{"id":136618,"date":"2026-09-03T00:08:33","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:08:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136618"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:07:29","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:07:29","slug":"marduk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/marduk\/","title":{"rendered":"Marduk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136618\" class=\"elementor elementor-136618 elementor-1880 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, gud i den mesopotamiska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Huvudgud i Babylon och riksgud i den babyloniska panteonen, upph\u00f6jd fr\u00e5n lokal stadsgud till h\u00f6gsta gudomliga auktoritet. Marduk st\u00e5r i centrum av den mesopotamiska gudav\u00e4rlden som segrare i kampen mot kaoset och skapare av den ordnade v\u00e4rlden.<\/p><p>Hans uppg\u00e5ng fr\u00e5n Babylons stadsgud till babylonisk h\u00f6gsta gud speglar Babylons politiska expansion under Hammurabi och \u00e4r litter\u00e4rt f\u00f6rankrad i Enuma Elish, det babyloniska skapelseeposet.<\/p><p>Marduk betraktas som kaosbetvingaren i den mesopotamiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologin<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Gud\/gudinna: Personifierad h\u00f6gsta makt i en kulturs panteon, med klara ansvarsomr\u00e5den s\u00e5som naturkrafter, \u00f6de, krig och fruktbarhet. Dyrkad genom kulter, offer och tempelinstitutioner.\">Gud<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vaggan f\u00f6r dokumenterad religion, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyrien (ca. 3500 f.Kr. till 330 f.Kr.).\">Mesopotamien<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/hoggudomar\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"De h\u00f6gsta gudarna i ett panteon, kosmisk suver\u00e4nitet, skapar- eller h\u00e4rskaraspekt.\">H\u00f6gsta gudom<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136352\" alt=\"Marduk \u2013 gudar fr\u00e5n den mesopotamiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/goetter_mesopotamien_marduk.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kortprofil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Mesopotamisk huvudgudom, Babylons riksgud<br><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden gudar inom en religion eller kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Panteon<\/span>: Babylon (huvudgud i den babyloniska panteonen), Assur (sekund\u00e4rt som Bel)<br>Funktion: skapelse, kungad\u00f6me, storm, r\u00e4ttvisa, ekonomi<br>Huvudattribut: bevingad drake (Mushhushshu), spade (marru), h\u00f6g hatt-diadem<br>Huvudkultplatser: Babylon (Esagila-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> med Etemenanki-zikkuraten), Borsippa (sonen Nabu)<br>Astronomisk identifikation: Jupiter (Salbatu)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk \u00e4r belagd sedan den fornbabyloniska tiden (tidigt 2:a \u00e5rtusendet f.Kr.) som lokal stadsgudom i Babylon. Han fick sitt stora uppsving under Hammurabi (ca 1750 f.Kr.) och blev d\u00e5 rikets gudom. I det nybabyloniska riket (Nabopolassar, Nebukadnessar II) var han den absoluta huvudguden.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (skapelseeposet, 1100-talet f.Kr.) etablerar Marduk som skaparen av v\u00e4rlden ur kaosdraken Tiamat. Hans <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempel<\/span>komplex <em>Esagila<\/em> med zigguraten <em>Etemenanki<\/em> (&bdquo;Babels torn&ldquo;) var ett av forntidens underverk under <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoken f\u00f6r den grekiska och romerska kulturen, ungef\u00e4r 800 f.Kr. till 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiken<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Huvudkultplatsen var <strong>Babylon<\/strong> med <em>Esagila<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> och zikkuraten <em>Etemenanki<\/em>. D\u00e4rtill Borsippa (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> f\u00f6r sonen Nabu), Sippar, Nineve (sekund\u00e4rt).<\/p><p>Den \u00e5rliga <em>akitu<\/em>&#8211;<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f6gtidlig religi\u00f6s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">processionen<\/span> (ny\u00e5rsfesten, i m\u00e5naden Nisan) var Babylons st\u00f6rsta folkfest. Marduk f\u00f6rdes i en h\u00f6gtidlig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f6gtidlig religi\u00f6s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> genom staden, och kungen f\u00f6rnyade sitt mandat. Med den akemenidiska och seleukidiska tiden inleddes en nedg\u00e5ng; p\u00e5 100-talet e.Kr. upph\u00f6r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden religi\u00f6sa dyrkanshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Centrala k\u00e4llor: <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (skapelseeposet, 7 tavlor), <em>Hammurabi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En uppr\u00e4ttst\u00e5ende, inskriven eller bebildad sten- eller tr\u00e4platta.