{"id":136490,"date":"2026-09-03T00:07:29","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T00:07:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=136490"},"modified":"2026-09-03T01:04:08","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T01:04:08","slug":"gallu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/gallu\/","title":{"rendered":"Gallu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"136490\" class=\"elementor elementor-136490 elementor-724\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10fdade e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10fdade\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herohlft0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herohlft0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3ceb64 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3ceb64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ae5e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"96ae5e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, demon i den mesopotamiska traditionen<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e45238a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e45238a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Underjordsdemoner, budb\u00e4rare och verkst\u00e4llare av d\u00f6dsriket.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klsbdg01 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"klsbdg01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-klshtm01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"klshtm01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon \/ demoninna: \u00d6vernaturligt v\u00e4sen med oftast skadlig eller ambivalent verkan. St\u00e5r mellan gudar och m\u00e4nniskor, orsakar sjukdom, frestelse eller olycka och avv\u00e4rjs genom besv\u00e4rjelse, apotropaika och ritualer.\">Demon<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mesopotamien\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Den dokumenterade religionens vagga: Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyrien (ca. 3500 f.Kr. till 330 f.Kr.).\">Mesopotamien<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f74855 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3f74855\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c30362 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"1c30362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Inga rubriker hittades p\\u00e5 den h\\u00e4r sidan.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tInneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u00d6ppna inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"St\u00e4ng inneh\u00e5llsf\u00f6rteckning\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__1c30362\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-herorght0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"herorght0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-heroimg00 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"heroimg00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-136281\" alt=\"Gallu - demoner fr\u00e5n den mesopotamiska traditionen, historiskt-illustrativt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/daemonen_mesopotamien_gallu.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32917199 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"32917199\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e916cb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26e916cb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253a40d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"253a40d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1200c304 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1200c304\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11758e7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11758e7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu \u00e4r <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Andligt v\u00e4sen som tillskrivs skadlig eller mots\u00e4gelsefull verkan.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> i den mesopotamiska traditionen.<\/p><p>Gallu h\u00f6r till de \u00e4ldsta belagda demongestalterna i Mesopotamien. De st\u00e5r underjorden och dess h\u00e4rskarinna Ereshkigal n\u00e4ra och framtr\u00e4der i myter s\u00e5v\u00e4l som ritualtexter som d\u00f6dens verkst\u00e4llare. Typiskt f\u00f6r dem \u00e4r otillg\u00e4ngligheten: texterna betonar att de varken tar emot f\u00f6da eller dryck och inte k\u00e4nner till g\u00e5vor eller s\u00f6tma. De g\u00e5r inte att f\u00f6rhandla med.<\/p><p>I den ber\u00f6mda ber\u00e4ttelsen om Inannas nedstigning till underjorden \u00e4r det Gallu som kr\u00e4ver en ers\u00e4ttare f\u00f6r gudinnan och f\u00f6r Dumuzi till underjorden. Denna scen pr\u00e4glar bilden \u00e4n idag: Gallu \u00e4r budb\u00e4rarna som kommer n\u00e4r en m\u00e4nniskas tid \u00e4r slut.