{"id":56223,"date":"2026-05-19T09:50:24","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T09:50:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/gula-2\/"},"modified":"2026-08-01T05:36:59","modified_gmt":"2026-08-01T05:36:59","slug":"gula","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sq\/gula\/","title":{"rendered":"Gula"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"56223\" class=\"elementor elementor-56223 elementor-3020 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1271f7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d1271f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ed33b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ed33b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2edc596 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2edc596\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12f18b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12f18b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gula, hyjnesha babilonase e artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f18265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f18265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula \u00ebsht\u00eb hyjnesha babilonase e artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit dhe paraqitet si zot\u00ebruese e qenve, kafshe e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs konsiderohet <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb imazh ilustrues q\u00eb q\u00ebndron p\u00ebr nj\u00eb mendim abstrakt.\" tabindex=\"0\">simbol<\/span> i sh\u00ebrimit. Gula \u00ebsht\u00eb hyjnesha kryesore e sh\u00ebrimit n\u00eb fen\u00eb e lasht\u00eb mezopotamiane. Ajo nderohet kryesisht n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn altbabilonase dhe neoasiriane dhe konsiderohej patroane e artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit, e mjek\u00ebve dhe e maminave.<\/p><p>Atributi i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb qeni, nj\u00eb kafsh\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb konceptin altmezopotamian lidhej si me sh\u00ebrimin ashtu edhe me pragun midis jet\u00ebs dhe vdekjes. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr nderimin e nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb hyjnive.\" tabindex=\"0\">Tempujt<\/span> e saj m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm ndodheshin n\u00eb Isin, Nippur dhe Babilon.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d0197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"33d0197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d98a816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d98a816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zot \/ Hyjnesh\u00eb: Fuqi supreme e personifikuar n\u00eb panteonin e nj\u00eb kulture, me kompetenca t\u00eb qarta - forca natyrore, fat, luft\u00eb, pjellori. E nderuar n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet kulteve, flijimeve dhe institucioneve t\u00eb tempullit.\">Hyjnesh\u00eb<\/span><a href=\"\/sq\/mesopotami\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Djepi i fes\u00eb s\u00eb dokumentuar - Sumer, Akad, Babilon, Asiri (rreth 3500 para Kr. deri n\u00eb 330 para Kr.).\">Mesopotami<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b45b9c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b45b9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5202ae elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"d5202ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Nuk u gjet\\u00ebn tituj n\\u00eb k\\u00ebt\\u00eb faqe.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTabela e p\u00ebrmbajtjes\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__d5202ae\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e80ad34 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e80ad34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-455e8e3 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"455e8e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3251\" alt=\"Gula - G\u00f6tter aus der Mesopotamien-Tradition, historisch-illustrativ\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gula.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f2a883 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2f2a883\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cf2575 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7cf2575\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75b60ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75b60ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Miti dhe origjina<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210fc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"210fc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula \u00ebsht\u00eb forma e m\u00ebvonshme dhe m\u00eb e madhe e disa hyjneshave t\u00eb vjetra t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit, kryesisht e Ninisinas, Baut dhe Ninkarraks, t\u00eb cilat ndoheshin n\u00eb qytetet-shtete altsumeriane t\u00eb Isinit, Lagashit dhe Sipparit. Ninisina, &#8220;Zonjusha e Isinit&#8221;, \u00ebsht\u00eb pararend\u00ebsja m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p><p>Q\u00eb n\u00eb mbishkrimet mbret\u00ebrore t\u00eb dinastis\u00eb Isin rreth vitit 2000 para Kr., ajo paraqitet si hyjnesha supreme e sh\u00ebrimit dhe hyjnesha e qytetit. N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn altbabilonase, funksionet dhe vetit\u00eb e saj u bashkuan n\u00eb figur\u00ebn e unifikuar t\u00eb Gul\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>Emri i saj Gula do t\u00eb thot\u00eb n\u00eb akadisht &#8220;e Madhja&#8221;. Mbishkrimet e quajn\u00eb azugallu, pra &#8220;mjekja e madhe&#8221;. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb bij\u00eb e Anu-it, per\u00ebndis\u00eb qiellor, ose sipas traditave t\u00eb tjera bij\u00eb e Enlil-it. Bashk\u00ebshorti i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb Ninurta, per\u00ebndia luft\u00ebtar dhe i plugut, me t\u00eb cilin ajo formon nj\u00eb \u00e7ift komplementar: ai p\u00ebr pushtimin ushtarak, ajo p\u00ebr restaurimin sh\u00ebrues.<\/p>\n<p>Shenjt\u00ebroret e saj m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme ndodheshin n\u00eb Isin, nj\u00eb qytet n\u00eb Mesopotamin\u00eb jugore, dhe n\u00eb Nippur, qytetin qendror fetar. N\u00eb Babilon i nd\u00ebrtuan asaj n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn altbabilonase <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr nderimin e nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb hyjnive.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempullin<\/span> E-galmah. N\u00eb Sippar ajo ishte vendosur n\u00eb figur\u00ebn e Ninkarraks. Kjo shp\u00ebrndarje gjeografike tregon r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb mbirajonale t\u00eb hyjnesh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb himn i njohur ndaj Gul\u00ebs, &#8220;Himni Bullussa-rabi&#8221;, daton nga periudha babilonase e mesme dhe ofron nj\u00eb vet\u00ebprezantim gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebs t\u00eb hyjnesh\u00ebs. Ajo e p\u00ebrshkruan veten si mjeke, infermiare, mame dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb si gjykat\u00ebse e drejt\u00eb. Himni \u00ebsht\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm nga pik\u00ebpamja e historis\u00eb s\u00eb fes\u00eb, sepse p\u00ebrmbledh funksionet qendrore t\u00eb hyjnesh\u00ebs n\u00eb form\u00eb letrare t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2c394 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2b2c394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8207a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8207a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simbolet dhe atributet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dde330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7dde330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Atributi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i Gul\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb qeni. N\u00eb gur\u00ebt kufitar\u00eb Kudurru dhe relievet, nj\u00eb qen q\u00ebndron pran\u00eb fronit t\u00eb saj ose tek k\u00ebmb\u00ebt e saj.<\/p><p>Qeni n\u00eb konceptin altmezopotamian lidhte sh\u00ebrimin me vdekjen: p\u00ebshtyma e tij konsiderohej sh\u00ebruese, gj\u00eb q\u00eb v\u00ebrtetohet arkeologjikisht me an\u00eb t\u00eb kockave t\u00eb qenve n\u00eb shenjt\u00ebrore dhe me tekste sh\u00ebruese q\u00eb shqiptonin formulat e fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb urta mbi p\u00ebshtym\u00ebn e qenit. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, qent\u00eb ishin shoq\u00ebrues t\u00eb hyjnis\u00eb s\u00eb bot\u00ebs n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore dhe mund t\u00eb konceptoheshin si shoq\u00ebrues t\u00eb t\u00eb vdekurve.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb atribut tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb lanceta ose shkopi mjek\u00ebsor. N\u00eb disa imazhe, ajo mban nj\u00eb instrument q\u00eb kujton mjetet kirurgjikale. N\u00eb stampat e vulave ajo shfaqet shpesh p\u00ebrpara nj\u00eb personi t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00eb, nga ku i kthehet duke sjell\u00eb sh\u00ebrim.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb shum\u00eb gur\u00eb Kudurru, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb q\u00eb q\u00ebndron n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb ideje ose kuptimi.\" tabindex=\"0\">simboli<\/span> i qenit ulur shfaqet krahas shenjave t\u00eb tjera astrale ose kozmike. K\u00ebshtu Gula ishte pjes\u00eb integrale e gjeografis\u00eb teologjike t\u00eb gur\u00ebve kufitar\u00eb.<\/p><p>Simbolika e qenit mbeti shenja e detyrueshme q\u00eb e b\u00ebnte at\u00eb t\u00eb dallueshme. Gjetjet arkeologjike nga Isini kan\u00eb konfirmuar r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb rituale t\u00eb qenit n\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00ebr\u00ebsia e veprimeve t\u00eb adhurimit fetar ndaj nj\u00eb hyjnie ose figure t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultin<\/span> e saj, pasi atje u gjet\u00ebn kocka qensh n\u00eb rregullim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Releevet e tempujve e tregojn\u00eb Gul\u00ebn ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb me yll ose gjysm\u00ebh\u00ebn\u00eb si aludim mbi dimensionin astral t\u00eb adhurimit t\u00eb saj. Lidhja midis sh\u00ebrimit, astrologjis\u00eb dhe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktika q\u00eb synojn\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjn\u00eb n\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebn e ngjarjeve n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet veprimeve ose formulave t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta.\" tabindex=\"0\">magjis\u00eb<\/span> ishte e ngusht\u00eb n\u00eb mendimin altmezopotamian, dhe Gula si hyjnesh\u00eb sh\u00ebruese ndodhej nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht edhe n\u00eb sistemin e dijes astrale.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b1981b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1b1981b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ffb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7ffb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kulti dhe adhurimi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d417134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d417134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kulti kryesor i Gul\u00ebs ndodhej n\u00eb Isin, n\u00eb Mesopotamin\u00eb jugore. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb vend i shenjt\u00eb i kushtuar adhurimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb hyjnie.\" tabindex=\"0\">Shenjt\u00ebrorja<\/span> E-gal-mah ishte vendi i mbledhjes p\u00ebr mjek\u00ebt, mamat dhe pacient\u00ebt. Objekte votive prej balte n\u00eb form\u00ebn e pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb s\u00ebmura t\u00eb trupit, t\u00eb krahasueshme me dhuratat voto n\u00eb kultet sh\u00ebruese t\u00eb Italis\u00eb jugore, jan\u00eb gjetur atje n\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh.<\/p><p>Ato ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb pasqyr\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb praktik\u00ebs: <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb njeri q\u00eb nd\u00ebrmerr nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim t\u00eb motivuar fetarisht drejt nj\u00eb vendi t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb.\" tabindex=\"0\">pelegrin\u00ebt<\/span> i kushtonin asaj modele t\u00eb syve, gjymtyr\u00ebve ose pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb barkut t\u00eb s\u00ebmura me shpres\u00ebn p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrim.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb Nippur, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr nderimin e nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb hyjnive.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempulli<\/span> i saj quhej E-mah, ku mblidhej kolegjiumi i mjek\u00ebve.<\/p><p>Nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb e zakonshme neoasiriane p\u00ebr mjek, asu, rrjedh nga funksioni i saj. N\u00eb Sippar ajo ndohej n\u00ebn emrin Ninkarrak, n\u00eb Babilon n\u00eb E-galmah. N\u00eb Borsippa, qytetin motr\u00eb t\u00eb Babilonit, ajo ishte e integruar si hyjnesh\u00eb shoq\u00ebruese e Nabu-t, per\u00ebndis\u00eb s\u00eb shkrimit.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00ebr\u00ebsia e veprimeve t\u00eb adhurimit fetar ndaj nj\u00eb hyjnie ose figure t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kulti<\/span> i saj ishte ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht i popullarizuar te grat\u00eb dhe mjek\u00ebt. Tekste magjike nga periudha altbabilonase dhe neoasiriane e th\u00ebrrasin at\u00eb gjat\u00eb lindjeve, gjat\u00eb ethe, gjat\u00eb kafshimit t\u00eb gjarprit dhe gjat\u00eb \u00e7rregullimeve psikike. Koleksionet e magjive nga biblioteka mbret\u00ebrore e Ashurbanipali-t p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb tekste t\u00eb shumta, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat Gula thirret bashk\u00eb me Mardukin, Ea-n dhe Shamashin si hyjni sh\u00ebruese.<\/p>\n<p>Praktika e magjis\u00eb pran\u00eb shtratit t\u00eb pacientit p\u00ebrfshinte shpesh disa faza. Fillimisht, asipu, prifti i magjive, e th\u00ebrriste Gul\u00ebn n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb formulaike. Pastaj vinin udh\u00ebzime konkrete, shpesh me p\u00ebrzierje barishte ose veprime rituale si f\u00ebrkimi me nj\u00eb fije leshi, e cila m\u00eb pas digjej p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar simbolikisht s\u00ebmundjen.<\/p><p>Kjo praktik\u00eb, shpesh n\u00eb lidhje me qenin si kafsh\u00eb rituale, \u00ebsht\u00eb e dokumentuar n\u00eb qindra pllaka balte.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn neoasiriane, adhurimi shtet\u00ebror i Gul\u00ebs u rrit. Ashurbanipali urdh\u00ebroi kopjimin e teksteve t\u00eb saj dhe pranimin e tyre n\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebn e tij. Edhe grat\u00eb mbret\u00ebrore i ofruan asaj oferta votive personale, gj\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00ebnvizon lidhjen e hyjnesh\u00ebs me lindjen dhe am\u00ebsin\u00eb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0450dcc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0450dcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66dcc1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66dcc1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mite t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da6404 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0da6404\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula shfaqet m\u00eb rrall\u00eb n\u00eb tekstet narrative sesa Inanna ose Marduku. Teksti i saj m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb &#8220;Himni Bullussa-rabi&#8221;, nj\u00eb vet\u00ebprezantim i madh i hyjnesh\u00ebs n\u00eb 200 rreshta.