\" tabindex=\"0\">stelen<\/span><\/em> (Marduks makt\u00f6verf\u00f6ring), <em>Erra<\/em>-eposet, nybabyloniska kungainskrifter (Nabopolassar, Nebukadnessar II, Nabonid). Sekund\u00e4rlitteratur: Lambert, <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>; Sommerfeld, <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks<\/em>; Bott\u00e9ro, <em>La plus vieille religion<\/em>; Black\/Green, <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols<\/em>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beteckning och stavningar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Akkadiska:<\/strong> Marduk (MAR.DUK i kilskrift), m\u00f6jligt ursprung: \u201eUtus kalv\u201c eller \u201eljusets son\u201c, etymologin \u00e4r omtvistad. Binamn: <em>Bel<\/em> (\u201eherre\u201c, senare standardbeteckning, s\u00e4rskilt under den hellenistiska perioden), <em>Merodach<\/em> (grekisk translitteration), <em>Lugal-dimmer-ankia<\/em> (sumerisk motsvarighet: \u201elandets gudars kung\u201c).<\/p><p>Teologiska 50 namn: I Enuma Elish tilldelas Marduk 50 namn, vilka vardera inneb\u00e4r ett \u00f6vertagande av andra babyloniska gudars funktioner, en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som symboliskt representerar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> f\u00f6r hans \u00f6verh\u00f6ghet. Biblisk reception: \u201eBel\u201c i Jeremia och Daniel; \u201eMerodach\u201c som avgudsnamn i hellenistiska k\u00e4llor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utseende<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk avbildas vanligtvis som en mogen, sk\u00e4ggig man, tronande eller g\u00e5ende, kl\u00e4dd i kungliga dr\u00e4kter. Hornkronan (<em>agus<\/em>) b\u00e4r han som tecken p\u00e5 sin gudomlighet. En str\u00e5lkrans omger hans huvud.<\/p><p>I h\u00e4nderna h\u00e5ller han spaden <em>Marru<\/em>, skapelsens och ordningens redskap, eller en spira. Mushhushshu-draken (\u00e4ven kallad Sirrush), ett monster med sju huvuden, framben som ett lejon och bakben som en anka, tj\u00e4nar som hans riddjur eller skyddsande.<\/p><p><strong>V\u00e4sen och verkan<\/strong><\/p><p>Marduk \u00e4r inte en urgammal skapare, utan kaosets ordnare. I Enuma Elish strider han mot urgudinnan Tiamat, besegrar henne och skapar himmel och jord ur hennes kropp. D\u00e4rmed etablerar han den kosmosordnande v\u00e4rldsbilden.<\/p><p>Han \u00e4r r\u00e4ttvisans v\u00e4ktare, gudarnas domare och beskyddare av den m\u00e4nskliga ordningen. Som Babylons stadsgud pr\u00e4glade han det offentliga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualet<\/span>, s\u00e4rskilt Akitu-ny\u00e5rsfesten, d\u00e4r hans \u00f6verh\u00f6ghet f\u00f6rnyades varje \u00e5r.<\/p><p><strong>Utseende och symbolik<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Marduk<\/em> avbildas som en m\u00e4ktig, sk\u00e4ggig man med en h\u00f6g krona (<em>Marru<\/em>) och dr\u00e4kter som visar hans kungliga auktoritet. Han b\u00e4r en gyllene spira och omges ofta av gyllene eller silverf\u00e4rgade auror.<\/p><p>Vid sin sida b\u00e4r han det flammande sv\u00e4rdet eller andra krigsvapen. I skapande form avbildas han ofta med ett slags skapande ljus eller energi. Hans heliga djur \u00e4r draken <em>Tiamat<\/em> (eller den femh\u00f6vdade draken <em>Ushum<\/em>), en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som symboliserar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> f\u00f6r hans herrav\u00e4lde \u00f6ver kaotisk kraft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigaste aspekterna av Marduk i korthet. F\u00f6ljande f\u00e4lt sammanfattar ursprung, funktion, utseende, v\u00f6rdnad, symboler och paralleller.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tradition<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk \u00e4r son till <em>Ea<\/em> (Enki, vattengud) och <em>Damkina<\/em>. I <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e4r han hj\u00e4lten i den unga gudagenerationen, som k\u00e4mpar mot urgudinnan <em>Tiamat<\/em> (kaosdrake) och besegrar henne, ur hennes kropp skapar han himmel och jord.<\/p><p>Fader till <em>Nabu<\/em> (skrivargud), make till <em>Sarpanitu<\/em>. I sin uppg\u00e5ng till rikets gudom f\u00e5r han de <em>50 namnen<\/em>, som tillskriver honom funktionerna hos alla andra gudar (teogonisk konsolidering).