{"id":155198,"date":"2026-09-04T20:15:10","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T20:15:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=155198"},"modified":"2026-09-04T20:37:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T20:37:07","slug":"tuhulka-etrurski-demon-podzemlja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/tuhulka-etrurski-demon-podzemlja\/","title":{"rendered":"Tuchulka &#8211; Etrurski demon podzemnog svet"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"155198\" class=\"elementor elementor-155198 elementor-2613 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-hero e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-hero\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-hl e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-hl\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-htxt e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-htxt\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-h1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-h1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tuhulka - Zastra\u0161uju\u0107i etrurski demon podzemlja sa zmijskom kosom<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-lead elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-lead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuhulka je u etrurskoj religiji zastra\u0161uju\u0107i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Duhovno bi\u0107e kome se pripisuje \u0161tetno ili dvosmisleno dejstvo.\" tabindex=\"0\">demon<\/span> podzemnog sveta koji se prikazuje sa zmijskom kosom, magare\u0107im u\u0161ima, kljunom poput le\u0161inara i prete\u0107im stavom. Za razliku od prate\u0107ih demona <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/?page_id=155194\">Haruna (Charun)<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/?page_id=155195\">Vanta (Vanth)<\/a>, Tuhulka je aktivno ka\u017enjavaju\u0107i i podse\u0107a na gr\u010dke Erinije-Furije. Ovaj prikaz opisuje njegov religiolo\u0161ki polo\u017eaj u etrurskom eshatolo\u0161kom sistemu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-pillc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-pillc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-pills elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-pills\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bi\u0107e smrti tradicije Etrurska.\">Bi\u0107e smrti<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/?page_id=155152\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Mitologija tradicije Etrurska.\">Etrurska<\/a><span class=\"iwg-tradition-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Demon podzemlja.\">Demon podzemlja<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-tocc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-tocc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-toc elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-toc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;\\u041d\\u0430 \\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0458 \\u0441\\u0442\\u0440\\u0430\\u043d\\u0438\\u0446\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0438\\u0441\\u0443 \\u043f\\u0440\\u043e\\u043d\\u0430\\u0452\\u0435\\u043d\\u0438 \\u043d\\u0430\\u0441\\u043b\\u043e\\u0432\\u0438.&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\u0421\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0458\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tuchulcha-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tuchulcha-toc\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__iwgw-tuchulcha-toc\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-hr e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-hr\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-heroimg iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-heroimg\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_tuchulcha-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-157073\" alt=\"\u0422\u0443\u0445\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 - \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438-\u0438\u043b\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_tuchulcha-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_tuchulcha-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_tuchulcha-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/daemonen_etruskisch_tuchulcha.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s0h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s0h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0458 \u0443 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0443<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s0t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s0t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuhulka spada me\u0111u demone etrurskog podzemnog sveta. On nije &#8216;bog&#8217; u smislu Olimpljana, ve\u0107 mo\u0107no bi\u0107e podzemlja koje ima izrazito ka\u017enjavaju\u0107u i zastra\u0161uju\u0107u funkciju. Na grobnici Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II u Tarkviniji prikazan je u poznatoj sceni zajedno sa Tezejem i Piritojem, herojima zarobljenim u podzemnom svetu.<\/p><p>Larisa Bonfante, Stefan \u0160tajngraber i Kornelija Veber-Leman bavili su se Tuhulkom u svojim radovima o etrurskoj religiji. On je posebno upe\u010datljiv lik etrurske sepulkralne ikonografije.<\/p><p>Zastra\u0161uju\u0107i demon podzemlja Tuhulka deo je religije koja je religiolo\u0161ki zanimljiva pre svega zato \u0161to stoji izme\u0111u gr\u010dko-mediteranskog i italsko-rimskog tradicijskog kruga. Masimo Palotino, \u017dak Ergon, Sibil Hejns, Mauro Kristofani i \u0110ovani Kolona su svojim istra\u017eivanjima izo\u0161trili slika samostalnog etrurskog <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predanja<\/span>.<\/p><p>Tuhulkina uzana, ka\u017enjavaju\u0107a uloga u podzemnom svetu uklapa se u etrursku <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nau\u010dna nauka o Bogu i veri jedne religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologiju<\/span> koja je svoj <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Skup svih bogova jedne religije ili kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> hijerarhijski uredila i funkcije jasno raspodelila. Starije shvatanje etrurske vere kao &#8216;misteriozne&#8217; ili &#8216;strane&#8217; ne odgovara stvarnosti: radi se o samostalnom obliku mediteranske religije.