{"id":136553,"date":"2026-09-03T00:08:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136553"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:05:47","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:05:47","slug":"preta","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/preta\/","title":{"rendered":"Preta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136553\" class=\"elementor elementor-136553 elementor-1208\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta, ande i den buddhistiska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta \u00e4r en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span> i den buddhistiska traditionen.<\/p><p><strong>Hungrig ande med strupe smal som ett n\u00e5ls\u00f6ga, karmisk gestalt f\u00f6r girighet.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ande: Kroppsl\u00f6s eller halvkroppslig varelse, avlidna, naturv\u00e4sen, husandar eller tr\u00f6skelv\u00e4ktare. Verkar i vardagslivet, ofta bunden till platser eller familjer.\">Ande<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/buddhism\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Buddhistisk tradition med bodhisattvor, skyddsgudomar, hungriga andar och helvetesv\u00e4ktare.\">Buddhism<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/dodsandar\/\" class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Avlidna vars andar forts\u00e4tter att verka i denna v\u00e4rlden, husandar, f\u00f6rf\u00e4der, oroliga d\u00f6da.\">D\u00f6dsande<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136310\" alt=\"Preta \u2013 andar fr\u00e5n den buddhistiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_buddhismus_preta.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Preta (pali: peta) \u00e4r en av de mest minnesv\u00e4rda gestalterna i den buddhistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om v\u00e4rldens uppbyggnad och ordning inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologin<\/span>. En hungrig ande med uppsv\u00e4lld mage och en strupe smal som ett n\u00e5ls\u00f6ga, kan se och beg\u00e4ra men \u00e4r of\u00f6rm\u00f6gen att \u00e4ta eller dricka.<\/p><p>Gestalten har blivit en bild f\u00f6r konsekvenserna av karmisk girighet: den som under sin livstid v\u00e4grade ge g\u00e5vor, var girig eller f\u00f6rskingrade allmosor, \u00e5terf\u00f6ds i pretav\u00e4rlden och lider av motsvarande brist.<\/p><p>I Petavatthu-texterna (en del av Pali-kanon) ber\u00e4ttar buddhistiska m\u00e4stare om m\u00f6ten med pretas som bek\u00e4nner sina tidigare handlingar. Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4rotext i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutran<\/span> (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Det stora fordonet'; en av buddhismens tre huvudtraditioner, med bodhisattva-idealet och utvecklad filosofisk reflektion.\">mahayana<\/span>) ber\u00e4ttar hur Maudgalyayana ser sin avlidna mor i pretatillst\u00e5nd och kan r\u00e4dda henne endast genom sanghans gemensamma <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>\u00adkraft.<\/p><p>Ur denna ber\u00e4ttelse utvecklas det v\u00e4rldsber\u00f6mda Hungry Ghost Festival (Ullambana, kinesiska Yulanpen, japanska Obon). Till skillnad fr\u00e5n m\u00e5nga andra demoner \u00e4r gestalten d\u00e4rmed n\u00e4ra f\u00f6rbunden med \u00e5rskalenderns rituella praxis.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e5 en blick: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Hungrig ande, buddhistisk \u00e5terf\u00f6delse<br>Ursprung: Karmisk konsekvens av girighet, avund, snikenhet, missbruk av allmosor<br>Texter: Petavatthu (pali), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4rotext i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>, jatakas<br>Tidsperiod: 400-talet f.Kr. till nutid<br>Centralt firande: Hungry Ghost Festival \/ Ullambana \/ Obon<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>I pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling av en religions heliga skrifter som erk\u00e4nns som bindande.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> utarbetades Petavatthu fr\u00e5n 200-talet f.Kr. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Det stora fordonet; en av buddhismens tre huvudtraditioner, med bodhisattva-idealet.