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduks funktion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Babylons riksgud, varje kung fick sin makt ur Marduks hand. V\u00e4rldens skapare (i Enuma Elish), garant f\u00f6r den kosmiska ordningen. Beskyddare av Babylons ekonomi och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rd. Storm- och v\u00e4dergud (i sin gamla lokala roll). I den personliga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av de religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingarna f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kulten<\/span> \u00e4ven <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Det bedjande eller besv\u00e4rjande tilltalet av en gudom eller makt.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00e5kallan<\/span> om skydd mot sjukdom, brott och demonisk anf\u00e4ktelse, hans stj\u00e4rna (Jupiter) ans\u00e5gs vara lyckobringande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Framst\u00e4llning<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Antropomorf som en sk\u00e4ggig manlig gestalt med h\u00f6g hatt-diadem och l\u00e5ngt flerskiktat plagg. Karakt\u00e4ristiska attribut: <em>spade<\/em> (marru, hans insignium, ursprungligen ett bondeverktyg, senare <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som symboliserar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbol<\/span> f\u00f6r skaparen), b\u00e5ge, pilar, sv\u00e4rd. F\u00f6ljedjur: <em>Mushhushshu<\/em>-draken (ett <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En varelse som f\u00f6renar drag fr\u00e5n olika djur eller varelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">blandv\u00e4sen<\/span> av orm, lejon och f\u00e5gel), den mest k\u00e4nda Marduk-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett tecken som symboliserar en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning eller betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">symbolen<\/span> p\u00e5 Ishtarporten i Babylon. P\u00e5 nybabyloniska reliefer avbildas han ofta st\u00e5ende med spaden i handen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduks v\u00f6rdnad<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de:<\/strong> Marduk \u00e5kallades som Babylons huvudgud inom alla omr\u00e5den, fr\u00e5n kungamandatet \u00f6ver den \u00e5rliga Akitu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f6gtidlig religi\u00f6s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">processionen<\/span> till personligt skydd. Esagila var pilgrimsm\u00e5l fr\u00e5n hela riket.<\/p><p>Kungen fick sin bekr\u00e4ftelse i det \u00e5rliga Akitu-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualet<\/span>: han f\u00f6rnedrades av \u00f6verstepr\u00e4sten och \u00e5terinsattes sedan i sitt \u00e4mbete genom Marduks hand. De viktigaste personliga riterna: b\u00f6neskrifter vid sjukdom, skyddsb\u00f6ner i personlig kris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduks symboler<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spade (marru), h\u00f6g hatt-diadem, b\u00e5ge, pilar, sv\u00e4rd, Mushhushshu-draken (f\u00f6ljedjur), Esagila-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett byggnadsverk som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span>, Etemenanki-sickuraten, en bevingad solskiva (i vissa traditioner). Helig v\u00e4xt: tamarisk. Helig stj\u00e4rna: Jupiter. Heligt tal: 50 (Marduks namn).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">J\u00e4mf\u00f6rbart<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Bel<\/em> (assyrisk tilltalsform, betyder helt enkelt &#8221;herre&#8221;), <em>Ashur<\/em> (Assyrien, assyrisk motsvarighet som riksgud), <em>Anu<\/em> (Mesopotamien, \u00e4ldre fader i pantheonet), <em>Iuppiter Optimus Maximus<\/em> (Rom, astronomiskt identifierad med Jupiter), <em>Zeus<\/em> (Grekland, rikets- och \u00e5skgudsparallell), <em>Indra<\/em> (hinduism, gudakonung med \u00e5ska och blixt), <em>Tor<\/em> (germansk, delvis), <em>Hadad\/Adad<\/em> (Mesopotamien, v\u00e4dergudsaspekt).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00f6rdnad i vardagen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk var i f\u00f6rsta hand en statskultgud, inte en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En varelse som dyrkas som gudomlig inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span> f\u00f6r personlig fr\u00e4lsning eller mysterier. I det offentliga rummet var hans v\u00f6rdnad framtr\u00e4dande: kungliga inskriptioner \u00e5beropade Marduks <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tillk\u00e4nnagivande av lycka och skydd, ofta i fast spr\u00e5klig form.