<\/p><p>Tuhulka se smatra u velikoj meri samostalnom etrurskom tvorevinom, a ipak pokazuje kako su Etruri u italskoj religijskoj istoriji posredovali izme\u0111u gr\u010dkog uticaja i formiraju\u0107e se rimske religije. Ova posredni\u010dka pozicija je nau\u010dno posebno zanimljiva.<\/p><p>Tuhulka nema uo\u010dljiv gr\u010dki uzor, \u010dime potvr\u0111uje ono \u0161to je religiozno-etnolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja poslednjih decenija generalno utvrdila: etrurska religija je zatvoren, religiozno-fenomenolo\u0161ki samostalan sistem. Ranije tuma\u010denje da je samo izdanak gr\u010dke religije ustupilo je mesto diferenciranijem pogledu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s1h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s1h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0418\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0430<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s1c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s1t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s1t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ime Tuhulka sigurno je potvr\u0111eno samo na Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II putem natpisa. Sigurno etimolo\u0161ko zna\u010denje nije rekonstruisano. Helmut Riksov <em>Editio Minor<\/em> dokumentuje ovaj nalaz.<\/p><p>Oblik imena je jezi\u010dki izolovan i nema o\u010diglednih paralela u drugim etrurskim teonimima. Ova izolovanost upu\u0107uje na to da je Tuhulka samostalna etrurska tvorevina, bez direktnog gr\u010dkog uzora.<\/p><p>Tuhulkino ime je jezi\u010dki izolovano preneto, \u0161to se uklapa u op\u0161tu sliku: sam etrurski jezik se smatra jezi\u010dki izolovanim ili delom hipoteti\u010dke &#8216;tirsenske&#8217; porodice zajedno sa lemnijskim i retskim jezikom. De\u0161ifrovanje tekstova zaokuplja istra\u017eiva\u010de od 19. veka i do danas je otvoreno pitanje.<\/p><p>Jedini pouzdani dokaz za Tuhulku, natpis na Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II, zabele\u017een je u Riksovom Editio Minor, temeljnoj epigrafskoj zbirci etrurskog jezi\u010dkog korpusa. Danas se dopunjuje Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae i onlajn bazom podataka ETP (Etruscan Texts Project).<\/p><p>Tuhulka se smatra izvorno etrurskim likom bez tu\u0111eg uzora, ali poreklo samih Etruraca ostaje osporeno: Herodot ih je izvodio iz Lidije, Dionisije iz Halikarnasa iz Italije. Religiozno-istorijski ovo pitanje je zna\u010dajno jer se ti\u010de mogu\u0107ih veza sa maloazijskim kultovima.<\/p><p>Po\u0161to je Tuhulkino ime jezi\u010dki izolovano, ovde je posebno va\u017ena tesna veza jezi\u010dkih i epigrafskih istra\u017eivanja. Digitalno izdanje etrurskih tekstova u ETP-u (Etruscan Texts Project) znatno olak\u0161ava komparativne studije, a Meri-Lorans Hak i Vinsent \u017dolive su ovome dali zna\u010dajan doprinos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s2h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s2h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opis i ikonografija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s2c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s2t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s2t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0443 Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0458\u0443\u045b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d: \u043c\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043a, \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0459\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0459\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0435\u045b\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0430, \u0436\u0443\u045b\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e-\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0435. \u0423 \u0440\u0443\u0446\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0436\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0438\u0458\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0459\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0445\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0458\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u0432\u0430 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0423\u0447\u0435\u045a\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u045a\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u045a\u0443.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0458\u0430<\/span> \u0458\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0443\u0458\u0443\u045b\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0458\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0459\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0421\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0458\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0440 (Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber) \u0458\u0435 \u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443 <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0438\u043e \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0458 \u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0458 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u0438\u045a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0459\u0443\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043e \u201e\u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0438\u045b\u0435&#8220;, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0438\u045b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0458\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/span> &#8211; \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0459\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0459\u0443\u0458\u0443\u045b\u0438 \u0458\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0458\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0458 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0435, \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0430\u0458\u0443 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u045a\u0430. \u041b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 (Larissa Bonfante) \u0458\u0435 \u043e\u0432\u0430\u0458 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0458\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0443, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0443.