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-159dcf9a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"159dcf9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cee66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48cee66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kortprofil: Gallu<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f50d82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f50d82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu (akkadiska: gal-lu, \u201dden store\u201d) \u00e4r demoniska v\u00e4sen eller underjordsdemoner i den mesopotamiska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Den samlade m\u00e4ngden \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade gudaber\u00e4ttelser i en kultur.\" tabindex=\"0\">mytologin<\/span>. De \u00e4r belagda i kilskriftstexter fr\u00e5n Sumer till Babylon och beskrivs ofta som underlydande till underjordsgudinnan Ereshkigal eller d\u00f6dsguden Nergal. De personifierar sjukdom, pest och den pl\u00f6tsliga d\u00f6den.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18613602 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"18613602\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-262b8a9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"262b8a9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kontext<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46dcb7d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46dcb7d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d3ab3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d3ab3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117c166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117c166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Texternas tidsperiod<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73997a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73997a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Bel\u00e4gg f\u00f6r Gallu str\u00e4cker sig fr\u00e5n tidiga sumeriska myter (3:e \u00e5rtusendet f.Kr.) till den nybabyloniska och akemenidiska tiden. Ingen annan demontyp \u00e4r dokumenterad lika konstant genom den mesopotamiska kulturhistorien.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologisk inordning<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em>, en av underjordens demoner, \u00e4r ett v\u00e4sen som tj\u00e4nar <em>Ereshkigal<\/em>, underjordens drottning. <em>Gallu<\/em> \u00e4r inte n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigtvis onda i moralisk mening, utan snarare agenter f\u00f6r <em>Ereshkigals<\/em> vilja, verkst\u00e4llare av hennes befallningar, f\u00e5ngare av sj\u00e4lar och de d\u00f6das f\u00f6ljeslagare till underjorden.<\/p><p>De \u00e4r fruktade, eftersom deras ankomst signalerar d\u00f6den. <em>Gallu<\/em> kan \u00e4ven f\u00f6rst\u00e5s som sjukdomens och den snabba d\u00f6dens demoner, som h\u00e4mtar m\u00e4nniskor fr\u00e5n \u00f6verv\u00e4rlden. De representerar d\u00f6dens oundviklighet och objektivitet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d47b156 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d47b156\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff38c2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff38c2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Utbredningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e49fcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e49fcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallu \u00e4r framf\u00f6r allt dokumenterade i babyloniska och assyriska lertavleserier, s\u00e4rskilt i skildringarna av nedstigningen till underjorden (Inanna-Ereshkigal-cykeln, delvis \u00e4ven i parallella hettitiska texter). De fruktades i hela Tv\u00e5flodslandet, fr\u00e5n Sumer till Assyrien, och bek\u00e4mpades genom besv\u00e4rjelser och apotropeiska ritualer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db03c39 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db03c39\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-229a87b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"229a87b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f471fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f471fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4ll\u00e4ge<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b1201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b1201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>K\u00e4ll\u00e4get kring Gallu \u00e4r fragmentariskt. Prim\u00e4rtexterna utg\u00f6rs av kilskriftsmytologem och listor fr\u00e5n det gamla Babylon (ca 1800, 1600 f.Kr.) samt senare assyriska paralleltexter.<\/p><p>Assyriologerna Bott\u00e9ro, Wiggermann och Schwemer har analyserat dessa k\u00e4llor och placerat dem i den mesopotamiska demonologins sammanhang. En s\u00e4ker identifiering av enskilda Gallu-typer \u00e4r idag sv\u00e5r, eftersom tavlorna ofta \u00e4r delvis f\u00f6rst\u00f6rda och uppvisar namnvariationer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ae0637c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3ae0637c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d07739 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31d07739\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beteckning och stavningar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7642947 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7642947\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a086266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Sumeriska:<\/strong> <em>gal-l\u00e1<\/em>.