\">Mahayana<\/span>-utvidgningen kom genom Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4rotext i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutran<\/span> (vid v\u00e5r tider\u00e4knings b\u00f6rjan, \u00f6versatt till kinesiska p\u00e5 200-talet e.Kr.). Hungry Ghost Festival etablerades i Kina under Tang-dynastin och i Japan som Obon under Nara-perioden. Forts\u00e4tter oavbrutet in i modern tid.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Theravada: Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Kambodja (d\u00e4r kopplat till lokala f\u00f6rf\u00e4derskulter). Mahayana: Kina, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (d\u00e4r s\u00e4rskilt aktivt). <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"'Diamantfordonet'; tantrisk form av mahayana-buddhismen, huvudsakligen i Tibet, med yidam-praktik och mantra-teknik i centrum.\">Vajrayana<\/span>: Tibet, Mongoliet. Ungerska, mongoliska, kazakiska buddhistiska samfund. Moderna diaspora-samfund v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Petavatthu (pali, del av Khuddaka Nikaya), Vimanavatthu (som kompletterande motstycke), Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4rotext i kort form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> (sanskrit\/kinesiska), jatakas, tibetanska d\u00f6dsbokstraditioner, modern etnografi om Hungry Ghost Festival.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn och varianter<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sanskrit:<\/strong> <em>preta<\/em>; pali <em>peta<\/em>; feminin <em>pretani<\/em>.<br>Kinesiska: \u9913\u9b3c (<em>E Gui<\/em>, \u201dhungrig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span>\u201d).<br>Japanska: <em>Gaki<\/em>.<br>Tibetanska: <em>yidag<\/em>.<br>Etymologi: fr\u00e5n <em>pra-i<\/em> \u201dg\u00e5 fram\u00e5t\u201d, ursprungligen \u201davliden\u201d, senare specialiserat till klassen hungriga andar.<\/p><p>Begreppet visar utvecklingen mycket v\u00e4l: under den vediska tiden betecknade <em>preta<\/em> helt enkelt den avlidne i mellanfasen f\u00f6re \u00e5terf\u00f6delsen. Buddhismen specificerar: vissa d\u00f6da blir till hungriga andar, beroende p\u00e5 deras <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen, buddhismen och jainismen lagen om handlingens f\u00f6ljd: varje handling verkar tillbaka p\u00e5 efterf\u00f6ljande existenser.\">karma<\/span>. Ur denna specialisering uppst\u00e5r klassen pretas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4nnetecken<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utseende<\/strong><\/p><p>Enorm uppsv\u00e4lld mage, mikroskopisk mun och n\u00e5ls\u00f6gontunn hals, tunna lemmar. Hungrig, med girig blick, ofta med flammande mun (all dryck f\u00f6rvandlas till eld). 36 klasser av pretas enligt klassisk demonologi, var och en med sina specifika lidanden.<\/p><p><strong>Beteende<\/strong><\/p><p>S\u00f6ker st\u00e4ndigt efter n\u00e4ring men kan inte \u00e4ta. F\u00f6rbannad att alltid vara hungrig. Ser vatten som f\u00f6rvandlas till var; ser mat som brinner upp. Dras till doften av <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tack, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>g\u00e5vor.<\/p><p><strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de<\/strong><\/p><p>Egen Pretaloka (preta-v\u00e4rld) inom den buddhistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rest\u00e4llning om v\u00e4rldens uppbyggnad och ordning inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologin<\/span>, delar rum med m\u00e4nniskornas v\u00e4rld men uppfattar den annorlunda. Ofta i n\u00e4rheten av tidigare boplatser. I Kina sl\u00e4pps de traditionellt &#8221;fria&#8221; fr\u00e5n underjorden under den sjunde m\u00e5nfasen.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk placering<\/strong><\/p><p>Ingen skapelse, utan en f\u00f6ljd av \u00e5terf\u00f6delse. Uppst\u00e5r genom girighet, avund, st\u00f6ld av allmosor och missbruk av religi\u00f6sa g\u00e5vor. Preta-existensens l\u00e4ngd best\u00e4ms av den karmiska tyngden, ofta mycket l\u00e5ng, vissa texter talar om kalpor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigaste aspekterna av preta i korthet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ursprung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Karmisk \u00e5terf\u00f6delse genom girighet, avund och missbruk av g\u00e5vor. Ingen skapelse, utan en existensform inom den buddhistiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rest\u00e4llning om v\u00e4rldens uppbyggnad och ordning inom en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">kosmologin<\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pretas m\u00e5lgrupp<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tidigare m\u00e4nniskor med negativa karmiska ansamlingar. I senare traditioner \u00e4ven bundna till s\u00e4rskilda platser och familjer (f\u00f6rf\u00e4ders-pretas).