{"id":136534,"date":"2026-09-03T00:07:51","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:07:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136534"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:05:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:05:19","slug":"mahr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mahr\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahr"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136534\" class=\"elementor elementor-136534 elementor-1032\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr, ande i den germanska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr \u00e4r en <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En kroppsl\u00f6s varelse som tillskrivs verkan i v\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">ande<\/span> i den germanska traditionen.<\/p><p><strong>Den kvinnliga nattrycktan, en spr\u00e5kligt bevarad urgestalt.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ande: Okroppslig eller halvkroppslig varelse, avlidna, naturv\u00e4sen, husandar eller tr\u00f6skelv\u00e4ktare. Verkar i vardagslivet, ofta bunden till platser eller familjer.\">Ande<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/germanskt\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"F\u00f6rkristen gud- och andev\u00e4rld i Nord- och Mellaneuropa.\">Germansk<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136307\" alt=\"Mahr \u2013 ande fr\u00e5n den germanska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/geister_germanisch_mahr.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahr (eller maran, traditionellt kvinnlig) \u00e4r en gestalt inom germansk folktro, n\u00e4ra besl\u00e4ktad med Alp.<\/p><p>B\u00e5da \u00e4r trycksandar av natten, b\u00e5da orsakar mardr\u00f6mmar och <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/somnparalys\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Ett medvetandetillst\u00e5nd d\u00e4r medvetandet \u00e4r vaket men kroppen fortfarande \u00e4r f\u00f6rlamad av REM-atoni, ofta f\u00f6renat med hallucinationer.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">s\u00f6mnparalys<\/a>. Skillnaden \u00e4r spr\u00e5khistorisk: Mahr h\u00e4rstammar fr\u00e5n ett \u00e4ldre, urgermanskt lager (germ. <em>*maran-<\/em>), belagt i fornengelska <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, fornnordiska <em>mara<\/em>, fornh\u00f6gtyska <em>mara<\/em>. Engelskans <em>nightmare<\/em> och franskans <em>cauchemar<\/em> b\u00e4r ordet vidare till idag.<\/p><div><p><strong>Kvinnogestalt i nordisk och tysk <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6verf\u00f6ringen av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">tradition<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p>Maran upptr\u00e4der i den nordiska och tyska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u00d6verf\u00f6ringen av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> ofta som en kvinnlig nattgestalt. I Snorri Sturlusons <em>Prosa-Edda<\/em> (skriven omkring 1220) beskrivs sagolikt-demoniska kvinnofigurer vars natur pendlar mellan gudinna och demon.<\/p><p>Medan Eddan inte uttryckligen n\u00e4mner maran vid namn, motsvarar de skildrade nattliga hems\u00f6kelserna av kvinnliga v\u00e4sen de senare dokumenterade rapporterna om maran. Den svenska och tyska folktraditionen under tidigmodern tid preciserade sedan denna gestalt ytterligare.<\/p><p>Jacobus Sprenger och andra demonologer bakom H\u00e4xhammaren beskrev kvinnliga nattdemoner som hems\u00f6kte m\u00e4n och f\u00f6renade sig med dem. Dessa v\u00e4sen identifierades i enskilda fall som m\u00e4rr eller mara, vilket antyder en kontinuitet mellan pagansk nordisk tradition och kristen demonologi.<\/p><p>Maran var allts\u00e5 inte prim\u00e4rt ett l\u00e5n fr\u00e5n fr\u00e4mmande traditioner, utan en lokal f\u00f6reteelse med egen historisk djup.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I korthet: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Typ:<\/strong> Kvinnlig trycksande av natten<br>Ursprung: Gammalt germanskt lager (<em>*maran-<\/em>)<br>Texter: Fornnordiska, fornengelska, medelh\u00f6gtyska; Grimm, folkloristiska samlingar<br>Tidsperiod: tidigmedeltida till nutid (spr\u00e5kligt fortfarande levande idag)<br>Avv\u00e4rjning: som hos Alp, drudfot, skor, st\u00e5l, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"M\u00e4nniskans spr\u00e5kliga v\u00e4ndning mot en gudom.