<br>Akkadiska: <em>gall\u00fb<\/em>.<br>Vanligt som grupp: ofta \u201dde sju Gallu\u201d, ett typiskt fulltals-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llsligt element i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> i den mesopotamiska demonologin.<\/p><p>Etymologin \u00e4r omstridd; man diskuterar samband med begrepp f\u00f6r \u201dverkst\u00e4llare\u201d eller \u201dv\u00e5ld\u201d. Viktigare \u00e4n h\u00e4rledningen \u00e4r den fasta rollen: Gallu \u00e4r alltid ett verkst\u00e4llande organ, s\u00e4llan en sj\u00e4lvst\u00e4ndig gestalt. De upptr\u00e4der oftast i grupper, handlar p\u00e5 underjordens uppdrag och \u00e4r namnl\u00f6sa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-709a44a8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"709a44a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f585873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2f585873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beskrivning<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70621c12 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70621c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4296eb49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4296eb49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Utseende<\/strong><\/p><p>Texterna beskriver Gallu snarare genom vad de <em>inte<\/em> \u00e4r. De k\u00e4nner varken f\u00f6da, t\u00f6rst, g\u00e5vor eller s\u00f6tma. D\u00e4r bildframst\u00e4llningar g\u00e5r att urskilja \u00e4r de skuggartade, skr\u00e4ckinjagande och sv\u00e5ra att fixera. De h\u00f6r d\u00e4rmed snarare till de sv\u00e5rgestaltade demonerna i Mesopotamien.<\/p><p><strong>Beteende<\/strong><\/p><p>Gallu kommer f\u00f6r att h\u00e4mta. De f\u00f6r de d\u00f6endes sj\u00e4lar till underjorden, kr\u00e4ver ers\u00e4ttare n\u00e4r ordningen har rubbats och verkst\u00e4ller d\u00f6dsrikets domar. Deras handlingar \u00e4r m\u00e5linriktade och g\u00e5r inte att f\u00f6rhandla om; g\u00e5vor eller besv\u00e4rjelser verkar bara inom sn\u00e4va rituella gr\u00e4nser.<\/p><p><strong>Verkningsomr\u00e5de<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00d6verg\u00e5ngen mellan liv och d\u00f6d, d\u00f6dsb\u00e4dden, platser f\u00f6r v\u00e5ldsam d\u00f6d, rituella tr\u00f6skelsituationer. De verkar d\u00e4r ett avg\u00f6rande om liv eller d\u00f6d f\u00e4lls, eller d\u00e4r den kosmiska ordningen kr\u00e4ver en ers\u00e4ttare.<\/p><p><strong>Mytologiskt ursprung<\/strong><\/p><p>Gallu \u00e4r underjordens tj\u00e4nare, s\u00e4rskilt Ereshkigals. I \u201dInannas nedstigning till underjorden\u201d upptr\u00e4der de som en grupp som tvingar gudinnan ner i underjorden och senare kr\u00e4ver Dumuzi som ers\u00e4ttare. Deras roll \u00e4r d\u00e4rmed strukturellt fastlagd: de \u00e4r underjordens f\u00f6rl\u00e4ngda verktyg i de levandes v\u00e4rld.<\/p><p><strong>Utseende och symbolik<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> avbildas ofta som skr\u00e4ckinjagande, m\u00f6rka gestalter med \u00f6vernaturliga drag, ibland med djurkroppar (lejon, tjur), gl\u00f6dande \u00f6gon och klor. De kan \u00e4ven framst\u00e4llas som humanoida med demoniska drag, horn, sv\u00e4rtat ansikte och skr\u00e4ckinjagande uttryck.<\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> b\u00e4r ofta bojor eller kedjor, eftersom de \u00e4r bortf\u00f6rare och bindare. Deras kropp \u00e4r m\u00f6rk, ofta svart- eller djupr\u00f6d f\u00e4rgad. De r\u00f6r sig snabbt och ov\u00e4ntat. Deras n\u00e4rvaro \u00e4r kall och skr\u00e4mmande.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44e71476 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"44e71476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c1fc3f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c1fc3f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Snabbfakta: Gallu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84f33b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84f33b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-hqkdc67p elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"hqkdc67p\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>De viktigaste aspekterna av Gallu i sammandrag. Utf\u00f6rliga beskrivningar av namn, beskrivning, avv\u00e4rjning och paralleller finner du i f\u00f6ljande avsnitt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-qh9oavvu e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"qh9oavvu\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-awzx8k2k elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"awzx8k2k\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallus ursprung<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-x6rowhv0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"x6rowhv0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Underjordens tj\u00e4nare, s\u00e4rskilt Ereshkigals. Ofta omn\u00e4mnda som grupp, \u201dde sju Gallu\u201d. Inga individuella gestalter, utan kollektiva verkst\u00e4llare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e3o4kxs e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e3o4kxs\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08rkdgov elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"08rkdgov\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallus m\u00e5lgrupp<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-uwjelx8s elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"uwjelx8s\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00f6ende, m\u00e4nniskor i rituella tr\u00f6skelsituationer, tabubrytare, skyldiga, ers\u00e4ttare i utbyte mot andra (som Dumuzi f\u00f6r Inanna).