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0458\u0435 \u0443 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0438 (Tarquinia), \u0427\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0443 (Cerveteri) \u0438 \u0412\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0458\u0443 (Vulci) \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0443 \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0443. \u0421\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043e \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435 \u0435\u043f\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0458\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0459\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430 Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II \u043f\u043e\u0458\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0458\u0435\u043c (Theseus) \u0438 \u041f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0458\u0435\u043c (Peirithoos), \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0423\u0447\u0435\u045a\u0435 \u043e \u0441\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u045a\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u045a\u0443.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0458\u0435<\/span> \u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0458 \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0432\u0430\u0458 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0458\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0458\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0458\u0435.<\/p><p>Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0443 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0452\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0458\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0458 \u0441\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0458\u043e\u0458 \u0437\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0430. \u041e\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0436\u0459\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s3h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s3h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0443 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0458 \u0435\u0441\u0445\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0438<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s3c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s3t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s3t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043e \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0458\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u043a \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043d (Charun) \u0438 \u0412\u0430\u043d\u0442 (Vanth) \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u045a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0458\u0443\u045b\u0443 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0443: \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0459\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u045a\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u043c\u0443\u043a\u0443.<\/p><p>\u041e\u0432\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0458\u043d\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0430 \u0458\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0459\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438.<\/p><p>\u041e \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0458\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0435.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430<\/span>, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043a: \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0458\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0430<\/span> \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0452\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u045a\u0430, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0458\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0443 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0445\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0458\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0458\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u041f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0458\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0459\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0435. \u0415\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435 \u043e \u0410\u0445\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0458\u0443, \u041e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0458\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0415\u0434\u0438\u043f\u0443, \u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043c \u0441\u0443 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0447\u0435\u045a\u0430. \u041e\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0430.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043e \u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u045b\u0430, \u0447\u0438\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0443 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0435\u045a\u0435 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0458\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0435.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0442\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0435<\/span> &#8211; \u0432\u0435\u045b\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430 (consensus deorum). \u0418 \u0422\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430 (Tinia) \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0430, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c. \u041e\u0432\u0430\u0458 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0458\u0435\u043c.<\/p><p>\u041b\u0438\u043a \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u045b\u0435 \u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0458\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u0458\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0415\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0458\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430, \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0443\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u045a\u0430.