\" tabindex=\"0\">b\u00f6n<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Inordning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Spr\u00e5kligt urgermanskt belagt (gemensam stam i fornnordiska, fornengelska, fornh\u00f6gtyska). Medeltida bel\u00e4gg i litteratur och r\u00e4ttsk\u00e4llor. Rikt dokumenterat under 1800-talet (Grimm). Fortfarande levande i orden \u201enightmare&#8221; \/ \u201ecauchemar&#8221; \/ \u201emardr\u00f6m&#8221; (den senare synonym f\u00f6r b\u00e5da gestalterna).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hela det germanska omr\u00e5det, med regionala namn: Mahr (ty.), mare (eng. i <em>nightmare<\/em>), mara (fornnord.\/svensk.), Mart\/M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, nederl\u00e4ndska <em>nachtmerrie<\/em>. Har via franska <em>cauchemar<\/em> vandrat vidare till de romanska spr\u00e5ken.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fornengelska medicinska texter, fornnordiska sagor (kung Vanlandi i Ynglingasagan d\u00f6das av en mara), medelh\u00f6gtyska r\u00e4ttsk\u00e4llor, Grimms <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Helheten av en kulturs \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologi<\/span>, folkloristiska arkiv fr\u00e5n 1800-\/1900-talet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Namn<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Fornnordiska:<\/strong> <em>mara<\/em>, plural <em>marur<\/em>.<br>Fornengelska: <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>.<br>Fornh\u00f6gtyska: <em>mara<\/em>.<br>Moderna former: Nachtmahr, Nachtmar, Mart, M\u00e5rt, Mahrt, eng. <em>nightmare<\/em>, fra. <em>cauchemar<\/em>.<br>Besl\u00e4ktad: Alp (maskulin, ofta synonym).<\/p><p>Ynglingasagan ber\u00e4ttar hur den svenska drottningen och trollkvinnan Huld s\u00e4nder en mara mot kung Vanlandi, som trampas till d\u00f6ds i sin s\u00e4ng under s\u00f6mnen. Detta \u00e4r ett av de \u00e4ldsta litter\u00e4ra bel\u00e4gg och visar figurens d\u00f6dliga kraft.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">V\u00e4sensdrag<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utseende<\/strong><\/p><p>Kvinnlig gestalt, liten, med l\u00e5ngt tovigt h\u00e5r. Kan anta djurgestalt, katt, hund, spindel. Tar sig in genom nyckelh\u00e5l, skorsten, d\u00f6rrspringor. I vissa regioner beskrivs hon som en vacker ung kvinna, i andra som en skrumpen gumma.<\/p><p><strong>Beteende<\/strong><\/p><p>S\u00e4tter sig p\u00e5 den sovandes br\u00f6st, trycker, r\u00f6ver andan, orsakar mardr\u00f6mstillst\u00e5nd. Kan &#8221;rida&#8221; h\u00e4star, p\u00e5 morgonen visar sig f\u00f6rvirrade manar (&#8221;marfl\u00e4ta&#8221;) och utmattade djur. I v\u00e4rsta fall med d\u00f6dlig utg\u00e5ng (Ynglingasagan).<\/p><p><strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de<\/strong><\/p><p>Sovrum, h\u00e4stastall. Vissa n\u00e4tter (gr\u00e4nsdagar, torsdagsn\u00e4tter) anses s\u00e4rskilt utsatta. M\u00e4nniskor med svag blodcirkulation, efter tung mat, i ryggl\u00e4ge anses i folktron vara mer utsatta.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk placering<\/strong><\/p><p>Urgermansk. M\u00f6jligen besl\u00e4ktad med f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om en vandrande sj\u00e4l (<em>mara<\/em> som en avskild kvinnlig sj\u00e4lsgestalt som drar omkring nattetid). I slavisk tradition finns n\u00e4ra besl\u00e4ktade gestalter (Mora, Mura).<\/p><p><strong>Utseende och symbolik<\/strong><\/p><p>Maror beskrivs som skymningsskuggor som s\u00e4tter sig p\u00e5 sovande. Ibland framtr\u00e4der de som \u00e4lvlika v\u00e4sen. Alfen kan anta djurgestalt, h\u00e4st, f\u00e5gel eller katt. Tr\u00e5nghet och andningsf\u00f6rlamning \u00e4r deras k\u00e4nnetecken. J\u00e4rn anses skydda.<\/p><div><p><strong>H\u00e4xeri och folktradition under tidigmodern tid<\/strong><\/p><p>I det tyskspr\u00e5kiga omr\u00e5det under 1500- till 1700-talet var maran n\u00e4ra f\u00f6rbunden med h\u00e4xeri. Anklagade h\u00e4xor beskylldes bland annat f\u00f6r att nattetid f\u00e4rdas som mara till sovande m\u00e4nniskor, orsaka mardr\u00f6mmar och f\u00f6rf\u00f6ra m\u00e4n.<\/p><p>Gr\u00e4nsen mellan en demonisk v\u00e4sensform och en h\u00e4xa som magiskt f\u00f6rvandlade sig till denna gestalt var ofta oskarp. By\u00f6verl\u00e4mningar talade om kvinnor som kunde <em>fara som mara<\/em>, det vill s\u00e4ga s\u00e4nda ut sin sj\u00e4l i denna gestalt medan den fysiska kroppen sov.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning var inte begr\u00e4nsad till en enskild region utan var utbredd \u00f6ver hela det tyskspr\u00e5kiga omr\u00e5det och Skandinavien. Jacob Grimm dokumenterade i <em>Deutsche <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">Mythologie<\/span><\/em> (1835) hundratals marber\u00e4ttelser fr\u00e5n olika trakter och visade att martraditionen var \u00e4ldre och mer utbredd \u00e4n vad d\u00e5tidens akademiska uppm\u00e4rksamhet antydde.