\" tabindex=\"0\">v\u00e4lsignelse<\/span>, avtal ingicks under Marduks blick, och edsformler n\u00e4mnde honom som v\u00e4ktare.<\/p><p>I den privata hush\u00e5llningen spelade Marduk en mindre central roll. Den personliga <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den levda religi\u00f6sa h\u00e5llningen och praktiken hos en m\u00e4nniska.\" tabindex=\"0\">fr\u00f6mheten<\/span> riktades snarare mot skyddsandar, gudinnan Ishtar eller l\u00e4keguden Gula.<\/p><p>M\u00e5nga babylonier bar dock namn som inneh\u00f6ll &#8221;Marduk&#8221; (t.ex. Merodach-Baladan: &#8221;Marduk har gett en son&#8221;), vilket var ett uttryck f\u00f6r den teologiska integrationen av Marduk i vardagst\u00e4nkandet. Vid Akitu-festen, ny\u00e5rsfesten, firade stad och land f\u00f6rnyelsen av Marduks v\u00e4rldsherrav\u00e4lde; deltagandet i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f6gtidlig religi\u00f6s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">processionen<\/span> var en plikt f\u00f6r varje babylonier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marduk, paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Grekisk tradition:<\/strong> Zeus som h\u00f6gsta gudom och h\u00e4rskare \u00f6ver himmel och ordning. B\u00e5da \u00e4r inte urtida skapare utan ordnare av kaos efter en titankamp. \u00c5skvigg-funktionen \u00e4r starkare hos Zeus, men aspekten av kosmisk r\u00e4ttsordning delas av b\u00e5da.<\/p><p><strong>Vedisk och hinduisk tradition:<\/strong> Indra som \u00e5skgud och ledare f\u00f6r devas. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llselement i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motivet<\/span> med drakkampen (Indra mot Vritra) \u00e4r ett grundl\u00e4ggande parallellt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myt<\/span>element. Indra b\u00e4r ocks\u00e5 en \u00e5skvigg (vajra) och \u00e4r v\u00e4ktare av den kosmiska ordningen (rta).<\/p><p><strong>Egyptisk tradition:<\/strong> Ra som solgud och beskyddare av maat (v\u00e4rldsordningen). Medan Marduk kuvar kaoset genom en kampber\u00e4ttelse, sker detta hos Ra i den cykliska nattf\u00e4rden (kampen mot ormen Apofis). Den teologiska modellen, skapargudom som ordnare, \u00e4r likartad.<\/p><p><strong>Hettitisk tradition:<\/strong> Teshub som v\u00e4derguden och h\u00f6gsta gudom, k\u00e4nd fr\u00e5n Kumarbi-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span>, delar drakkamp-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llselement i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> med Marduk. Teshubs strid mot ormen Illuyanka \u00e4r en parallell till Tiamat-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6874574 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6874574\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb3658ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpb3658ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Enuma Elish: det babyloniska skapelseeposet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3f37203 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp3f37203\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa527e77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa527e77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den viktigaste k\u00e4llan f\u00f6r Marduks rang \u00e4r det babyloniska skapelseeposet, som efter sina inledningsord kallas <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> (&#8221;N\u00e4r ovan&#8221;). Det \u00e4r bevarat p\u00e5 sju lertavlor, som framf\u00f6r allt h\u00e4rstammar fr\u00e5n den assyriske kungen Assurbanipals bibliotek i Nineve, men bevarar \u00e4ldre material.<\/p><p>Om den exakta tillkomsttiden r\u00e5der oenighet; mycket talar f\u00f6r en avfattning under det andra \u00e5rtusendet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning, m\u00f6jligen under gammalbabylonisk eller mellanbabylonisk tid.<\/p><p>Eposet skildrar hur gudarna uppst\u00e5r ur urvattnen, personifierade av <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat<\/a> och Apsu. N\u00e4r Tiamat f\u00f6rklarar krig mot de yngre gudarna och s\u00e4tter upp en arm\u00e9 av monster, v\u00e5gar ingen av de gamla gudarna m\u00f6ta henne. Marduk f\u00f6rklarar sig villig, men kr\u00e4ver som pris den h\u00f6gsta kungav\u00e4rdigheten bland gudarna.<\/p><p>Gudaf\u00f6rsamlingen beviljar honom denna st\u00e4llning. Marduk besegrar Tiamat i envig, klyver hennes kropp och formar himmel och jord av h\u00e4lfterna. Ur blodet fr\u00e5n motst\u00e5ndarsidans gudaledare Kingu skapas m\u00e4nniskan, f\u00f6r att tj\u00e4na gudarna. Till slut bygger gudarna \u00e5t Marduk staden Babylon med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som \u00e4gnas \u00e5t dyrkan av en eller flera gudomar.