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s4h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s4h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u041c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s4c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s4t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s4t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u041d\u0430\u0458\u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043e \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0438 \u0458\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u045a\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430 \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0458\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u041f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0458\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II. \u0413\u0440\u0447\u043a\u0430 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0458\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0430<\/span> \u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0458\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0458 \u0438 \u041f\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0458 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0458\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0459\u0435\u043d\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0415\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0458\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0436\u045a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0458\u0443\u045b\u0435\u0433 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0414\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0438\u045b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0458\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/span> &#8211; \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0458\u0438 \u0443 \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0458 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0452\u0435\u043d.<\/p><p>\u041e\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0414\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0458\u0443 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0458\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0458\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0458\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430.<\/p><p>\u0421\u0440\u0436 \u0435\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0458\u0435 Disciplina Etrusca, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u045a\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 (haruspicina), \u0442\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0447\u0435\u045a\u0443 \u043c\u0443\u045a\u0430 (fulguratio) \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u045a\u0430 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430 (auspicia). \u041f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434 \u0415\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u0459\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0443 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438 \u0434\u043e 4. \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d. \u0435.; \u0426\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0443 \u0458\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0459\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438.<\/p><p>Disciplina Etrusca \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0448\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430; \u045a\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443 Libri Rituales, Libri Haruspicini \u0438 Libri Fulgurales. \u041d\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u0441\u0430\u0447\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0426\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0424\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0459\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0458\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0443.<\/p><p>\u0415\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0426\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u045b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0458 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442<\/span> \u0431\u0438\u043e \u0458\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0458\u0435 \u0422\u0443\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II, \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043e \u0438 \u0427\u0435\u0440e (Caere), \u0412\u0443\u043b\u0447\u0438, \u0412\u0435\u0458\u0438 (Veji), \u041a\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0458\u0443\u043c (Clusium), \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0438 (Volsinii), \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 (Cortona), \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0452\u0430 (Perugia), \u0410\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043e (Arezzo), \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 (Volterra), \u041f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430 (Populonia) \u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0435 (Roselle).<\/p><p>\u041a\u0430\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0445\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, Disciplina Etrusca \u0441\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0420\u0438\u043c\u0459\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443 \u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0443 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0435 <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"\u0415\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434 800. \u0433. \u043f\u0440\u0435 \u043d. \u0435. \u0434\u043e 600. \u0433. \u043d. \u0435.\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435<\/span>, \u0448\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s5h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s5h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u041a\u0443\u043b\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s5t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s5t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuchulcha nije bio \u201eobo\u017eavan\u201c u istom smislu kao olimpski bogovi. Njegova slika je pre svega slu\u017eila da se do\u010dara strahota podzemnog svega, u skladu s pitagorejskim i etrurskim u\u010denjem o zagrobnom \u017eivotu.