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Profil: Mahr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigaste aspekterna av Mahr i korthet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulturell kontext<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Urgermanskt lager; m\u00f6jligen en vandrande kvinnlig sj\u00e4lsgestalt. Bevarat spr\u00e5kligt fram till idag i &#8221;nightmare&#8221; och &#8221;cauchemar&#8221;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">M\u00e5ltavlor<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sovande m\u00e4nniskor (liggande p\u00e5 rygg, efter tung mat), h\u00e4star i stallet. Vissa gr\u00e4nsn\u00e4tter anses s\u00e4rskilt utsatta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mahrs utseende<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kvinnlig, liten, l\u00e5ngt tovigt h\u00e5r. Kan anta djurskepnad (katt, spindel). Regionalt beskriven som sk\u00f6n kvinna eller gumma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Funktion<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Trycker, r\u00f6var bort andan, orsakar mardr\u00f6mmar. &#8221;Rider&#8221; h\u00e4star. Kan i litter\u00e4r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vidaref\u00f6randet av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00f6verl\u00e4mning<\/span> verka d\u00f6dligt (Ynglingasagan).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skydd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Som mot alven: drudfot, skor upp och ner framf\u00f6r s\u00e4ngen, kniv under kudden. Dessutom: psalmbok eller psaltare under huvudkudden, korstecken vid s\u00e4ngg\u00e5endet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 iwg-steckbrief-card e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">J\u00e4mf\u00f6rbart<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Alv (n\u00e4ra besl\u00e4ktad), slavisk Mora\/Mura, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/lilu-och-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b och Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avv\u00e4rjning och tolkning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Avv\u00e4rjningspraxis<\/strong><\/p><p>Identisk med avv\u00e4rjningen av alven: drudfot, skor upp och ner, kniv under kudden, psaltare eller bibel under huvudet. Regionalt: en kvast med borsten upp\u00e5t i h\u00f6rnet, en halmdocka vid stallet.<\/p><p><strong>H\u00e4stskydd<\/strong><\/p><p>I stallet mot &#8221;ridandet&#8221; av mahren: alvspegel (en spegelbit vid h\u00e4stens hals), vigda amuletter, brinnande stallanterna. Tovade manar p\u00e5 morgonen ans\u00e5gs vara ett tydligt tecken p\u00e5 ett mahr-bes\u00f6k.<\/p><p><strong>Modern tolkning<\/strong><\/p><p>Liksom alven f\u00f6rst\u00e5s mahren idag som ett <a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/somnparalys\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vakenhetstillst\u00e5nd med muskul\u00e4r REM-atoni; tolkat v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver som sp\u00f6ktillf\u00e4lle (Mahr, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 neurologiskt f\u00f6rklarbart.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">s\u00f6mnparalys<\/a>-fenomen. Den folkloristiska forskningen (David Hufford m.fl.) har visat att upplevelsefenomenologin \u00e4r stabil \u00f6ver kulturgr\u00e4nser, de mytologiska bilderna varierar, men upplevelsen kvarst\u00e5r.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paralleller och mottagande<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><strong>Pangermanska och slaviska paralleller<\/strong><\/p><p>Alp i det tyskspr\u00e5kiga omr\u00e5det, <em>mare<\/em> p\u00e5 engelska, <em>mara<\/em> i Norden, <em>mora<\/em>\/<em>mura<\/em> i det slaviska omr\u00e5det. Alla pekar tillbaka mot ett gemensamt indoeuropeiskt eller till och med \u00e4ldre skikt.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epok f\u00f6r den grekiska och romerska kulturen, ungef\u00e4r 800 f.Kr. till 600 e.Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antiken<\/span>s paralleller<\/strong><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/lilu-och-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b och Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/empusa\/\">Empusa<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/striga\/\">Striga<\/a> delar struktur och funktion med maran. Den kvinnliga nattgestalten som pressar den sovande \u00e4r ett v\u00e4rldsomsp\u00e4nnande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttande.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>Reception<\/strong><\/p><p>F\u00fcsslis <em>Nachtmahr<\/em> (1781) \u00e4r den mest k\u00e4nda bildm\u00e4ssiga gestaltningen. Heines lyrik och Goethes Erlk\u00f6nig bearbetar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttande.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span>. Modern skr\u00e4cklitteratur och film tar regelbundet upp gestalten.<\/p><p><strong>Efterliv och reception:<\/strong> Mara-traditionen lever vidare inom modern <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Religi\u00f6st system d\u00e4r specialister f\u00f6rkehrar med andev\u00e4rlden.\" tabindex=\"0\">shamanism<\/span>. Mardr\u00f6msfenomen tillskrivs den delvis. I v\u00e4sterl\u00e4ndsk psykologi \u00e4r maran ett kultur\u00f6verskridande fenomen. I fantasy \u00e4r maror ofta \u00e4lvlika trickstrar. Mara-kulturen f\u00f6rblir levande i Bayern.<\/p><div data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-litliste\"><\/div><\/footer><div><p><strong>Marans fysiska och demoniska natur<\/strong><\/p><p>Ett \u00e5terkommande <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttande.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> i ber\u00e4ttelserna \u00e4r marans ambivalenta fysiska n\u00e4rvaro. Vissa ber\u00e4ttelser talar om en gripbar varelse, en tanig kvinna med l\u00e5nga naglar och blekt ansikte, som g\u00f6r strypande r\u00f6relser.<\/p><p>Andra ber\u00e4ttelser pekar mer mot en andlig eller flyktig n\u00e4rvaro, en slags f\u00f6rinnerligad \u00e5ngestform som undflyr fysisk objektifiering. Denna ambivalens g\u00f6r maran varken helt andlig eller helt kroppslig, utan snarare bel\u00e4gen p\u00e5 gr\u00e4nsen mellan de tv\u00e5.<\/p><p>Fr\u00e5gan om huruvida maran ska f\u00f6rst\u00e5s som en demonisk varelse, som en projektion av m\u00e4nsklig \u00e5ngest eller som en f\u00f6ljd av en medicinsk s\u00f6mnst\u00f6rning har besvarats olika inom folkloristiken. Dagens <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vetenskapen som unders\u00f6ker religioner j\u00e4mf\u00f6rande och utan trosbindning.\" tabindex=\"0\">religionsvetenskap<\/span> uppskattar denna ambivalens utan att l\u00f6sa upp den, och behandlar maran som en kulturprodukt med verkliga sociala och psykologiska funktioner.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf76f55e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpf76f55e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp607ca10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp607ca10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maran och det europeiska ordet f\u00f6r mardr\u00f6m<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpee16b4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpee16b4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fe14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp91fe14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Maran<\/em> \u00e4r spr\u00e5kligt ett av de mest inflytelserika andev\u00e4sendena i den germanska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskapens och ber\u00e4ttelsernas \u00f6verf\u00f6ring genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span>. Hennes namn finns i det engelska <em>nightmare<\/em>, i det franska <em>cauchemar<\/em> och i flera andra europeiska ord f\u00f6r mardr\u00f6m. Dessa sp\u00e5r visar att f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen om en kvinnlig tryckande ande som nattetid pressar den sovande var vitt spridd i V\u00e4steuropa och har djupa r\u00f6tter.<\/p><p>Ordfamiljen \u00e4r v\u00e4l belagd genom de germanska spr\u00e5ken, i fornh\u00f6gtyska, i fornengelska som <em>m\u00e6re<\/em>, i fornnordiska som <em>mara<\/em>. Den fornnordiska litteraturen k\u00e4nner en gripande ber\u00e4ttelse i Snorri Sturlusons <em>Ynglinga saga<\/em>: kung Vanlandi trycks till d\u00f6ds av en <em>mara<\/em> som f\u00f6rst trampar p\u00e5 hans ben, sedan p\u00e5 hans huvud.<\/p><p>Detta st\u00e4lle tillh\u00f6r de \u00e4ldsta utf\u00f6rliga litter\u00e4ra vittnesb\u00f6rden om f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen och visar att maran redan under medeltiden kunde t\u00e4nkas som ett d\u00f6dligt hot.<\/p><p>Den spr\u00e5kvetenskapliga forskningen har f\u00f6reslagit olika tolkningar av roten, bland annat en koppling till ett verb med betydelsen &#8221;krossa&#8221; eller &#8221;pressa&#8221;, vilket v\u00e4l skulle passa druckandens funktion. En helt s\u00e4kerst\u00e4lld etymologi finns inte. S\u00e4ker \u00e4r dock ordets stora geografiska och tidsm\u00e4ssiga r\u00e4ckvidd.