<\/p><p>Ajo e quan veten bij\u00eb e Anu-it, bashk\u00ebshorte e Ninurt\u00ebs, mjeke e per\u00ebndive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, mame e popujve dhe mbrojt\u00ebse e drejt\u00eb e t\u00eb dob\u00ebtve. Himni \u00ebsht\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm nga pik\u00ebpamja e historis\u00eb s\u00eb fes\u00eb, sepse p\u00ebrfundon konsolidimin teologjik t\u00eb shum\u00eb hyjneshave sh\u00ebruese n\u00ebn emrin e Gul\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb tregim i trash\u00ebguar mbi per\u00ebndi, origjina dhe rendin e bot\u00ebs.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitin<\/span> e Anzu-it, Gula nuk shfaqet drejtp\u00ebrdrejt, por n\u00eb versionet e m\u00ebvonshme ajo p\u00ebrmendet bashk\u00eb me Ninurt\u00ebn pas fitores s\u00eb tij dhe merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb fest\u00ebn e triumfit. Kjo lidhje e integron at\u00eb n\u00eb eposin heroik kozmik dhe i jep asaj nj\u00eb lidhje narrative me <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb tregim i trash\u00ebguar mbi per\u00ebndi, origjina dhe rendin e bot\u00ebs.\" tabindex=\"0\">mitin<\/span> e Anzu-it.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb tregim i vog\u00ebl raporton p\u00ebr qenin e Gul\u00ebs, i cili nj\u00eb dit\u00eb u s\u00ebmur. Hyjnesha vet\u00eb duhej ta ndihmonte dhe p\u00ebrdori disa nga bar\u00ebrat e saj sh\u00ebruese.<\/p><p>Nga ky dhimbje, thuhet, u rrit aft\u00ebsia e saj sh\u00ebruese, sepse ajo e kishte p\u00ebrjetuar vuajtjen fillimisht tek kafsha e saj. Ky tregim, i ruajtur n\u00eb disa fragmente, i jep hyjnesh\u00ebs nj\u00eb karakter empatik, q\u00eb e dallon at\u00eb nga hyjnit\u00eb thjesht gjyq\u00ebsore-nd\u00ebshkuese.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a216 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f96a216\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fdd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc8fdd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet n\u00eb panteon<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b98975f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b98975f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gula \u00ebsht\u00eb e martuar me Ninurt\u00ebn, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb per\u00ebndia luft\u00ebtar dhe i plugut. T\u00eb dy formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ift komplementar, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin tronditja luftarake dhe restaurimi sh\u00ebrues nd\u00ebrthuren. Me Damun, nj\u00eb per\u00ebndi t\u00eb ri sh\u00ebrues dhe birin e saj, ka nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb familjare. Damu shpesh interpretohet si pasardh\u00ebsi i Gul\u00ebs n\u00eb funksionin sh\u00ebrues.<\/p>\n<p>Me Ninisin\u00ebn, Baut dhe Ninkarraks ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e bashkuar kultikarisht, gj\u00eb q\u00eb tregon procesin e konsolidimit teologjik t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs altbabilonase. Me Mardukin, per\u00ebndin\u00eb mbret\u00ebror t\u00eb Babilonit, ajo q\u00ebndron n\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimit kultik: n\u00eb magjit\u00eb mjek\u00ebsore t\u00eb dy th\u00ebrriten shpesh bashk\u00ebrisht, sepse Marduku n\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doktrina shkencore mbi Zotin dhe besimin e nj\u00eb feje.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologjin\u00eb<\/span> babilonase mori gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb rol qendror dhe mbivendosi funksionet sh\u00ebruese.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00ebr\u00ebsia e per\u00ebndive t\u00eb nj\u00eb feje ose kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonin<\/span> e gjer\u00eb, Gula ka marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie me Shamashin, per\u00ebndin\u00eb e diellit dhe per\u00ebndin\u00eb e drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb, si dhe me Ea-n, per\u00ebndin\u00eb e urt\u00ebsis\u00eb. Lidhja me Ea-n \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e ngusht\u00eb, sepse ai konsiderohet m\u00ebsuesi kozmik i artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit dhe Gula funksionon si ekuivalenti i tij tok\u00ebsor.<\/p>\n<p>Gula n\u00eb list\u00ebn teologjike An identifikohet me Ninkarraks, nj\u00eb hyjnesh\u00eb sh\u00ebruese t\u00eb Akadit, e cila p\u00ebrmendet si adresate e nd\u00ebshkimeve mjek\u00ebsore n\u00eb formulat e mallkimit t\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb guri ose druri e ngritur vertikalisht, me mbishkrim ose me imazhe.\" tabindex=\"0\">stel\u00ebs<\/span> s\u00eb Hamurabit.