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Form<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Uppsv\u00e4lld mage, mikroskopisk mun, n\u00e5ls\u00f6gontunn hals, tunna lemmar. Flammande mun i vissa beskrivningar. 36 klasser med respektive lidanden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funktion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evigt hungrig, of\u00f6rm\u00f6gen att \u00e4ta. F\u00f6rf\u00f6ljer levande av girighet, dras till <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tack, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>g\u00e5vor. Kan orsaka sjukdom i hush\u00e5ll som f\u00f6rsummar sina f\u00f6rf\u00e4der.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skydd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>G\u00e5vor och Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> (f\u00f6r namngivna pretas), recitation av Ullambana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en kort l\u00e4rotext.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutran<\/span>, offrande av vatten och ris. Inom <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Diamantfordonet; tantrisk form av mahayana-buddhismen, prim\u00e4rt i Tibet, med yidam-praktik i centrum.\">vajrayana<\/span>: tsok-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span> med delade <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tack, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>g\u00e5vor till alla varelser.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pretas paralleller<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>E Gui (kinesiska), Gaki (japanska), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a>, Pishacha, kristna sk\u00e4rseldsgestalter som strukturellt besl\u00e4ktade \u00f6verg\u00e5ngssj\u00e4lar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rit och h\u00f6gtid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ullambana\/Hungry Ghost Festival<\/strong><\/p><p>Under den sjunde m\u00e5nm\u00e5naden (oftast augusti) \u00f6ppnas enligt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vidaref\u00f6randet av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> underjordens portar, och pretas kommer ut i v\u00e4rlden. Troende ger <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tack, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>g\u00e5vor, reciterar sutror och reser altare. Buddhistiska och taoistiska traditioner f\u00f6renas till en av \u00d6stasiens st\u00f6rsta folkreligi\u00f6sa h\u00f6gtider.<\/p><p><strong>Obon i Japan<\/strong><\/p><p>F\u00f6rf\u00e4der tas emot under Obon-perioden (oftast 13.\u201316. augusti). Bon-Odori-danser, eldar vid husd\u00f6rrar, gravbes\u00f6k. Kopplingen till moderns\u00adgestaltens fr\u00e4lsning (Mulian\/Maudgalyayana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En traderad ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span>) \u00e4r laddad med starka k\u00e4nslor.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> i vardagen<\/strong><\/p><p>Inom theravada: vattenoffer till pretas vid pindapata-m\u00e5ltiden. Inom vajrayana: sur-r\u00f6k<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tack, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>, dagligt &#8221;Feeding the Pretas&#8221; som del av offerpraktiken. Inom mahayana: namn p\u00e5 avlidna anh\u00f6riga l\u00e4mnas in till kloster f\u00f6r regelbunden <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en kort l\u00e4rotext.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>-recitation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller och nutid<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kultur\u00f6verskridande hungerandar<\/strong><\/p><p>E Gui (Kina) och Gaki (Japan) \u00e4r direkta \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningar och samma gestalt i ostasiatisk form. Pishacha (hinduismen) delar hunger<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> med den lik\u00e4tande specifiken. <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> och romerska lemures \u00e4r strukturellt besl\u00e4ktade \u00f6verg\u00e5ngssj\u00e4lar.