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-jm2n74ec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"jm2n74ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8vufse4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8vufse4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallus utseende<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-mwb9u015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"mwb9u015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Otydligt, medvetet undandraget: \u201d\u00e4ter ingen f\u00f6da, dricker inget vatten, k\u00e4nner ingen s\u00f6tma\u201d. Skuggartat, skr\u00e4ckinjagande, inte fastlagt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-pemmx7c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"pemmx7c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ss2yr6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ss2yr6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3v0wp3wx elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3v0wp3wx\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Verkningsomr\u00e5de<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-w3247g2m elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"w3247g2m\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pl\u00f6tslig d\u00f6d, sj\u00e4lar\u00f6veri, snabbt f\u00f6rl\u00f6pande sjukdom, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tillh\u00f6rande ett fastst\u00e4llt religi\u00f6st handlingsf\u00f6rlopp.\" tabindex=\"0\">rituellt<\/span> betingat ingripande. Deras ankomst g\u00e5r inte att f\u00f6rhandla om, bara att skjuta upp eller omdirigera.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0qpjal9w e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0qpjal9w\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ndoih0o elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ndoih0o\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Skydd<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6684tyh9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6684tyh9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Besv\u00e4rjelser med uppmaning till \u00e5terv\u00e4ndo till underjorden, reningsritualer, substitutionsoffer (en ers\u00e4ttningsgestalt som tas med i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskan).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3lfi7x32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3lfi7x32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0kg99ga1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0kg99ga1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">J\u00e4mf\u00f6rbart<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-n0fum6kp elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"n0fum6kp\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Erinyerna och Keres (grekiska), Thanatos (grekiska), Tzitzimime (aztekiska), budb\u00e4rare-av-d\u00f6den-motiv i Europa, Lie-mannen-figuren i senare folktro.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7533bc7a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7533bc7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2447d18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2447d18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avv\u00e4rjning i vardagen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0260c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5d0260c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-341be2ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"341be2ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Ritualer till skydd<\/strong><\/p><p>Ritualer mot Gall\u00fb syftar inte till att f\u00f6rg\u00f6ra dem, utan till att skjuta upp eller avleda deras handlande. K\u00e4nt \u00e4r principen om substitution: en symbolisk ers\u00e4ttningsfigur, ett djur eller en liten gestalt av deg eller lera, &#8221;\u00f6verl\u00e4mnas&#8221; i st\u00e4llet f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskan till Gall\u00fb. Det <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llselement i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> f\u00e5r sin starkaste mytologiska form i &#8221;Inannas nedstigning till underjorden&#8221;.<\/p><p><strong>Besv\u00e4rjelser<\/strong><\/p><p>Formler \u00e5kallar Gall\u00fb, namnger deras ursprung och h\u00e4nvisar dem tillbaka till underjorden. Ofta \u00e5kallas samtidigt en gudomlig auktoritet, vars uppdrag m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r avledningen. Strukturen f\u00f6rblir likartad i alla mesopotamiska besv\u00e4rjelser: identifiera, legitimera, skicka tillbaka.<\/p><p><strong>Amuletter och skyddssymboler<\/strong><\/p><p>Amuletter specifikt riktade mot Gall\u00fb utg\u00f6r inte tyngdpunkten; viktigare \u00e4r renhetsbud och kollektiva skyddsriter f\u00f6r hus, plats eller stad. Skyddet f\u00f6rlitar sig mindre p\u00e5 ett f\u00f6rem\u00e5l och mer p\u00e5 rituell disciplin och en riktig relation till gudarna.