<\/p><p>Bashk\u00ebshorti i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb Pabilsag, nj\u00eb per\u00ebndi luft\u00ebtar dhe sh\u00ebrues, i cili n\u00eb astronomin\u00eb babilonase t\u00eb von\u00eb identifikohet me yll\u00ebsin\u00eb Shigjetari. Kjo lidhje e hyjnesh\u00ebs sh\u00ebruese me luft\u00ebtarin \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb konstelacion tipik p\u00ebr Mesopotamin\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin mbrojtja dhe agresiviteti jan\u00eb t\u00eb bashkuara n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin \u00e7ift hyjnor.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb rast i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb interesant \u00ebsht\u00eb identifikimi Gula-Ishtar n\u00eb disa himne babilonase t\u00eb vona, t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t&#8217;i konceptojn\u00eb t\u00eb dy hyjneshat si aspekte t\u00eb nj\u00eb force t\u00eb vetme fem\u00ebrore. Kjo bashkim \u00ebsht\u00eb i diskutuesh\u00ebm dhe konsiderohet si rast special i spekulimit teologjik t\u00eb von\u00eb, i cili n\u00ebn ndikimin e monolotris\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb Mardukut d\u00ebshiroi t\u00eb unifikonte edhe hyjneshat kryesore fem\u00ebrore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cc258e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cc258e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f15cc1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f15cc1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepsioni dhe ndikimi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa97ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aa97ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00ebr\u00ebsia e veprimeve t\u00eb adhurimit fetar ndaj nj\u00eb hyjnie ose figure t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb.\" tabindex=\"0\">Kulti<\/span> i Gul\u00ebs p\u00ebrfundoi me r\u00ebnien e kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb lart\u00eb babilonase n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn seleukide. Por tekstet e saj sh\u00ebruese u kopjuan vazhdimisht dhe u ruajt\u00ebn n\u00eb bibliotekat e bot\u00ebs helenistike. Studimet sumerologjike t\u00eb shekujve 19 dhe 20 e kan\u00eb rind\u00ebrtuar at\u00eb si figur\u00eb qendrore t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb mezopotamiane.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb historin\u00eb moderne t\u00eb mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb, Gula nderoohet si nj\u00eb nga hyjneshat mbrojt\u00ebse t\u00eb artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit t\u00eb dokumentuara m\u00eb her\u00ebt. Releevet nga Isini jan\u00eb t\u00eb ilustruara n\u00eb shum\u00eb tekste universitare t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb. N\u00eb historin\u00eb fetare t\u00eb qenit, ajo shfaqet si figur\u00eb d\u00ebshmuese e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr funksionin e dyfisht\u00eb t\u00eb qenit si shoq\u00ebrues i sh\u00ebrimit dhe i vdekjes.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb kultur\u00ebn popullore, Gula rrall\u00eb shfaqet sot, por n\u00eb tekstet mbi mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb altorientale dhe n\u00eb studimet mbi historin\u00eb e obstetrik\u00ebs ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb figur\u00eb kryesore referenciale. Lidhja midis simbolik\u00ebs s\u00eb saj t\u00eb qenit dhe hyjnive t\u00eb m\u00ebvonshme sh\u00ebruese me qen (si Asklepiosi me gjarprin dhe qenin n\u00eb bot\u00ebn greke) diskutohet n\u00eb studimet krahasuese t\u00eb fes\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb Mesopotamin\u00eb helenistike, Gula u identifikua me Hekat\u00ebn, hyjnesh\u00ebn greke t\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktika q\u00eb synojn\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjn\u00eb n\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebn e ngjarjeve n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet veprimeve ose formulave t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta.\" tabindex=\"0\">magjis\u00eb<\/span> dhe qenve. Ky identifikim v\u00ebrtetohet epigrafisht n\u00eb mbishkrimet seleukide nga Uruku, kryesisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb guri ose druri e ngritur vertikalisht, me mbishkrim ose me imazhe.\" tabindex=\"0\">stel\u00eb<\/span> biligjuhe t\u00eb shekullit 3 para Kr. Elementi i p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt q\u00ebndron n\u00eb atributin e qenit dhe n\u00eb funksionin sh\u00ebrues t\u00eb nat\u00ebs.<\/p><p>Walter Burkert n\u00eb &#8220;Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis&#8221; ka skicuar linj\u00ebn historikofetar nga Gula n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet Hekat\u00ebs deri te Diana e m\u00ebvonshme.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>N\u00eb historin\u00eb e mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb, Gula konsiderohet hyjnesha sh\u00ebruese e par\u00eb e p\u00ebrmendur em\u00ebrisht, e cila patronon nj\u00eb profesion t\u00eb vetin. Adhurimi i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb rr\u00ebnja e kompleksit t\u00eb m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm Asklepi-Hipokrat, gj\u00eb q\u00eb Vivian Nutton e ka shpjeguar n\u00eb detaje n\u00eb &#8220;Ancient Medicine&#8221; (2004).