<\/p><p><strong>Psykologisk och ekologisk tolkning:<\/strong> Moderna buddhistiska l\u00e4rare (Thich Nhat Hanh) tolkar pretas \u00e4ven psykologiskt: ett tillst\u00e5nd av evig otillfredsst\u00e4llelse trots materiellt \u00e4gande. Ekologiskt l\u00e4ses preta som en bild av om\u00e4ttlig konsumtion, en samtida mycket verkningsfull l\u00e4rogestalt.<\/p><p><strong>Popul\u00e4rkultur:<\/strong> Japansk anime och manga citerar regelbundet Gaki-motiv. Hungry Ghost Festival har kommersialiserats men \u00e4r fortfarande religi\u00f6st viktigt. Inom v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndsk fantasy anpassas pretas som en egen monstertyp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fd4bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp26fd4bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2ca3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp2ca3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Grunden f\u00f6r preta-tillvaron i karmat\u00e4nkandet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb5a782f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb5a782f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf49c5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpf49c5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00c5terf\u00f6delsen som <em>preta<\/em> (pali <em>peta<\/em>) betraktas i den buddhistiska kosmologin som en f\u00f6ljd av ett klart definierat knippe handlingar. Texter som <em>Petavatthu<\/em>, en samling av femtioen sp\u00f6kber\u00e4ttelser i Khuddaka Nikaya i palikanon, h\u00e4rleder f\u00f6delsen i hungersp\u00f6kriket huvudsakligen till girighet, snikenhet, v\u00e4gran att ge allmosor och att undanh\u00e5lla mat fr\u00e5n beh\u00f6vande.<\/p><p>Straffet speglar handlingen: den som i livet inte gav n\u00e5got lider som en varelse med en n\u00e5lsmal strupe och en enorm mage, som aldrig blir m\u00e4tt.<\/p><p>Denna spegelbildlighet \u00e4r ingen slump utan uttryck f\u00f6r den buddhistiska l\u00e4ran att den karmiska verkan motsvarar orsakens art. <em>Petavatthu<\/em> ber\u00e4ttar om kvinnor som gav g\u00e4ster sk\u00e4md mat och nu sj\u00e4lva m\u00e5ste \u00e4ta var och avf\u00f6ring, eller om en man som skymfade munkar och nu vandrar omkring med ruttnande mun.<\/p><p>Dhammapalas kommentar, <em>Petavatthu-atthakatha<\/em>, knyter varje ber\u00e4ttelse till en konkret f\u00f6rseelse och g\u00f6r d\u00e4rmed samlingen till en moralisk l\u00e4robok.<\/p><p>Viktig \u00e4r den tidsm\u00e4ssiga begr\u00e4nsningen. Till skillnad fr\u00e5n en helvetesf\u00f6delse, som omfattar oerh\u00f6rt l\u00e5nga men likv\u00e4l \u00e4ndliga tidsperioder, betraktas tillvaron som preta som ett tillst\u00e5nd som kan f\u00f6rkortas genom kvarvarande god karma eller genom \u00f6verf\u00f6ring av f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nst fr\u00e5n de levande.<\/p><p>D\u00e4rmed intar hungersp\u00f6kriket en mellanst\u00e4llning bland de sex tillvaroformerna, mellan helvetesvarelser och djur. Det \u00e4r en plats av brist, inte av aktiv tortyr.<\/p><p>Den buddhistiska etiken drar d\u00e4rav en dubbel l\u00e4rdom. \u00c5 ena sidan tj\u00e4nar bilden av pretas som en varning mot girighet. \u00c5 andra sidan grundar den den centrala praktiken att ge (<em>dana<\/em>): generositet betraktas som v\u00e4gen som just inte leder till hungersp\u00f6kriket.<\/p><p>Preta \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed mindre en skr\u00e4ckbild \u00e4n en l\u00e4rofigur, genom vilken f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet mellan handling och f\u00f6ljd blir \u00e5sk\u00e5dligt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp9f2f2ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp9f2f2ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf68fe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf68fe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Andefesten och \u00f6verf\u00f6ringen av f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nster<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp11fbd0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp11fbd0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6817619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp6817619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den rituella f\u00f6rs\u00f6rjningen av hungersp\u00f6kena h\u00f6r till buddhismens \u00e4ldsta och mest spridda praktiker. Dess kanoniska grund finns i <em>Tirokudda Sutta<\/em> i Khuddaka Nikaya, d\u00e4r Buddha f\u00f6rklarar att g\u00e5vor som ges till munkgemenskapen i en avliden anh\u00f6rigs namn kan gagna den anh\u00f6rige som \u00e5terf\u00f6tts som preta.