<\/p><p><strong><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kult<\/span> och v\u00f6rdnad<\/strong><\/p><p><em>Gallu<\/em> v\u00f6rdades inte direkt som gudar, utan fruktades och avv\u00e4rjdes genom besv\u00e4rjelser och skyddsmagi. Skyddsamuletter mot <em>Gallu<\/em> var vanliga, s\u00e4rskilt i hus d\u00e4r sjuka eller d\u00f6ende l\u00e5g.<\/p><p>Magiker och pr\u00e4ster utf\u00f6rde skyddsritualer f\u00f6r att h\u00e5lla <em>Gallu<\/em> p\u00e5 avst\u00e5nd. Ibland \u00e5kallade magiker dock <em>Gallu<\/em> i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktiker som genom s\u00e4rskilda handlingar eller formler f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker p\u00e5verka tingens g\u00e5ng.\" tabindex=\"0\">magi<\/span> f\u00f6r att skada fiender eller uppn\u00e5 snabba resultat. <em>Gallu<\/em> bem\u00f6ttes med skr\u00e4ck och fruktan, inte v\u00f6rdnad.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a584676 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a584676\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d0757bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d0757bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu, paralleller i andra kulturer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60563f68 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"60563f68\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a93fdd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a93fdd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Den grekisk-romerska v\u00e4rlden<\/strong><\/p><p>Keres och Erinyerna \u00e4r de tydligaste funktionella parallellerna. Keres h\u00e4mtar de fallnas sj\u00e4lar, Erinyerna h\u00e4mnar blodskuld. Thanatos som personifikation av d\u00f6den \u00f6vertar liknande budb\u00e4rarfunktioner och vandrar vidare motivm\u00e4ssigt in i romerska och hellenistiska framst\u00e4llningar.<\/p><p><strong>Mellanamerika:<\/strong> De aztekiska Tzitzimime \u00e4r nattliga demoner som i kosmiska cykelns kritiska \u00f6gonblick hotar m\u00e4nniskornas liv. Deras roll som verkst\u00e4llare av ett hotande kosmiskt slut liknar Gall\u00fb-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llselement i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> i b\u00e5de uppbyggnad och funktion.<\/p><p><strong>Europa (senare folktro)<\/strong><\/p><p>Lie-mannen-figuren under den europeiska medeltiden och i modern tid samlar <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ett \u00e5terkommande inneh\u00e5llselement i konst eller ber\u00e4ttelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">motivet<\/span> av den opersonliga, icke f\u00f6rhandlingsbara d\u00f6dsh\u00e4mtaren. \u00c4ven om en direkt linje inte kan bel\u00e4ggas, visar sig grundm\u00f6nstret: en budb\u00e4rare som kommer n\u00e4r tiden \u00e4r ute.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp6b4c7f2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp6b4c7f2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpf63bbd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpf63bbd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu i ber\u00e4ttelsen om Inannas nedstigning till underjorden<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpb2f05e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cpb2f05e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp090b38f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp090b38f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gallus viktigaste litter\u00e4ra upptr\u00e4dande finns i den sumeriska <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En ned\u00e4rvd ber\u00e4ttelse om gudar, ursprung och v\u00e4rldens ordning.\" tabindex=\"0\">myten<\/span> om Inannas nedstigning till underjorden och dess forts\u00e4ttning om herdeguden Dumuzi. Texten \u00e4r bevarad p\u00e5 lertavlor och h\u00f6r till de mer utf\u00f6rligt rekonstruerade verken inom den sumeriska litteraturen.<\/p><p>Gudinnan Inanna stiger ner i underjorden, sin syster Ereschkigals rike, och blir d\u00e4r d\u00f6dad och upph\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 en p\u00e5le.<\/p><p>Genom guden Enkis ingripande \u00e5terupplivas hon, men underjorden sl\u00e4pper ingen fri utan ers\u00e4ttning. Inanna m\u00e5ste utse en st\u00e4llf\u00f6retr\u00e4dare som f\u00e5r stiga ner i hennes st\u00e4lle. P\u00e5 sin v\u00e4g upp f\u00f6ljs hon av gallu, underjordens demoner.<\/p><p>Texten skildrar dessa gallu med stor kraft. De k\u00e4nner varken hunger eller t\u00f6rst, de \u00e4ter ingen mat och dricker inget vatten, de tar emot varken offerg\u00e5vor eller mutor. De k\u00e4nner varken familj, barn eller v\u00e4nskap.<\/p><p>De rycker kvinnan ur mannens armar och barnet fr\u00e5n ammans br\u00f6st. D\u00e4rmed \u00e4r de den fullst\u00e4ndiga motsatsen till en m\u00e4nsklig eller gudomlig motpart som man skulle kunna f\u00f6rhandla med.<\/p><p>Som ers\u00e4ttning f\u00f6r Inanna utses till slut hennes make Dumuzi, som inte hade s\u00f6rjt henne. Gallu jagar honom, han flyr och f\u00f6rvandlar sig, men blir till slut f\u00e5ngad och sl\u00e4pas ner till underjorden.