<\/span><\/p><p>Hulumtimet bashk\u00ebkohore t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb e shikojn\u00eb tradit\u00ebn Gula si element t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb para-historis\u00eb s\u00eb artit sh\u00ebrues grek, me gjurm\u00eb konkrete n\u00eb farmakologji dhe diagnostik\u00eb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94697bd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"94697bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e259579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e259579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klasifikimi shkencor-fetar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c31b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c31b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thorkild Jacobsen e klasifikon Gul\u00ebn n\u00eb rrethin e hyjneshave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha fem\u00ebrore mbrojt\u00ebse, funksioni i t\u00eb cilave n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn altbabilonase u p\u00ebrqendrua te sh\u00ebrimi dhe lindja. Ai sheh n\u00eb bashkimin e saj me Ninisin\u00ebn nj\u00eb proces tipik konsolidimi, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin disa hyjnesha qytetesh rrjedhin bashk\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb figur\u00eb t\u00eb vlefshme n\u00eb gjith\u00eb perandori.<\/p>\n<p>Jean Bott\u00e9ro thekson funksionin social t\u00eb kultit t\u00eb saj. Gula ishte patroane e nj\u00eb grupi t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb profesional, t\u00eb asu-ve dhe asipu-ve, pra specialist\u00ebve mjek\u00ebsor-ritual. Lidhja e k\u00ebtij grupi profesional me <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr nderimin e nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb hyjnive.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempullin<\/span> ishte nj\u00eb komponent strukturor i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i shoq\u00ebris\u00eb altmezopotamiane.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan Maul ka dokumentuar n\u00eb studimet e tij mbi artin e falltaris\u00eb dhe <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Praktika q\u00eb synojn\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjn\u00eb n\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebn e ngjarjeve n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet veprimeve ose formulave t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta.\" tabindex=\"0\">magjin\u00eb<\/span> nd\u00ebrthurjen e ngusht\u00eb t\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00ebr\u00ebsia e veprimeve t\u00eb adhurimit fetar ndaj nj\u00eb hyjnie ose figure t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb.\" tabindex=\"0\">kultit<\/span> Gula dhe praktik\u00ebs magjike. Walther Sallaberger dhe Andrew George kan\u00eb rind\u00ebrtuar arkeologjikisht dhe tekstualisht kultin e tempullit n\u00eb Isin dhe Nippur.<\/p><p>Wilfred Lambert ka botuar dhe komentuar kritikisht &#8220;Himnin Bullussa-rabi&#8221;. Hulumtimi e shikon Gul\u00ebn si nj\u00ebrin nga \u00e7el\u00ebsat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe fen\u00eb altmezopotamiane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e4ff51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e4ff51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c92749 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c92749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Himni i Gul\u00ebs nga Bullussa-rabi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c65e523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c65e523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Teksti letrar m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr hyjnesh\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb himni i madh i Gul\u00ebs nga Bullussa-rabi, nj\u00eb shkruese e njohur me em\u00ebr nga periudha babilonase e mesme, me gjas\u00eb nga shekulli 12 para Kr. Teksti prej 200 rreshtash \u00ebsht\u00eb i trash\u00ebguar n\u00eb disa kopje, pllakat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme rrjedhin nga bibliotekat e Asurit, Ninevs\u00eb dhe Babilonit.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Himni u botua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1967 nga Wilfred G. Lambert n\u00eb Orientalia 36, me koment dhe p\u00ebrkthim t\u00eb gjer\u00eb. Teksti \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb stilin e vet\u00ebpredikatimit, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin Gula flet n\u00eb vet\u00ebn e par\u00eb mbi vetit\u00eb, fuqit\u00eb dhe funksionet e saj sh\u00ebruese.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Bullussa-rabi e prezanton hyjnesh\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebrim enciklopedik t\u00eb emrave dhe funksioneve t\u00eb saj. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb Belet-ili, Zonjusha e per\u00ebndive, Nintinugga, Bauu dhe Ninisinna, t\u00eb cilat ndoheshin n\u00eb qytete t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb Sumerit.