<\/p><p>Mekanismen kallas f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nst\u00f6verf\u00f6ring (<em>pattidana<\/em>): den levande skapar f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nst genom en god handling och till\u00e4gnar den uttryckligen den avlidne, som gl\u00e4ds \u00e5t detta och d\u00e4rigenom l\u00e4ttas.<\/p><p>Ur denna id\u00e9 utvecklades den stora andefesten i \u00d6stasien.<\/p><p>I Kina kallas den <em>Yulanpen<\/em> och firas under den sjunde m\u00e5nm\u00e5naden, i Japan som <em>Obon<\/em>.<\/p><p>Grunden \u00e4r <em>Yulanpen-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Inom hinduismen och buddhismen en l\u00e4roskrift i koncis form.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span><\/em>, som ber\u00e4ttar historien om munken Maudgalyayana: han ser med \u00f6vernaturlig blick sin avlidna mor lida som hungersp\u00f6ke och kan inte ensam befria henne, utan endast genom en gemensam <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Det konkreta f\u00f6rem\u00e5l eller den f\u00f6da som sk\u00e4nks till en gudom.\" tabindex=\"0\">offerg\u00e5va<\/span> fr\u00e5n hela munkgemenskapen vid slutet av regntiden.<\/p><p>Festen f\u00f6renar d\u00e4rmed v\u00f6rdnaden f\u00f6r f\u00f6r\u00e4ldrarna med den buddhistiska fr\u00e4lsningslogiken.<\/p><p>I praktiken st\u00e4lls under festen mat, dryck och symboliska pengar fram, sutror reciteras och lampor t\u00e4nds. I den theravada-buddhistiska v\u00e4rlden i Sri Lanka och Sydostasien finns motsvarande allmoseg\u00e5vor till munkar i de d\u00f6das namn, ofta p\u00e5 sjunde dagen, efter tre m\u00e5nader och efter ett \u00e5r.<\/p><p>Den tibetanska buddhismen k\u00e4nner till <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritualen<\/span> <em>sur<\/em>, ett r\u00f6koffer av br\u00e4nd f\u00f6da vars doft ska n\u00e4ra hungersp\u00f6kena, eftersom deras f\u00f6rtr\u00e4ngda strupe inte kan ta emot fast f\u00f6da.<\/p><p>Dessa ritualer visar att preta i den levda buddhismen inte \u00e4r en avl\u00e4gsen l\u00e4rofigur, utan en varelse till vilken en fortsatt relation uppr\u00e4tth\u00e5lls. Den d\u00f6de f\u00f6rblir en del av familjen, och dennes f\u00f6rs\u00f6rjning \u00e4r en plikt f\u00f6r de efterlevande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpe6c2679 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpe6c2679\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp463f07c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp463f07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Den ikonografiska framst\u00e4llningen i livshjulet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb0d1ef8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb0d1ef8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp072efc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp072efc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den vanligaste bilden av hungersp\u00f6kena \u00e5terfinns i <em>bhavachakra<\/em>, det buddhistiska livshjulet, som pryder ing\u00e5ngen till m\u00e5nga tibetanska kloster. Cirkeln \u00e4r delad i sex segment, av vilka ett visar pretas rike.<\/p><p>Den ikonografiska konventionen \u00e4r fast: tunna lemmar, en uppsv\u00e4lld mage, en l\u00e5ng smal hals och en obetydlig mun, ofta s\u00e5 liten som ett n\u00e5ls\u00f6ga. Denna anatomi g\u00f6r straffet kroppsligt synligt: hungern \u00e4r om\u00f6jlig att stilla, eftersom kroppen inte kan ta emot f\u00f6dan.<\/p><p>M\u00e5leriet visar ofta en Buddha som visar sig f\u00f6r pretas och erbjuder dem helande l\u00e4ra eller f\u00f6da. Denna gestalt framst\u00e4lls oftast som en r\u00f6d eller gul figur och antyder att v\u00e4gen till befrielse inte \u00e4r helt st\u00e4ngd \u00e4ven i hungersp\u00f6kriket.<\/p><p>Landskapet i pretariket framst\u00e4lls som en torr, uttorkad sl\u00e4tt, ibland med floder som f\u00f6rvandlas till var, blod eller eld n\u00e4r man f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker dricka ur dem.