<\/p><p>F\u00f6rst genom hans syster Geschtinannas <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"G\u00e5va till en gudom f\u00f6r att uttrycka tacksamhet, b\u00f6n eller v\u00f6rdnad.\" tabindex=\"0\">offer<\/span>, d\u00e5 hon tar hans plats en del av \u00e5ret, mildras hans \u00f6de. I denna ber\u00e4ttelse \u00e4r gallu underjordsordningens obestickliga verkst\u00e4llare.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpa089d48 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cpa089d48\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp08389ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp08389ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gallu i besv\u00e4rjelsetexter och skydd mot sjukdom<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2638a3d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2638a3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp62342d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp62342d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utanf\u00f6r den ber\u00e4ttande litteraturen f\u00f6rekommer gallu framf\u00f6r allt i Mesopotamiens besv\u00e4rjelse- och avv\u00e4rjningstexter. Dessa texter, \u00f6verl\u00e4mnade p\u00e5 akkadiska och sumeriska p\u00e5 ett stort antal lertavlor, syftade till att skydda mot sjukdom, olycka och demoniska angrepp.<\/p><p>I den akkadiska formen f\u00f6rekommer namnet som <em>gallu<\/em> eller i f\u00f6rbindelse med andra demonbeteckningar. En s\u00e4rskilt vanlig grupp \u00e4r de Sju, ett g\u00e4ng onda andar, i vars uppr\u00e4kningar gallu \u00e5terkommer.<\/p><p>Dessa texter beskriver hur demonerna tr\u00e4nger igenom d\u00f6rr och regel, h\u00e5ller sig till v\u00e4gar och murar och drabbar m\u00e4nniskan utan att hon kan v\u00e4rja sig.<\/p><p>Avv\u00e4rjningen utf\u00f6rdes av besv\u00e4rjelsepr\u00e4ster, i Mesopotamien kallade <em>aschipu<\/em>. De reciterade fastst\u00e4llda formler, \u00e5kallade de stora gudarna, s\u00e4rskilt Ea, dennes son Marduk och eldguden, mot demonerna och utf\u00f6rde \u00e5tf\u00f6ljande handlingar, som att visa upp eller br\u00e4nna ers\u00e4ttningsfigurer, r\u00f6ka och skv\u00e4tta vatten.<\/p><p>Skyddsfigurer och amuletter spelade en viktig roll i denna praktik. Fr\u00e5n mesopotamiska hus \u00e4r sm\u00e5 lerfigurer av skyddsv\u00e4sen k\u00e4nda, som begravdes under tr\u00f6sklarna, liksom skrivna plaketter.<\/p><p>Fynden visar att gallu inte var ett abstrakt mytiskt v\u00e4sen f\u00f6r m\u00e4nniskorna, utan ett hot som gick att uppleva, och mot vilket det fanns en utarbetad rituell repertoar. Texterna f\u00f6renar d\u00e4rmed demonologi och l\u00e4kekonst till en enhet, d\u00e4r sjukdom och demoniskt angrepp ofta \u00e5syftar samma sak.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp151a219 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp151a219\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpff1f89a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cpff1f89a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fr\u00e5n det sumeriska ordet till den akkadiska demonen: etymologi och klassificering<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp762d4d1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp762d4d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cpddc3fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cpddc3fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Namnet Gallu v\u00e4cker flera spr\u00e5k- och religionshistoriska fr\u00e5gor som diskuteras inom assyriologin. Ordet har sumeriskt ursprung och betecknar i de \u00e4ldsta bel\u00e4ggen en underjordsdemon, en tj\u00e4nare eller f\u00e5ngvaktare i d\u00f6dsriket. Till akkadiskan togs det \u00f6ver som l\u00e5nord.<\/p><p>Forskningen placerar gallu i det st\u00f6rre systemet av mesopotamiska l\u00e4gre v\u00e4sen. Detta system omfattar en hel rad demonbeteckningar, bland andra <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/utukku-dodsandar-underjordsdemoner\/\">utukku<\/a>, rabisu, lilu och fler, som delvis betecknar klart avgr\u00e4nsade, delvis \u00f6verlappande omr\u00e5den. Gallu tillh\u00f6r gruppen av v\u00e4sen som f\u00f6rknippas med underjorden och med det v\u00e5ldsamma bortf\u00f6randet av m\u00e4nniskor.<\/p><p>En egen fr\u00e5ga r\u00f6r ordets eventuella efterliv. I den senare arameiska och i den judiska traditionen finns demonbeteckningar som ljudm\u00e4ssigt p\u00e5minner om <em>gallu<\/em>, och det har \u00f6verv\u00e4gts om det h\u00e4r r\u00f6r sig om en traderingslinje fr\u00e5n det mesopotamiska arvet.<\/p><p>Denna fr\u00e5ga \u00e4r inte slutgiltigt klarlagd; ljudlikheten i sig \u00e4r inget bevis, och \u00f6verg\u00e5ngarna mellan de forntida orientens demonsystem \u00e4r komplexa.<\/p><p>Viktigt f\u00f6r f\u00f6rst\u00e5elsen \u00e4r att den mesopotamiska religionen tydligt skilde mellan de stora, namngivna gudarna som dyrkades i tempel och de l\u00e4gre v\u00e4sendena som gallu.<\/p><p>Gallu dyrkades inte; de var funktionsv\u00e4sen i den kosmiska ordningen, som man inte bem\u00f6tte med <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Summan av religi\u00f6sa v\u00f6rdnadshandlingar f\u00f6r en gudom eller helig gestalt.