<\/p><p>Kjo konkatenacion i hyjneshave rajonale n\u00ebn nj\u00eb em\u00ebr dominues \u00ebsht\u00eb shembull i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Doktrina shkencore mbi Zotin dhe besimin e nj\u00eb feje.\" tabindex=\"0\">teologjis\u00eb<\/span> sinkretiste mezopotamiane, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn kultet lokale u bashkuan n\u00ebn nj\u00eb em\u00ebr kryesor. Himni \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm nga pik\u00ebpamja e historis\u00eb fetare, sepse transmeton integrimin teologjik t\u00eb shum\u00eb hyjneshave sh\u00ebruese n\u00eb nj\u00eb figur\u00eb t\u00eb vetme Gule.<\/p>\n<p>Nga pik\u00ebpamja e p\u00ebrmbajtjes, himni p\u00ebrshkruan veprimtarin\u00eb e Gul\u00ebs si mjeke. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb &#8220;mjekja e madhe, e cila kth\u00ebn ankes\u00ebn n\u00eb g\u00ebzim&#8221;, ajo &#8220;qet\u00ebson plag\u00ebn duke e lidhur&#8221;, ajo &#8220;e l\u00eb t\u00eb vdekurin t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb jet\u00eb&#8221;.<\/p><p>Kthesa e fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb hiperbolike, por tregon shkall\u00ebn e fuqis\u00eb sh\u00ebruese t\u00eb atribuuar. Nj\u00eb vend i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb num\u00ebrimi i barnave sh\u00ebruese, identifikimi i sakta botanik i t\u00eb cilave i sjell v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi hulumtimit modern. Stefan Maul e ka komentuar k\u00ebt\u00eb farmakope n\u00eb studimet e tij mbi artin sh\u00ebrues babilonas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeaf646 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aeaf646\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70447b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"70447b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isini dhe arkeologjia e tempullit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-701828f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"701828f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qendra kryesore e kultit t\u00eb Gul\u00ebs ishte Isini, nj\u00eb qytet n\u00eb Eufratin e posht\u00ebm, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr nderimin e nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb hyjnive.\" tabindex=\"0\">tempulli<\/span> i t\u00eb cilit e kishte emrin E-gal-mah, &#8220;Pallati i madh i lart\u00ebsuar&#8221;.<\/p><p>Qyteti p\u00ebrjetoi lul\u00ebzimin e tij n\u00eb shekujt 20 dhe 19 para Kr. n\u00ebn dinastin\u00eb Isin, mbret\u00ebrit e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs e quanin veten t\u00eb zgjedhur &#8220;Nga sht\u00ebpia e Ninisinn\u00ebs&#8221; (pra Gula). Mbishkrimet nd\u00ebrtimore t\u00eb Lipit-Ishtarit dhe Enlil-banit dokumentojn\u00eb donacione t\u00eb gjera, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb rinovimet e tempujve, kushtime statujash dhe pajisje t\u00eb hap\u00ebsirave sh\u00ebruese.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00ebrmimi gjerman i Isinit n\u00ebn drejtimin e Barthel Hrouda midis viteve 1973 dhe 1989 e ka zbuluar n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe E-gal-mahun. N\u00eb oborrin e tempullit u gjet nj\u00eb pus, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin pas sh\u00ebrimit hidheshin figura qensh si oferta votive.<\/p><p>G\u00ebrmuesit nxor\u00ebn disa qindra qen terrakote, t\u00eb cilat ishin hedhur n\u00eb uj\u00eb gjat\u00eb shekujve. Kjo kategori e pazakonshme burimesh konfirmon simbolik\u00ebn e qenit t\u00eb hyjnesh\u00ebs, t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendur n\u00eb himn, dhe ofron pasqyr\u00eb t\u00eb devotshm\u00ebris\u00eb popullore t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin sh\u00ebrim.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb vend i shenjt\u00eb i kushtuar adhurimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb hyjnie.\" tabindex=\"0\">shenjt\u00ebroreje<\/span> e madhe e dyt\u00eb ndodhej n\u00eb Nippur dhe e treta n\u00eb Babilon, ku Gula u b\u00eb hyjnesha sh\u00ebruese qendrore e teologjis\u00eb shtet\u00ebrore n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn babilonase t\u00eb von\u00eb. Mbishkrimet e tempullit t\u00eb Nebukadnezarit II e p\u00ebrmendin at\u00eb si dhurues\u00ebn e sh\u00ebrimit t\u00eb mbretit pas nj\u00eb s\u00ebmundjeje t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb.<\/p><p>Edhe n\u00eb qytetin Ashur n\u00eb Asiri kishte nj\u00eb E-gal-mah, t\u00eb cilin Sennaheribi dhe Ashurbanipali e rinovuan. Kjo prani mbirajonale e b\u00ebn Gul\u00ebn nj\u00eb nga per\u00ebndit\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Mesopotamis\u00eb, t\u00eb krahasueshme n\u00eb efekt me Ishtarin ose Mardukin.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bee2eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4bee2eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f24822 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f24822\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Qeni si atribut dhe praktika votive<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83d8f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83d8f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qeni \u00ebsht\u00eb atributi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i Gul\u00ebs, gj\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"T\u00ebr\u00ebsia e per\u00ebndive t\u00eb nj\u00eb feje ose kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteonin<\/span> e Mesopotamis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Per\u00ebndit\u00eb e tjera kan\u00eb dema, luan\u00eb ose dragoj, por vet\u00ebm Gula ka qenin si kafsh\u00eb shoq\u00ebruese.