<\/p><p>Tibetanska texter differentierar hungersp\u00f6kena ytterligare. En vanlig indelning skiljer mellan pretas med yttre hinder, som helt enkelt inte hittar f\u00f6da, pretas med inre hinder, vars kropp f\u00f6rhindrar upptagandet, och pretas vars f\u00f6da i sig \u00e4r pl\u00e5gan. Denna systematik \u00e5terfinns till exempel i Gampopas <em>Juwelenschmuck der Befreiung<\/em> fr\u00e5n det tolfte \u00e5rhundradet.<\/p><p>I \u00f6stasiatisk konst f\u00f6rekommer hungersp\u00f6ken \u00e4ven utanf\u00f6r livshjulet. Den japanska bildrullen <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> fr\u00e5n Heian-perioden, idag i museer i Tokyo och Kyoto, visar i en serie scener hungersp\u00f6ken som h\u00e5ller till p\u00e5 kyrkog\u00e5rdar, latriner och offerplatser och lever bland vanliga m\u00e4nniskor obem\u00e4rkta.<\/p><p>Denna rulle betraktas som ett huvudverk inom medeltida japanskt m\u00e5leri och visar hur konkret f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen var f\u00f6rankrad i vardagen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp653e979 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp653e979\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf700548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf700548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">F\u00f6rbuddhistiska r\u00f6tter och den vediska preta<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa99ec33 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpa99ec33\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8d0367b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8d0367b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Begreppet <em>preta<\/em> \u00e4r inte av buddhistiskt ursprung utan h\u00e4rstammar fr\u00e5n Indiens \u00e4ldre religi\u00f6sa vokabul\u00e4r. Ordagrant betyder det den f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngne eller den bortg\u00e5ngne, bildat av f\u00f6rstavelsen <em>pra<\/em> och en rot med betydelsen g\u00e5.<\/p><p>I de vediska och tidiga hinduistiska texterna betecknar <em>preta<\/em> ursprungligen helt enkelt den nyligen avlidne, som befinner sig i ett mellanstadium innan han genom d\u00f6dsritualerna blir en <em>pitr<\/em>, en f\u00f6rfader.<\/p><p>Denna \u00f6verg\u00e5ng \u00e4r noggrant reglerad inom det hinduistiska ritualv\u00e4sendet. <em>Shraddha<\/em>-riterna, matoffren f\u00f6r de d\u00f6da, ska f\u00f6ra den ombytliga preta \u00f6ver till f\u00f6rf\u00e4dernas ordnade gemenskap.<\/p><p>Uteblir de, eller d\u00f6r n\u00e5gon en ond d\u00f6d, kan den avlidne f\u00f6rbli en rastl\u00f6s preta. I denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning \u00e4r preta allts\u00e5 inget eget existensplan utan en farlig \u00f6verg\u00e5ngsfas, som m\u00e5ste avslutas genom korrekt <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad f\u00f6ljd av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">ritual<\/span>.<\/p><p>Buddhismen \u00f6vertog begreppet men omformade det. Det tillf\u00e4lliga mellanstadiet blev ett av de sex fasta existensplanen i \u00e5terf\u00f6delsecykeln, som man f\u00f6ds helt in i genom visst karma.<\/p><p>Kopplingen till d\u00f6dsritualerna bestod, men den f\u00f6rskj\u00f6ts fr\u00e5n plikten att skapa en f\u00f6rfader till m\u00f6jligheten att \u00f6verf\u00f6ra f\u00f6rtj\u00e4nst till ett lidande v\u00e4sen.<\/p><p>Denna gemensamma rot f\u00f6rklarar varf\u00f6r hinduistisk och buddhistisk d\u00f6dspraxis ofta liknar varandra och \u00e4r sv\u00e5ra att skilja \u00e5t i Sydasiens levda religiositet.<\/p><p>Den visar ocks\u00e5 att den buddhistiska preta inte uppstod ur tomma intet, utan byggde in en gammal indisk id\u00e9 i ett nytt kosmologiskt system. Den som vill f\u00f6rst\u00e5 gestalten m\u00e5ste ha denna lagring i \u00e5tanke, den vediska f\u00f6rhistorien och den buddhistiska nytolkningen.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp77bf53f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp77bf53f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp083baac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp083baac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spridning och f\u00f6r\u00e4ndring i Asiens buddhistiska kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp0b61d6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp0b61d6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp8c34744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp8c34744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Med buddhismens spridning vandrade ocks\u00e5 f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om hungersp\u00f6ket och anpassade sig till lokala f\u00f6rh\u00e5llanden. I Theravada-l\u00e4nderna Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos och Kambodja f\u00f6rblev kopplingen till pali-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samling av en religions heliga skrifter som erk\u00e4nns som bindande.