<\/p><p>Maran \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed ett exempel p\u00e5 hur ett andev\u00e4sen genom spr\u00e5ket utvecklar en verkan som vida \u00f6verlever dess ursprungliga trosbakgrund. Den som idag talar om en mardr\u00f6m anv\u00e4nder utan att veta det namnet p\u00e5 en gammal tryckande ande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp599ff74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp599ff74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpcaa6cd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpcaa6cd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maran mellan andev\u00e4sen och uts\u00e4nd sj\u00e4l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp5ca891c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp5ca891c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp888ab8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp888ab8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Den folkloristiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kunskapens och ber\u00e4ttelsernas \u00f6verf\u00f6ring genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">traditionen<\/span> om maran \u00e4r inte enhetlig, utan f\u00f6renar tv\u00e5 olika f\u00f6rklaringsmodeller. Enligt den ena \u00e4r maran ett eget andev\u00e4sen som kommer utifr\u00e5n och pressar den sovande.<\/p><p>Enligt den andra \u00e4r maran den uts\u00e4nda sj\u00e4len eller viljan hos en levande m\u00e4nniska. I denna andra tolkning pl\u00e5gar en m\u00e4nniska, ofta utan att sj\u00e4lv veta det, en annan i s\u00f6mnen genom att en del av personen l\u00e4mnar kroppen och g\u00e5r omkring som mara.<\/p><p>Ur denna andra f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning uppstod konkreta ber\u00e4ttelsem\u00f6nster. En vanlig ber\u00e4ttelsetyp ber\u00e4ttar att maran tr\u00e4nger in i sovkammaren genom en liten \u00f6ppning, exempelvis ett kvisth\u00e5l. T\u00e4pper man till \u00f6ppningen kan hon inte l\u00e4ngre komma ut och blir f\u00e5ngad.<\/p><p>P\u00e5 morgonen finner man d\u00e5 p\u00e5 denna plats en person, ofta en kvinna, som avsl\u00f6jas som maran. I vissa versioner gifter mannen sig med denna kvinna, men s\u00e5 snart den en g\u00e5ng tillt\u00e4ppta \u00f6ppningen \u00f6ppnas igen, f\u00f6rsvinner hon samma v\u00e4g.<\/p><p>Dessa ber\u00e4ttelser f\u00f6rbinder maran n\u00e4ra med h\u00e4xtron och med f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar om den fritt r\u00f6rliga sj\u00e4len. Den religionsvetenskapliga och folkloristiska forskningen ser h\u00e4r ett sammanfl\u00f6de av flera skikt: en gammal f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning om den nattliga tryckande anden, en f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning om den uts\u00e4nda sj\u00e4len och den tidigmoderna h\u00e4xf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen.<\/p><p>Maran \u00e4r d\u00e4rf\u00f6r inget klart avgr\u00e4nsat v\u00e4sen med fast biografi, utan en knutpunkt d\u00e4r olika trosf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningar korsas. Just denna m\u00e5ngskiktning g\u00f6r henne s\u00e5 givande f\u00f6r forskningen om den folkliga andetron.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpaac957d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpaac957d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp91fb037 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp91fb037\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">De ridna offren: mara, djur och m\u00e4nniska<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp75a2800 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp75a2800\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa41a19d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpa41a19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En egen gren av mar-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Vidaref\u00f6randet av kunskap och ber\u00e4ttelser genom generationer.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00f6verl\u00e4mningen<\/span> handlar inte om m\u00e4nniskan, utan om boskapen. I stora delar av det tyska spr\u00e5komr\u00e5det och Skandinavien ans\u00e5gs maran \u00e4ven pl\u00e5ga h\u00e4star.<\/p><p>En h\u00e4st som p\u00e5 morgonen stod utsliten, svettig och med tovig man i stallet, ans\u00e5gs ha blivit riden av maran. De hoptrassade, tovade str\u00e4ngarna i manen kallades <em>marlockar<\/em> eller liknande begrepp och tolkades som synligt bevis p\u00e5 det nattliga bes\u00f6ket.<\/p><p>Denna f\u00f6rest\u00e4llning f\u00f6rklarar en verklig lantbruksm\u00e4ssig iakttagelse: h\u00e4star kan faktiskt bli svettiga och tovh\u00e5riga \u00f6ver natten, vare sig p\u00e5 grund av sjukdom, oro eller parasiter.