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> Esagila.<\/p><p><em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed mindre en neutral skapelseber\u00e4ttelse \u00e4n en teologisk motivering f\u00f6r Babylons och Marduks f\u00f6retr\u00e4de. Den f\u00f6rklarar varf\u00f6r v\u00e4rlden \u00e4r ordnad som den \u00e4r, och varf\u00f6r just Babylon ska vara dess medelpunkt.<\/p><p>Den sjunde tavlan best\u00e5r n\u00e4stan helt av en litania \u00f6ver Marduks femtio namn, d\u00e4r han tillskrivs andra gudars funktioner.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpab7c6b1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpab7c6b1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp922795f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp922795f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esagila och Etemenanki: Marduks tempel och Babels torn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf75bb56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpf75bb56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpd1621ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpd1621ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduks <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> var rumsligt bunden till Babylon. Hans huvudtempel hette <em>Esagila<\/em>, &#8222;huset vars topp \u00e4r h\u00f6g&#8220;. Bredvid stod stegtornet <em>Etemenanki<\/em>, &#8222;huset f\u00f6r himlens och jordens fundament&#8220; en zikkurat som t\u00e4nktes f\u00f6rbinda sf\u00e4rerna.<\/p><p><em>Etemenanki<\/em> anses inom forskningen vara den troliga verkliga f\u00f6rlagan till den bibliska ber\u00e4ttelsen om Babels torn.<\/p><p>De arkeologiska resterna \u00e4r starkt f\u00f6rst\u00f6rda genom uttag under <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epok av den grekiska och romerska kulturen, ungef\u00e4r 800 f.Kr. till 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antiken<\/span> och genom moderna ingrepp, men <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epok av den grekiska och romerska kulturen, ungef\u00e4r 800 f.Kr. till 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antika<\/span> beskrivningar, till exempel hos Herodot, och kilskriftstexter m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r en ungef\u00e4rlig rekonstruktion. Den babyloniske kungen Nebukadnessar II l\u00e4t under 500-talet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning bygga ut anl\u00e4ggningen storslaget.<\/p><p>I Esagila stod Marduks <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bildlig framst\u00e4llning av en gudom som v\u00f6rdas i tempel eller helgedom.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultbild<\/span>. Denna bild var s\u00e5 n\u00e4ra f\u00f6rbunden med stadens identitet att dess bortf\u00f6rande av fiender, till exempel hettiterna och senare assyrierna, betraktades som en nationell katastrof; \u00e5terf\u00f6randet var en triumf.<\/p><p>Statyn var ingen enkel avbildning, utan ans\u00e5gs vara gudens verkliga n\u00e4rvaro, som v\u00e5rdades, kl\u00e4des och gavs f\u00f6da.<\/p><p>Babylon hade \u00e4ven <em>Processionsgatan<\/em>, som gick genom det ber\u00f6mda Ishtarporten, kl\u00e4tt med glaserade tegel och djurfigurer. \u00d6ver denna gata r\u00f6rde sig vid ny\u00e5rsfesten <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f6gtidlig religi\u00f6s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">processionen<\/span> med gudabilderna. Babylons monumentala arkitektur var d\u00e4rmed scen och kuliss f\u00f6r Marduk-kulten, inte bara en bakgrund.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp3ede43e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp3ede43e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0a5ee8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp0a5ee8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ny\u00e5rsfesten Akitu: ritual, kungad\u00f6me och kosmisk f\u00f6rnyelse<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp7a1665f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp7a1665f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp33d71f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp33d71f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Det viktigaste festcykeln i Marduk-kulten var <em>Akitu<\/em>-festen, den babyloniska ny\u00e5rsfesten, som firades p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren under omkring elva dagar. Fr\u00e5n senare tid finns ritualtexter bevarade som beskriver enskilda dagsf\u00f6rlopp, om \u00e4n fragmentariskt.