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> och till <em>Petavatthu<\/em> stark.<\/p><p>H\u00e4r sm\u00e4lte pretaf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen delvis samman med inhemsk andetro, till exempel de thail\u00e4ndska <em>phi<\/em>, s\u00e5 att det buddhistiska hungersp\u00f6ket inte alltid skiljs skarpt fr\u00e5n andra rastl\u00f6sa d\u00f6da.<\/p><p>I Kina m\u00f6tte id\u00e9n en redan h\u00f6gt utvecklad f\u00f6rfaderskult. Hungersp\u00f6ket, kinesiskt <em>egui<\/em>, blev d\u00e4r n\u00e4ra f\u00f6rbundet med oron f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsummade eller barnl\u00f6sa d\u00f6da. Den som inte har n\u00e5gra efterkommande som ger <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span> riskerar att bli en hungrig <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett kroppsl\u00f6st v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span>.<\/p><p>Sp\u00f6kfesten under den sjunde m\u00e5naden blev en av \u00e5rets viktigaste h\u00f6gtider, d\u00e5 underjordens portar \u00f6ppnas och andarna vandrar omkring. H\u00e4r f\u00f6renades buddhismens fr\u00e4lsningsl\u00e4ra med daoistiska och folkreligi\u00f6sa element.<\/p><p>Den tibetanska buddhismen systematiserade hungersp\u00f6kena i sina stegv\u00e4gstexter och utvecklade med r\u00f6koffret <em>sur<\/em> en egen ritualform. Gestalten <em>yidak<\/em>, som preta kallas p\u00e5 tibetanska, \u00e4r djupt f\u00f6rankrad i medvetandet, eftersom livshjulet syns vid varje klostering\u00e5ng.<\/p><p>I Japan fick hungersp\u00f6ket slutligen med <em>Gaki-zoshi<\/em> en konsthistoriskt betydelsefull utformning och f\u00f6rblev n\u00e4rvarande under Obon-festen. Begreppet <em>gaki<\/em> blev i modern japanska till och med ett vardagligt sk\u00e4llsord f\u00f6r ett glupskt eller odisciplinerat barn, ett bevis p\u00e5 hur djupt den religi\u00f6sa f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen tr\u00e4ngt in i vardagsspr\u00e5ket.<\/p><p>Denna kulturella bredd visar att preta inte f\u00f6rblev en stel l\u00e4rofigur, utan blev ett levande och anpassningsbart element i den buddhistiska v\u00e4rlden.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rekommenderade interna l\u00e4nkar:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/buddhism\/\">Buddhism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mara\/\">Mara<\/a>, Yamad\u016bta, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/naraka-vaktare\/\">Naraka-v\u00e4ktare<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/dakini\/\">Dakini<\/a><\/li><li>E <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/gui\/\">Gui<\/a> (Kina), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pishacha\/\">Pishacha<\/a> (hinduism), paralleller<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu<\/a> (Edimmu som f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngarmotiv)<\/li><li>Ullambana\/Obon-festen<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4llor och litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p>Ett urval centrala arbeten om preta:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Gehman, Henry S.: <em>Petavatthu. Stories of the Departed<\/em>. Oxford 1942.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Smith, Robert J.: <em>Ancestor Worship in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. Stanford 1974.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Cuevas, Bryan J.: <em>Travels in the Netherworld. Buddhist Popular Narratives of Death and the Afterlife in Tibet<\/em>. Oxford 2008.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Gombrich, Richard: <em>Precept and Practice<\/em>. Oxford 1971.