<\/p><p>Religijsko-pedago\u0161ka funkcija ovakvih prikaza strave nau\u010dno je zanimljiva. Ona je vjerovatno slu\u017eila ja\u010danju eti\u010dkog pona\u0161anja na ovom svetu: ko \u010dini zlo, boji se Tuchulchine kazne na onom svetu.<\/p><p>Etrurski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> pokazuju arhitektonske osobenosti: tuskanski stil predstavlja sopstveni red stubova, koji Vitruvije opisuje u delu De Architectura. Njihove osnove nagla\u0161avaju celu i \u0161iroku frontalnu halu, \u010dime se jasno razlikuju od gr\u010dkih uzora.<\/p><p>Etrurski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> bili su \u010desto monumentalne gra\u0111evine. Jupiterov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hram<\/span> na Kapitolu u Rimu izgradili su etrurski arhitekti i umetnici, posebno Vulka iz Veja, i on se smatra arhitektonskim svedo\u010danstvom etrurske religioznosti u ranom Rimu.<\/p><p>Etrurski savez dvanaest gradova sastajao se godi\u0161nje kod Fanum Voltumnae u blizini Volsinija na religijsko-politi\u010dkom skupu. Voltumna je bio savezni bog etrurske konfederacije i imao je nadre\u0111eni religijski zna\u010daj.<\/p><p>Etrurski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramovi<\/span> po\u010divali su \u010desto na temeljima od tufa, imali drvene gornje konstrukcije i terakotne ukrase. Kao glavno arhitektonsko i religijsko svedo\u010danstvo ove tradicije smatra se poznata statua Apolona iz Veja, delo Vulke.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s6h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s6h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s6t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s6t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuchulcha je bio vi\u0161e onaj od koga se \u010dovek \u0161titio nego onaj koga se prizivalo. Apotropejske prakse imale su za cilj da spre\u010de njegovu pojavu, i na ovom svetu i na onom. Ko je \u017eiveo dobro, nije morao da ga se pla\u0161i.<\/p><p>Ova \u201enegativna\u201c funkcija religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ki je tipi\u010dna za demonske figure. Oni deluju kroz strah koji izazivaju, a ne kroz direktan <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Molba ili prizivanje upu\u0107eno bo\u017eanstvu ili sili.\" tabindex=\"0\">priziv<\/span>.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Etrurska za\u0161titna praksa poznavala je mnoga apotropejska sredstva: falusne amulete, gorgoneion-slike, simbole oka, bule i odre\u0111ene formule. Njihov likovni jezik istra\u017eila je Larisa Bonfante u delu Etruscan Mirrors (1980 i dalje).<\/span><\/p><p>U etrurskoj kulturi bili su \u0161iroko rasprostranjeni apotropejski simboli kao oko Tinije, falusni amuleti i gorgoneioni. Krasili su <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Gra\u0111evina koja slu\u017ei obo\u017eavanju jednog ili vi\u0161e bo\u017eanstava.\" tabindex=\"0\">hramove<\/span>, grobnice, ku\u0107na sveti\u0161ta i li\u010dne predmete, a ova praksa nastavljena je u rimskom i mediteranskom narodnom verovanju.<\/p><p>U etrurskom kontekstu za\u0161titna praksa bila je \u010dvrsto povezana s Disciplina Etrusca. Pre svakog zna\u010dajnog poduhvata, bilo osnivanja grada, ratnog pohoda ili gradnje ku\u0107e, sprovodilo se proricanje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s7h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s7h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0443 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s7c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s7c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s7t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s7t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuchulcha se religijski mo\u017ee upore\u0111ivati sa gr\u010dkim Erinijama (Furijama), germanskim divovima, hri\u0161\u0107anskim paklenim demonima i budisti\u010dkim \u010duvarima Naraka. Ideja stra\u0161nih kaznenih demona podzemnog sveta religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ki je univerzalna.<\/p><p>Specifi\u010dno etrursko obele\u017eje Tuchulche je izrazita ikonografska kondenzacija razli\u010ditih \u017eivotinjskih elemenata (le\u0161inar, magarac, zmija) u jednoj figuri. Ova \u201ehibridnost\u201c religijsko-fenomenolo\u0161ki je zanimljiva i pokazuje kreativnu samostalnost etrurske likovne umetnosti.<\/p><p>Kroz interpretatio Romana etrurski bogovi su vo\u0111eni pod rimskim imenima: Tinija je postala Jupiter, Uni je postala Junona, Menrva je postala Minerva. Ovo pridru\u017eivanje bilo je uglavnom selektivno i nepotpuno; istra\u017eivanja poslednjih pedeset godina razja\u0161njavaju \u0161ta je od etrurske osobenosti ostalo sa\u010duvano.<\/p><p>Etrurska religija se u mnogim ta\u010dkama dodiruje s anadolskim, feni\u010danskim i bliskoisto\u010dnim tradicijama. Feni\u010dansko posredovanje dokumentovano je pirgijskim tablicama, a ovo transmediteransko povezivanje spada u va\u017ena istra\u017eiva\u010dka polja poslednjih decenija.<\/p><p>U religijskom pore\u0111enju, etrurski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost religijskih obrednih radnji posve\u0107enih bo\u017eanstvu ili svetoj figuri.\" tabindex=\"0\">kult<\/span> se mo\u017ee svrstati u mediteransku religijsku porodicu, sa vezama prema Gr\u010dkoj, Feniciji, Egiptu, Anadoliji i Laciju. Ovo povezivanje predstavlja va\u017eno istra\u017eiva\u010dko polje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s8h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s8h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Savremena istra\u017eivanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s8c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s8t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s8t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Istra\u017eivanje Tuchulche je tesno povezano sa prou\u010davanjem Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II u Tarkviniji. Stefan \u0160tajngreber (Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber), Marina Cipollone i Kornelija Veber-Leman (Cornelia Weber-Lehmann) dali su zna\u010dajne doprinose.<\/p><p>Istra\u017eivanje prou\u010dava religijsko-pedago\u0161ku funkciju ovakvih prikaza strave, kao i njihove mogu\u0107e veze s pitagorejskim u\u010denjem, koje je imalo sna\u017ean uticaj u ju\u017enoj Italiji i Etruriji.