<\/p><p>N\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e relieveve Kudurru t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs babilonase t\u00eb mesme, kryesisht n\u00eb Kudurrun e Meli-Shipakit (shekulli 12 para Kr.), ajo shfaqet n\u00eb fron me nj\u00eb qen ulur tek k\u00ebmb\u00ebt e saj. Kjo tradit\u00eb vizuele v\u00ebrtetohet edhe n\u00eb tullat e glazuruara t\u00eb Nebukadnezarit II n\u00eb Babilon.<\/p>\n<p>Nga pik\u00ebpamja e historis\u00eb fetare, simbolika e qenit \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00ebshtresore. Qent\u00eb n\u00eb Mesopotami jan\u00eb nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb t\u00eb papast\u00ebr dhe t\u00eb friksh\u00ebm, nga ana tjet\u00ebr roja t\u00eb pragut. N\u00eb art sh\u00ebrues, qeni \u00ebsht\u00eb me gjas\u00eb kafshe sh\u00ebruese gnostike, p\u00ebshtyma dhe l\u00ebpirja e plag\u00ebs e t\u00eb cilit konsiderohej sh\u00ebruese e plag\u00ebve n\u00eb mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb popullore.<\/p><p>Beate Pongratz-Leisten ka t\u00ebrhequr v\u00ebmendjen n\u00eb studimet e saj mbi fen\u00eb babilonase mbi dykuptim\u00ebsin\u00eb e qenit, i cili kuptohej si i past\u00ebr dhe i papast\u00ebr nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht. Edhe Karen Radner ka studiuar n\u00eb disa artikuj nd\u00ebrveprimet e ritit sh\u00ebrues dhe adhurimit t\u00eb qenit.<\/p>\n<p>Praktika votive p\u00ebrfshinte krahas qenve prej balte edhe modele t\u00eb pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb s\u00ebmura t\u00eb trupit. N\u00eb g\u00ebrmimet e tempujve u gjet\u00ebn reproduktime argjile t\u00eb duarve, k\u00ebmb\u00ebve, syve dhe organeve gjenitale, t\u00eb cilat pacient\u00ebt i kishin ofruar si lutje.<\/p><p>Kjo praktik\u00eb ka paralele t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta n\u00eb tempujt e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm grek\u00eb t\u00eb Asklepiut, kryesisht n\u00eb Epidaurus, ku gjymtyr\u00eb prej balte nga t\u00eb sh\u00ebruarit u l\u00ebn\u00eb pas. Nj\u00eb vazhdim\u00ebsi e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e historis\u00eb fetare \u00ebsht\u00eb diskutuar, por nuk mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetohet nj\u00ebmend\u00ebsisht.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7fc9ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e7fc9ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191afcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191afcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Burimet dhe literatura p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2819763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2819763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Burime <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Epoka e kultur\u00ebs greke dhe romake, rreth 800 para Kr. deri n\u00eb 600 pas Kr.\" tabindex=\"0\">antike<\/span>: &#8220;Himni Bullussa-rabi&#8221; ndaj Gul\u00ebs, tekste mjek\u00ebsore dhe magjike nga periudha altbabilonase dhe neoasiriane, mbishkrime nga Isini, Nippuri dhe Sippari, himne ndaj Ninisinas dhe Ninkarraks, <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Nj\u00eb tregim i trash\u00ebguar mbi per\u00ebndi, origjina dhe rendin e bot\u00ebs.\" tabindex=\"0\">miti<\/span> i Anzu-it n\u00eb versionet e vona.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, &#8220;Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods&#8221;, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Markham Geller, &#8220;Ancient Babylonian Medicine&#8221;, Oxford 2010.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Vepra t\u00eb tjera referuese n\u00eb <a href=\"\/sq\/literatura\/\">list\u00ebn e literatur\u00ebs<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gula, hyjnesha babilonase e artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit Gula \u00ebsht\u00eb hyjnesha babilonase e artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit dhe paraqitet si zot\u00ebruese e qenve, kafshe e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs konsiderohet simbol i sh\u00ebrimit. Gula \u00ebsht\u00eb hyjnesha kryesore e sh\u00ebrimit n\u00eb fen\u00eb e lasht\u00eb mezopotamiane. Ajo nderohet kryesisht n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn altbabilonase dhe neoasiriane dhe konsiderohej patroane e artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3251,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gula","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gula - Hyjnesha Babilonase e Sh\u00ebrimit | %%sep%% %%sitename%%","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gula \u00ebsht\u00eb hyjnesha babilonase e artit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrimit, mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe ringjalljes. 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