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Fler standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/litteratur\/\">litteraturf\u00f6rteckningen<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-preta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-preta-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-preta-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Den skyddspraktik som beskrivs h\u00e4r \u00e4r en religionsvetenskaplig tolkning av historiska traditioner. iWell Guard ansluter till denna kulturhistoriska linje av b\u00e4rbara skyddsobjekt och utg\u00f6r en samtida form av den. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mer om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efee16 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7efee16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2508526 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2508526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h2>Vanliga fr\u00e5gor om Preta<\/h2>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Vad \u00e4r pretor inom buddhismen?<\/h3><p>Preta (sanskrit f\u00f6r de olika, p\u00e5 tibetanska Yi-dvags) \u00e4r inom buddhismen hungriga andar, en av de sex existensformerna i \u00e5terf\u00f6delsen. De \u00e4r varelser med enorm mage och en liten mun eller n\u00e5lsmal hals: de kan aldrig bli m\u00e4tta, eftersom all mat f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nns till aska s\u00e5 snart den kommer in i munnen.<\/p><p>I Bhavachakra (det tibetanska livshjulet) framst\u00e4lls de p\u00e5 ett typiskt ikonografiskt s\u00e4tt. Karmisk orsak: girighet, sn\u00e5lhet och egoism under livet. Den som i livet nekade andra mat, \u00e5terf\u00f6das i n\u00e4sta liv som en hungrande preta.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"iwg-faq-q\"><h3>Vad \u00e4r den buddhistiska hungergeistfesten?<\/h3><p>Hungergeistfesten (kinesiska Yulanpen, japanska Obon, koreanska Baekjung) \u00e4r en av de viktigaste folkbuddhistiska h\u00f6gtiderna i \u00d6stasien, under sjunde m\u00e5nm\u00e5naden. Den g\u00e5r tillbaka till ber\u00e4ttelsen om Maudgaly\u0101yana, en av Buddhas l\u00e4rjungar, som hittar sin mor i pretarnas rike men inte kan mata henne direkt.<\/p><p>Buddha l\u00e4r honom att offerg\u00e5vor genom Sangha (munkgemenskapen) vid slutet av regnretreatet n\u00e5r fram till de hungriga andarna. Av detta uppstod den stora \u00f6stasiatiska festen med offerg\u00e5vor f\u00f6r de avlidna, dansf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar (Bon Odori) och symboliskt lyktflytande.<\/p><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Vad \u00e4r pretor inom buddhismen?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Preta (sanskrit f\u00f6r de olika, p\u00e5 tibetanska Yi-dvags) \u00e4r inom buddhismen hungriga andar \\u2014 en av de sex existensformerna i \u00e5terf\u00f6delsen. De \u00e4r varelser med enorm mage och en liten mun eller n\u00e5lsmal hals: de kan aldrig bli m\u00e4tta, eftersom all mat f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nns till aska s\u00e5 snart den kommer in i munnen. I Bhavachakra (det tibetanska livshjulet) framst\u00e4lls de p\u00e5 ett typiskt ikonografiskt s\u00e4tt. Karmisk orsak: girighet, sn\u00e5lhet och egoism under livet \\u2014 den som i livet nekade andra mat, \u00e5terf\u00f6das i n\u00e4sta liv som en hungrande preta.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Vad \u00e4r den buddhistiska hungergeistfesten?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Hungergeistfesten (kinesiska Yulanpen, japanska Obon, koreanska Baekjung) \u00e4r en av de viktigaste folkbuddhistiska h\u00f6gtiderna i \u00d6stasien \\u2014 under sjunde m\u00e5nm\u00e5naden. Den g\u00e5r tillbaka till ber\u00e4ttelsen om Maudgaly\u0101yana, en av Buddhas l\u00e4rjungar, som hittar sin mor i pretarnas rike men inte kan mata henne direkt. Buddha l\u00e4r honom att offerg\u00e5vor genom Sangha (munkgemenskapen) vid slutet av regnretreatet n\u00e5r fram till de hungriga andarna. Av detta uppstod den stora \u00f6stasiatiska festen med offerg\u00e5vor f\u00f6r de avlidna, dansf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar (Bon Odori) och symboliskt lyktflytande.\"}}]}<\/script>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1678,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Preta","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Preta - hungrig ande med n\u00e5ls\u00f6gestrupe","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Preta (pali: peta) \u00e4r en av de mest minnesv\u00e4rda gestalterna i den buddhistiska kosmologin. 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