen."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Start","item":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/?page_id=136483"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Yama"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#website","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/","name":"iWell Guard","description":"Schutz vor dunklen Einfl\u00fcssen","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"sv-SE"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sv-SE","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Ittermann-Logo-1182x237-1.png","width":1182,"height":237,"caption":"Ittermann electronic GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/pantip.com\/profile\/9367242","https:\/\/micro.blog\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.diggerslist.com\/iwellguard\/about","https:\/\/skitterphoto.com\/photographers\/2870314\/iwell-guard","https:\/\/iwellguard.wordpress.com\/2026\/06\/06\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/u\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/bit.ly\/m\/iwellguard","https:\/\/entre-vos-mains.alsace.eu\/profiles\/iwellguard\/activity","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/reallybeded8fd34","https:\/\/naijamatta.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/profile.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/","https:\/\/experiment.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/wakelet.com\/@iWellGuard82270","https:\/\/www.chordie.com\/forum\/profile.php?id=2555664","https:\/\/www.instapaper.com\/p\/17757966","https:\/\/www.mapleprimes.com\/users\/iwellguard","https:\/\/businesslistingplus.com\/profile\/iwell-guard\/","https:\/\/telegra.ph\/iWell-Guard-06-06","https:\/\/pbase.com\/iwellguard\/iwellguard","https:\/\/b.hatena.ne.jp\/iwellguard\/20260607#bookmark-4788405196491818882","https:\/\/fliphtml5.com\/home\/iwellguard","https:\/\/anyflip.com\/homepage\/cmiwl#About","https:\/\/transfur.com\/Users\/iwellguard","http:\/\/delphi.larsbo.org\/user\/iwellguard","https:\/\/jobs.lajobsportal.org\/profiles\/8380803-iwell-guard","https:\/\/md.chaosdorf.de\/s\/jfbe5SBdJD","https:\/\/www.lingvolive.com\/en-us\/profile\/9ecaeaca-ce11-4e51-9e71-01d55e2bff36\/translations","https:\/\/www.fitday.com\/fitness\/forums\/members\/iwellguard.html","https:\/\/www.mymeetbook.com\/iwellguard","https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photographer-me\/5040798","https:\/\/disqus.com\/by\/iwellguard\/about\/","https:\/\/pastelink.net\/hjwciqwq","https:\/\/pubhtml5.com\/homepage\/scjhn\/","https:\/\/www.bitchute.com\/channel\/2O2eOKzNqujT","https:\/\/audiomack.com\/iwellguard"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f","name":"Ralf Ittermann","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"sv-SE","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/073c0153e350a5005b68eb752b445fea71f6b24a26da9449ad7e155e6b446c9d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Ralf Ittermann"},"givenName":"Ralf","familyName":"Ittermann","jobTitle":"Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher","url":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/author\/claude\/","description":"Ralf Ittermann ist Gesch\u00e4ftsf\u00fchrer der Ittermann electronic GmbH und redaktioneller Verantwortlicher des iWell-Guard-Lexikons. Er verbindet langj\u00e4hrige Erfahrung in der Pr\u00e4zisionsfertigung mit medialer Praxis und religionsgeschichtlicher Quellenarbeit.","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Ittermann electronic GmbH","url":"https:\/\/ittermann.de\/","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"K\u00f6hlergasse 16-18","postalCode":"99842","addressLocality":"Ruhla","addressCountry":"DE"}},"knowsAbout":["Religionsgeschichte","Mythologie","Mediale Praxis","Energetische Diagnostik","Schutzpraxis","Volksglauben","Westliche Esoterik"]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/"},"author":{"name":"Ralf Ittermann","@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#\/schema\/person\/ee2a27f1cac3406c7c6fb5820cb7349f"},"headline":"Yama","datePublished":"2026-09-03T00:09:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-03T01:08:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/yama\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_hinduismus_yama.webp","inLanguage":"sv-SE","description":"Yama, d\u00f6dsguden och domaren i hinduismen. Stav och bufflen Nandi, Yamaloka, karma-domen och vediska ursprung. Fader till m\u00e4nniskosl\u00e4ktet."}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136671","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136671"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/136671\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136671"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136671"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}