<\/p><p>Etrurska religija je danas predmet me\u0111unarodnog istra\u017eivanja. Va\u017eni centri su univerziteti u Firenci, Rimu (Sapienza), Pizi, Tibingenu i Prinstonu, a godi\u0161nje se nekoliko me\u0111unarodnih kongresa posve\u0107uje pojedinim aspektima.<\/p><p>Me\u0111unarodni istra\u017eiva\u010dki projekti o etrurskoj religiji danas koriste digitalne metode: 3D skeniranje hramova i grobnica, baze podataka natpisa i likovnih izvora, kao i GIS analize etrurske strukture naseljavanja. Ovi postupci otvaraju nove uvide.<\/p><p>Savremeno etrursko istra\u017eivanje se javno predstavlja putem izlo\u017ebi u Vatikanskom muzeju, u Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia i u Bostonskom muzeju lepih umetnosti, kao i putem brojnih publikacija.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s9h elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s9h\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0418\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0430<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-s9t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-s9t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najva\u017eniji izvor o Tuhulki (Tuchulcha) je Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II u Tarkviniji. Osim toga, mogu\u0107e je da se i druge demonske figure u etrurskim grobnicama tuma\u010de kao srodne Tuhulki, mada bez pouzdanog natpisa uz njih.<\/p><p>Dublje sagledavanje u okviru <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/?page_id=155152\">etrurske religijske istorije<\/a> u celini pokazuje kako Tuhulku treba razumeti u odnosu prema Harunu (Charun), Vanti (Vanth), Aiti (Aita) i drugim podzemnim bi\u0107ima. Ova mre\u017ea odnosa je za nauku od su\u0161tinskog zna\u010daja.<\/p><p>Stanje izvora o etrurskoj religiji je heterogeno: epigrafski dokazi, kao \u0161to je Editio Minor Helmuta Riksa (Helmut Rix), arheolo\u0161ki nalazi, slikovni izvori i sekundarna literatura. Ova razu\u0111enost zahteva interdisciplinarne metode, zbog \u010dega novija istra\u017eivanja sistematski povezuju filologiju, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka koja prou\u010dava pro\u0161le kulture na osnovu materijalnih nalaza.\" tabindex=\"0\">arheologiju<\/span>, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka koja upore\u0111uje religije i istra\u017euje ih bez verske pripadnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologiju<\/span> i antropologiju.<\/p><p>Kritika izvora o etrurskoj religiji pretpostavlja jednako dobro poznavanje etrurskih izvornih tekstova koliko i gr\u010dko-rimske sekundarne tradicije. Ova dvostruka perspektiva je zahtevna, ali neophodna za odgovaraju\u0107u religijsko-istorijsku rekonstrukciju.<\/p><p>Za dublje razumevanje etrurske religijske istorije potrebno je poznavanje epigrafskih, arheolo\u0161kih i knji\u017eevnih izvora, kao i savremene <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nauka koja upore\u0111uje religije i istra\u017euje ih bez verske pripadnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">religiologije<\/span>. Takav vi\u0161eslojni pristup predstavlja standard u istra\u017eivanjima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2aa0c616 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2aa0c616\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp222293c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp222293c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tomba dell'Orco i jedini pouzdani slikovni dokaz<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2c3e1775 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp2c3e1775\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp217e0c2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp217e0c2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tuhulka (Tuchulcha) je jedna od najzagonetnijih figura etrurskog zagrobnog sveta, a razlog za to je pre svega izuzetno oskudna osnova izvora. Jedini slikovni dokaz koji je pouzdano potvr\u0111en natpisom nalazi se u <em>Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II<\/em> u Tarkviniji, grobnoj komori iz 4. veka pre nove ere.<\/p><p>Tamo se Tuhulka javlja u sceni koja prikazuje gr\u010dkog heroja Tezeja (Theseus), u etrurskom obliku <em>These<\/em>, u podzemnom svetu.<\/p><p>Figura je neobi\u010dno heterogenog oblika: ima lice sa kljunom ili crtama sli\u010dnim kljunu, \u0161iljate u\u0161i ili izra\u0161taje sli\u010dne magare\u0107im u\u0161ima, razbaru\u0161enu kosu koja mo\u017ee biti sastavljena od zmija, i u rukama dr\u017ei zmije.<\/p><p>Pol ove figure je u nauci sporan, jer prikaz mo\u017ee spajati \u017eenske i mu\u0161ke odlike; mnogo toga govori u prilog tuma\u010denju Tuhulke kao polno neodre\u0111enog ili dvopolnog bi\u0107a.<\/p><p>U sceni Tuhulka o\u010digledno preti Tezeju, koji je zajedno sa Piritojem (Peirithoos) zarobljen u podzemnom svetu, motiv poznat iz gr\u010dke <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ukupnost predanja o bogovima jedne kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitologije<\/span>, koji su Etrurci preuzeli. Nau\u010dno gledano, situacija je o\u0161tra: sve \u0161to se sa sigurno\u0161\u0107u mo\u017ee re\u0107i o Tuhulkinom izgledu zavisi od tog jednog zidnog prikaza. Ne postoji knji\u017eevno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predanje<\/span>, ne postoji drugi nedvosmisleno natpisom obele\u017een prikaz, ni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Tekst urezan ili isklesan u \u010dvrst nosa\u010d.\" tabindex=\"0\">natpis<\/span> koji bi dao vi\u0161e informacija osim samog imena. Istra\u017eivanja, me\u0111u kojima i radovi Stefana \u0160tajngrebera (Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber) o etrurskom zidnom slikarstvu, zbog toga tretiraju Tuhulku kao klasi\u010dan primer figure poznate skoro isklju\u010divo iz jednog jedinog nalaza.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2115a5f3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cp2115a5f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp26fdf779 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cp26fdf779\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poku\u0161aji tuma\u010denja: izme\u0111u kaznenog demona i \u010duvara<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp27da4312 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cp27da4312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cp2caf9ce4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cp2caf9ce4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Zbog toga \u0161to je <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Preno\u0161enje znanja i pri\u010da kroz generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">predanje<\/span> tako oskudno, svaka karakterizacija Tuhulke po\u010diva na tuma\u010denju jedine sa\u010duvane slike i na pore\u0111enju sa srodnim etrurskim podzemnim bi\u0107ima.