<\/p><p>Till de bevarade delarna h\u00f6r recitationen av <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> inf\u00f6r Marduks <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bildlig framst\u00e4llning av en gudom som v\u00f6rdas i tempel eller helgedom.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultbild<\/span>. D\u00e4rmed gjordes gudens seger \u00f6ver kaoset liturgiskt n\u00e4rvarande: festen upprepade och s\u00e4krade v\u00e4rldsordningen. K\u00e4nd \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 en scen d\u00e4r kungen m\u00e5ste tr\u00e4da fram inf\u00f6r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bildlig framst\u00e4llning av en gudom som v\u00f6rdas i tempel eller helgedom.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultbilden<\/span>.<\/p><p>\u00d6verstepresten tar av honom de kungliga insignierna, sl\u00e5r honom i ansiktet och l\u00e5ter honom f\u00f6rs\u00e4kra att han inte gjort n\u00e5got or\u00e4tt. F\u00f6rst d\u00e4refter f\u00e5r han insignierna tillbaka. Detta <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> band det jordiska kungad\u00f6met till Marduk och underst\u00e4llde det gudomlig kontroll.<\/p><p>En ytterligare del var den stora <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f6gtidlig religi\u00f6s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">processionen<\/span>, d\u00e4r gudabilderna f\u00f6rdes fr\u00e5n olika st\u00e4ders tempel till Babylon och till ett festhus utanf\u00f6r staden. D\u00e4rmed demonstrerade festen samtidigt Marduks och Babylons \u00f6verordnade st\u00e4llning gentemot Mesopotamiens \u00f6vriga kultplatser.<\/p><p>\u00c4ldre forskning, p\u00e5verkad av den s\u00e5 kallade Myth-and-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span>-skolan, har g\u00e4rna sett <em>Akitu<\/em>-festen som ett drama om en d\u00f6ende och \u00e5teruppst\u00e5ende gud. Denna tolkning anses idag \u00f6verdriven och d\u00e5ligt underbyggd. Den mer sansade l\u00e4sningen betonar att festen gemensamt bekr\u00e4ftade kosmos ordning, Babylons st\u00e4llning och kungens legitimitet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe942edb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe942edb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpc69cf80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpc69cf80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fr\u00e5n stadsgud till riksgud: Marduks historiska uppg\u00e5ng<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp779b35e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp779b35e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6af0f46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6af0f46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Marduk var ursprungligen ingen betydande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett v\u00e4sen som v\u00f6rdas som gudomligt inom en religion.\" tabindex=\"0\">gudom<\/span>. I de \u00e4ldsta k\u00e4llorna framtr\u00e4der han som lokal stadsgud i Babylon, en stad som under den tidiga dynastiska tiden var obetydlig. Hans uppg\u00e5ng \u00e4r n\u00e4ra knuten till Babylons politiska uppg\u00e5ng.<\/p><p>Den avg\u00f6rande skjutsen gav Hammurabis regeringstid p\u00e5 1700-talet f\u00f6re v\u00e5r tider\u00e4kning, d\u00e5 Babylon blev den h\u00e4rskande makten i Mesopotamien. \u00c4ven d\u00e4refter f\u00f6rblev processen i r\u00f6relse.<\/p><p>Teologiskt utrustades Marduk gradvis med funktioner som tidigare tillkom andra gudar, framf\u00f6r allt den gamle sumeriske gudakungen <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/enlil-stormgud-panteonherre\/\">Enlil<\/a> och visdomsguden <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/enki\/\">Ea<\/a>, som i eposet framtr\u00e4der som Marduks fader.<\/p><p>Namnlistan p\u00e5 den sjunde tavlan av <em>Enuma Elish<\/em> \u00e4r det teologiska verktyget f\u00f6r denna \u00f6verf\u00f6ring: genom att Marduk tar emot andra gudars namn och d\u00e4rmed deras egenskaper blir han pantheonets summa. Vissa forskare talar om en tendens mot monolatri, utan att Babylon n\u00e5gonsin uppn\u00e5dde <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tron p\u00e5 en enda gud.\" tabindex=\"0\">monoteism<\/span>.<\/p><p>Marduks binamn var ofta helt enkelt <em>Bel<\/em>, &#8222;herre&#8220; en titel som \u00e4ven f\u00f6rekommer i den hebreiska bibeln som <em>Bel<\/em>, till exempel hos profeterna Jeremia och Jesaja, som f\u00f6rl\u00f6jligar den babyloniske guden.<\/p><p>Hans son var skrivarguden <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/nabu\/\">Nabu<\/a> fr\u00e5n Borsippa, vars egen uppg\u00e5ng f\u00f6ljde Marduks. Det historiska underlaget visar d\u00e4rmed exemplariskt hur n\u00e4ra <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den vetenskapliga l\u00e4ran om Gud och en religions tro.