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span>, utan med avv\u00e4rjning. Denna \u00e5tskillnad pr\u00e4glar hela det mesopotamiska f\u00f6rh\u00e5llandet till det demoniska.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36dd7469 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"36dd7469\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13760ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13760ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vidare l\u00e4nkar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28c87796 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28c87796\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6538df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6538df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/edimmu\/\">Edimmu, besl\u00e4ktad mesopotamisk d\u00f6dsande<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/lamashtu\/\">Lamashtu, besl\u00e4ktad mesopotamisk demon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/pazuzu\/\">Pazuzu, apotropeon mot Lamashtu och besl\u00e4ktade demoner<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/ereshkigal\/\">Ereshkigal, underjordens h\u00e4rskarinna, uppdragsgivare f\u00f6r galla<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/nergal\/\">Nergal, underjordsgud, f\u00f6rbundna<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/rabisu\/\">Rabisu, besl\u00e4ktad &#8221;lurande&#8221;-demon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sv\/mesopotamien\/\">Mesopotamisk tradition, \u00f6vergripande sammanhang<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-grl4kl40 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"grl4kl40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bzsbfrmh elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bzsbfrmh\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">K\u00e4llor och litteratur<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13224a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13224a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0eymh9ub elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0eymh9ub\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\" data-nosnippet=\"true\"><ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Bott\u00e9ro, Jean: <em>Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods<\/em>. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Black, Jeremy \/ Green, Anthony: <em>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia<\/em>. British Museum Press, London 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Wiggermann, Frans A.M.: <em>Mesopotamian Protective Spirits: The <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"En reglerad sekvens av symboliska handlingar med religi\u00f6s eller kulturell betydelse.\" tabindex=\"0\">Ritual<\/span> Texts<\/em>. Styx, Groningen 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Foster, Benjamin R.: <em>Before the Muses: An Anthology of Akkadian Literature<\/em>. CDL Press, Bethesda 2005.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Lambert, W. G.: <em>Babylonian Wisdom Literature<\/em>. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1960.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Hee\u00dfel, Nils P.: <em>Babylonisch-assyrische Diagnostik<\/em>. AOAT 43, M\u00fcnster 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-sec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-sec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-ca-gallu\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgca-gallu-te iwg-ca-textwrap elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgca-gallu-te\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p class=\"iwg-ca-bridge\">Den skyddspraktik som beskrivs h\u00e4r \u00e4r en religionsvetenskaplig tolkning av historiska traditioner. iWell Guard ansluter till denna kulturhistoriska linje av b\u00e4rbara skyddsobjekt och utg\u00f6r en samtida form av den. <a href=\"\/ueber-iwell-guard\/?utm_source=iwell-guard.com&#038;utm_medium=text-link&#038;utm_campaign=schadwesen-tradition\">Mer om iWell Guard \u2192<\/a><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1707,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gallu","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gallu - underjordsdemoner, budb\u00e4rare och verkst\u00e4llare av d\u00f6dsriket","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gallu h\u00f6r till de \u00e4ldsta belagda demongestalterna i Mesopotamien. De st\u00e5r underjorden och dess h\u00e4rskarinna Ereshkigal","_yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex":"","_yoast_wpseo_canonical":"","_angie_page":false,"gefaehrdungsstufe":"4","wesen_kultur":"mesopotamien","wesen_klasse":"daemonen","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"class_list":["post-136490","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.7 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Gallu - underjordsdemoner, budb\u00e4rare och verkst\u00e4llare av d\u00f6dsriket<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Gallu h\u00f6r till de \u00e4ldsta belagda demongestalterna i Mesopotamien. 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