<\/p><p>Najo\u010diglednije tuma\u010denje vidi u Tuhulki prete\u0107eg kaznenog demona ili \u010duvara podzemnog sveta, koji zastra\u0161uje ili mu\u010di zarobljene heroje Tezeja i Piritoja. Zmije u rukama, crte sli\u010dne kljunu i op\u0161ti stra\u0161an izgled odgovaraju ovom tuma\u010denju.<\/p><p>Drugi istra\u017eiva\u010di su Tuhulku pre razumevali kao grani\u010dnu figuru ili \u010duvara koji kontroli\u0161e pristup odre\u0111enim delovima podzemnog sveta, sli\u010dno kao <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/?page_id=155194\">Harun (Charun)<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/?page_id=155195\">Vanta (Vanth)<\/a>, ali sa znatno prete\u0107im nastupom.<\/p><p>Spoj \u017eivotinjskih obele\u017eja, posebno elemenata ptice i zmije, doveo je do pore\u0111enja sa gr\u010dkim Erinijama i predstavama furija, ali takva izjedna\u010davanja treba prihvatiti sa oprezom, jer nasilno sme\u0161taju etrursku materiju u gr\u010dke kategorije.<\/p><p>Sporno je i da li je Tuhulka bila individualno bi\u0107e sa sopstvenim imenom ili je oznaka za jednu klasu demona. Kako je ime zabele\u017eeno samo jednom, to se ne mo\u017ee utvrditi. Nau\u010dno gledano, Tuhulka je time primer koji pokazuje granice rekonstrukcije: upe\u010datljiva, \u010desto prikazivana figura moderne literature o Etrurcima u stvarnosti se zasniva na jedinom, u detaljima ne potpuno pouzdanom zidnom prikazu. Ozbiljne studije, na primer kod Nensi de Grumond (Nancy de Grummond), zbog toga izri\u010dito nagla\u0161avaju koliko se malo zapravo zn\u0430 o ovom bi\u0107u i odupiru se isku\u0161enju da praznine popune analogijama iz gr\u010dke ili rimske mitologije podzemnog sveta.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-lit e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-lit\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-lith elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-lith\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 (\u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-litc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-litc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-litt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-litt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Stephan Steingr\u00e4ber: <em>Etruscan Painting<\/em> (1986)<\/li><li>Larissa Bonfante: <em>Etruscan Mythology<\/em> (2006)<\/li><li>Jean-Rene Jannot: <em>Religion in Ancient Etruria<\/em> (2005)<\/li><li>Cornelia Weber-Lehmann: Prilozi etrurskoj sepulkralnoj umetnosti<\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Nancy Thomson de Grummond: <em>Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend<\/em> (2006)<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Dodatna standardna dela u <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sr\/literatura\/\">popisu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tuchulcha e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tuchulcha\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgkw2-add-tuchulcha-t elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgkw2-add-tuchulcha-t\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U etrurskom <em><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Predanje o bogovima, poreklu i poretku svet a.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitu<\/span><\/em> Tuhulka se javlja kao zastra\u0161uju\u0107a podzemna figura sa zmijskom kosom i le\u0161inarskim kljunom, poznata pre svega iz zidnih slika u Tomba dell&#8217;Orco u Tarkviniji, iz \u010detvrtog veka pre nove ere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-kwd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-kwd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-kwdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-kwdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-kwdt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-kwdt\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Srodni klju\u010dni pojmovi: Tuhulka Etrurci podzemni demon zmijska kosa magare\u0107e u\u0161i Tomba dell&#8217;Orco II Tezej.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iwg-cc-tuchulcha\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-ccinner e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-ccinner\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-cch elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-cch\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">iWell Guard \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-cct elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-cct\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>iWell Guard \u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0438 <a 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elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-disc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-disc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-iwgw-tuchulcha-discw elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"iwgw-tuchulcha-discw\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<footer data-nosnippet=\"true\" class=\"iwg-disclaimer-block\"><p data-nosnippet=\"true\">iWell Guard <strong>\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/strong> \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u045a\u0443\u0458\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043c\u0430\u043d. \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0458\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0459\u0430\u0458\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0443, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0443.<\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2813,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Tuhulka Etruri","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tuhulka - Etrurski demon, mit","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Tuhulka je zastra\u0161uju\u0107i etrurski demon podzemnog sveta sa zmijskom kosom i magare\u0107im u\u0161ima. 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