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologi<\/span> och maktpolitik var sammanfl\u00e4tade i Mesopotamien.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/enki\/\">Ea\/Enki, fader<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/nabu\/\">Nabu, son<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/tiamat\/\">Tiamat, betvingad kaosgudinna<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/anu\/\">Anu, \u00e4ldre pantheonfader<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mesopotamien\/\">Mesopotamien, pantheon\u00f6versikt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/hoggudomar\/\">H\u00f6ggudomar, underkategori<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/gudar\/\">Gudar, klass\u00f6versikt<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, Wilfred G.: <em>Babylonian Creation Myths<\/em>. Winona Lake 2013.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Sommerfeld, Walter: <em>Der Aufstieg Marduks. Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr.<\/em>. Neukirchen-Vluyn 1982.<\/span><\/li><li>Walde, Christine (red.): <em>Der Neue Pauly<\/em> (uppslagsordet &bdquo;Marduk&ldquo;).<\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Fler standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/litteratur\/\">litteraturf\u00f6rteckningen<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-9f83f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-faq-col-1313dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanliga fr\u00e5gor om Marduk<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Vem var guden Marduk?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduk var huvudguden i den babyloniska panteonen och betraktas som v\u00e4rldens skapare enligt babylonisk f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning. Enuma Elish, den babyloniska skapelsemyten, ber\u00e4ttar hur Marduk besegrar urhavsdrakan Tiamat och formar himmel och jord ur hennes kropp. I efterakkadisk tid \u00f6vertog Marduk den sumeriske Enlils funktion.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n<details class=\"iwg-faq-item\">\n  <summary><strong>Vad \u00e4r Mardukfesten?<\/strong><\/summary>\n  <p>Marduks viktigaste h\u00f6gtid var Akitu, det babyloniska ny\u00e5rsfirandet p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren. D\u00e5 framf\u00f6rdes skapelsemyten Enuma Elish offentligt, Marduks gudabild f\u00f6rdes i en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En h\u00f6gtidlig religi\u00f6s procession.\" tabindex=\"0\">procession<\/span> fr\u00e5n Esagila-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En byggnad som \u00e4gnas \u00e5t dyrkan av en eller flera gudomligheter.\" tabindex=\"0\">templet<\/span> genom Babylon, och kungen bekr\u00e4ftades p\u00e5 nytt i sitt \u00e4mbete. Akitu strukturerade det babyloniska \u00e5ret.<\/p>\n<\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-wv-marduk-s elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"wv-marduk-s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Vem var guden Marduk?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Marduk var huvudguden i den babyloniska panteonen och betraktas som v\u00e4rldens skapare enligt babylonisk f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning. Enuma Elish, den babyloniska skapelsemyten, ber\u00e4ttar hur Marduk besegrar urhavsdrakan Tiamat och formar himmel och jord ur hennes kropp. I efterakkadisk tid \u00f6vertog Marduk den sumeriske Enlils funktion.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Vad \u00e4r Mardukfesten?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Marduks viktigaste h\u00f6gtid var Akitu, det babyloniska ny\u00e5rsfirandet p\u00e5 v\u00e5ren. D\u00e5 framf\u00f6rdes skapelsemyten Enuma Elish offentligt, Marduks gudabild f\u00f6rdes i en procession fr\u00e5n Esagila-templet genom Babylon, och kungen bekr\u00e4ftades p\u00e5 nytt i sitt \u00e4mbete. Akitu strukturerade det babyloniska \u00e5ret.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1635,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Marduk","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Marduk \u2013 Babylons riksgud och kaosbetvingare","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Uppg\u00e5ngen fr\u00e5n stadsgud till riksgud, segern \u00f6ver Tiamat, Esagil-templet, akitufesten, 50 namn, Mushhushshu-draken.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"goetter","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136618","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO 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