<\/p><p>Mot bakgrund av marotron blev denna iakttagelse en bekr\u00e4ftelse p\u00e5 andebes\u00f6ket. Detta ledde till skydds\u00e5tg\u00e4rder i stallet: man h\u00e4ngde upp vissa f\u00f6rem\u00e5l, ristade tecken i tr\u00e4et eller f\u00f6rlitade sig p\u00e5 skyddsv\u00e4xter f\u00f6r att h\u00e5lla maran borta.<\/p><p>Begreppet f\u00f6r den tovade manen har i vissa regioner till och med kunnat \u00f6verf\u00f6ras p\u00e5 en m\u00e4nsklig f\u00f6reteelse, p\u00e5 starkt tovat h\u00e5r som inte l\u00e4ngre g\u00e5r att kamma ut. Folkloristiken har v\u00e4l dokumenterat hur maraf\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen p\u00e5 detta s\u00e4tt spred sig fr\u00e5n sovrummet till stallet, och fr\u00e5n upplevelsen av s\u00f6mnparalys till iakttagelsen hos djuret.<\/p><p>Det visar tydligt hur ett v\u00e4l etablerat f\u00f6rklaringsm\u00f6nster kan utvidgas till att omfatta allt fler fenomen. Det maran ursprungligen f\u00f6rklarade var m\u00e4nniskans nattliga kv\u00e4vnings\u00e5ngest. Det den dessutom f\u00f6rklarade var en rad andra i\u00f6gonfallande, of\u00f6rklarade iakttagelser som kunde passas in i samma tolkningsm\u00f6nster.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rekommenderade interna l\u00e4nkar:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/germanskt\/\">Germanskt<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/alp\/\">Alp<\/a> (n\u00e4rmaste sl\u00e4ktskap), <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/draugr\/\">Draugr<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/nix\/\">N\u00e4cken<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/troll\/\">Troll<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/lilu-och-lilitu\/\">Lil\u016b och Lil\u012btu<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/lilith\/\">Lilith<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/somnparalys\/\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Vaket tillst\u00e5nd med muskul\u00e4r REM-atoni; tolkas v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver som andeupplevelse (Maran, Old Hag, Kanashibari) \u2013 neurologiskt f\u00f6rklarbart.\" style=\"color:inherit;text-decoration:none\">S\u00f6mnparalys<\/a>forskning<\/li><li>F\u00fcssli, \u201eNattmaran&#8221;<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Litteratur (urval)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Ett urval centrala arbeten om maran:<\/p><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Hufford, David J.: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pennpress.org\/9780812213058\/the-terror-that-comes-in-the-night\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Terror That Comes in the Night<\/a><\/em>. Philadelphia 1982.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich: <em>Ephialtes<\/em>. Leipzig 1900.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Grimm, Jacob: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Mythologie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Deutsche Mythologie<\/a><\/em>. Berlin 1875, 78.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Kvideland, Reimund \/ Sehmsdorf, Henning: <em>Scandinavian Folk Belief and Legend<\/em>. Minneapolis 1988.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Fler standardverk i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/litteratur\/\">litteraturf\u00f6rteckningen<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-mahr\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-mahr-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-mahr-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Den skyddspraktik som beskrivs h\u00e4r \u00e4r en religionsvetenskaplig tolkning av historiska traditioner. iWell Guard ansluter till denna kulturhistoriska linje av b\u00e4rbara skyddsobjekt och utg\u00f6r en samtida form av den. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mer om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1681,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Mahr","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Mahr - Den kvinnliga nattrycktan","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Mahr, kvinnlig nattdr\u00fcckare i den germanska traditionen. Spr\u00e5kligt bevarad urgestalt med samband till mardr\u00f6m och Nachtmahr.","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"3","wesen_kultur":"germanisch","wesen_klasse":"geister","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136534","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahr - Den kvinnliga nattrycktan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mahr, kvinnlig nattdr\u00fcckare i den germanska traditionen. 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