{"id":56012,"date":"2026-07-31T18:00:44","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T18:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/papatuanuku-nena-e-tokes-ne-kozmologjine-e-maori\/"},"modified":"2026-07-31T18:01:07","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T18:01:07","slug":"papatuanuku","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sq\/papatuanuku\/","title":{"rendered":"Papat\u016b\u0101nuku – N\u00ebna e Tok\u00ebs n\u00eb kozmologjin\u00eb e Maori"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Papatuanuku\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Papat\u016b\u0101nuku - N\u00ebna e Tok\u00ebs n\u00eb bot\u00ebkuptimin e Maori<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Hyjnesh\u00eb<\/span>Polinezi \/ Maori<\/a>N\u00ebna e Tok\u00ebs<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Papat\u016b\u0101nuku \u00ebsht\u00eb N\u00ebna e Tok\u00ebs n\u00eb kozmologjin\u00eb<\/span> e Maori. Me Ranginui, babain e Qiellit, ajo formon \u00e7iftin primar t\u00eb prind\u00ebrve, nga p\u00ebrqafimi i ngusht\u00eb i t\u00eb cil\u00ebve lindin per\u00ebndit\u00eb dhe gjith\u00e7ka e gjall\u00eb. Ndarja e tyre nga Ranginui n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet bijve t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb miti kryesor i krijimit t\u00eb Maori.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Papat\u016b\u0101nuku mish\u00ebron N\u00ebn\u00ebn e Tok\u00ebs n\u00eb bot\u00ebkuptimin<\/strong> polinezian dhe formon me Ranginui \u00e7iftin e lasht\u00eb primordial.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t

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Klasifikimi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Papat\u016b\u0101nuku, shpesh e quajtur shkurt Papa, \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kozmologjin\u00eb<\/span> e Maori vet\u00eb toka, e konceptuar si figur\u00eb primare fem\u00ebrore dhe n\u00ebn\u00eb. Ajo i p\u00ebrket gjenerat\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb fuqive t\u00eb personifikuara q\u00eb dalin n\u00eb pah pas krijimit mitik t\u00eb kozmosit. Bashk\u00eb me babain e Qiellit Ranginui, ajo formon \u00e7iftin primar t\u00eb prind\u00ebrve, nga i cili rrjedhin per\u00ebndit\u00eb, sferat e natyr\u00ebs dhe njer\u00ebzit.<\/p>

Brenda fes\u00eb s\u00eb Polinezis\u00eb \/ Maori<\/a>, Papat\u016b\u0101nuku nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hyjni<\/span> e larg\u00ebt, por nj\u00eb realitet i vazhdimsh\u00ebm i p\u00ebrjetuesh\u00ebm: \u00ebsht\u00eb dheu mbi t\u00eb cilin shkelim, toka q\u00eb ushqen dhe dheu n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin kthehen t\u00eb vdekurit.<\/p>

Nga pik\u00ebpamja e shkenc\u00ebs fetare, ajo i p\u00ebrket tipusit t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs, e cila formon me nj\u00eb baba Qiellit nj\u00eb \u00e7ift kozmik. Ky motiv<\/span> haset n\u00eb mitologji t\u00eb shumta t\u00eb Polinezis\u00eb dhe m\u00eb gjer\u00eb.<\/p>

Karakteristike p\u00ebr kozmologjin\u00eb<\/span> e Maori \u00ebsht\u00eb se bota nuk krijohet nga asgj\u00ebja, por shpaloset me breza.<\/p>

Papat\u016b\u0101nuku q\u00ebndron n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj radhe gjenealogjike, whakapapa<\/em>. Kjo linj\u00eb prejardhje lidh per\u00ebndit\u00eb, tok\u00ebn dhe njer\u00ebzit n\u00eb nj\u00eb rend t\u00eb vet\u00ebm farefisnor, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin njeriu q\u00ebndron i lidhur me natyr\u00ebn dhe si i af\u00ebrm i saj, jo sip\u00ebr saj.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Emri dhe etimologjia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Emri Papat\u016b\u0101nuku \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb. Elementi papa<\/em> n\u00ebnkupton n\u00eb Maori nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe t\u00eb sheshuar dhe t\u00eb shtrir\u00eb, nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb ose tok\u00ebn. Komponenti tjet\u00ebr zakonisht buron nga t\u016b<\/em>, t\u00eb q\u00ebndrosh ose t\u00eb jesh i pal\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm, dhe nuku<\/em>, gjer\u00ebsi ose shtrirje. Emri mund t\u00eb interpretohet k\u00ebshtu si sip\u00ebrfaqe e tok\u00ebs e shtrir\u00eb gjer\u00ebsisht dhe e pal\u00ebvizshme.<\/p>

Shpesh shfaqet forma e shkurtuar Papa, e cila p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e tregimeve. Krahas k\u00ebsaj hasen epitete nderuese dhe p\u00ebrshkruese, t\u00eb cilat e karakterizojn\u00eb Papat\u016b\u0101nukun si n\u00ebn\u00eb ushqyese dhe si themel i gjith\u00eb jet\u00ebs. N\u00eb disa tradita, ajo thirret edhe me em\u00ebrtime q\u00eb theksojn\u00eb rolin e saj si pranuesja e t\u00eb vdekurve.<\/p>

Lidhja e ngusht\u00eb midis emrit dhe realitetit \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb mendimin Maori: Papat\u016b\u0101nuku \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00eb toka, jo nj\u00eb hyjni<\/span> q\u00eb sundon mbi tok\u00eb.<\/p>

Emri em\u00ebrton nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb figur\u00eb personale dhe nj\u00eb realitet fizik. E nj\u00ebjta dualitet vlen p\u00ebr Ranginuin, Qiellin. Emra t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm p\u00ebr figura t\u00eb tok\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb qiellit gjenden n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera polineziane, gj\u00eb q\u00eb tregon nj\u00eb trash\u00ebgimi mitologjike t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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P\u00ebrshkrimi dhe format e shfaqjes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Papat\u016b\u0101nuku imagjinohet si figura e nj\u00eb gruaje t\u00eb shtrir\u00eb, trupi i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb peizazhi. Malet, fushat, lumenjt\u00eb dhe pyjet konsiderohen pjes\u00eb t\u00eb trupit t\u00eb saj; toka pjellore \u00ebsht\u00eb gjiri i saj ushqyes.<\/p>

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim, \u00e7do p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb e tok\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb takim me N\u00ebn\u00ebn e Tok\u00ebs. Ajo shfaqet n\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e p\u00ebrhershme t\u00eb tok\u00ebs, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb formave t\u00eb ndryshueshme si nj\u00eb per\u00ebndi trikster.<\/p>

N\u00eb tregimet e fillimit, Papat\u016b\u0101nuku shtrihet n\u00eb p\u00ebrqafim t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb me Ranginuin. Nga kjo lidhje rrjedhin f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jetojn\u00eb t\u00eb mbyllur n\u00eb err\u00ebsir\u00ebn midis trupave t\u00eb prind\u00ebrve. Pas ndarjes, Papat\u016b\u0101nuku mbetet posht\u00eb, me fytyr\u00eb nga Qielli. Malli i saj p\u00ebr bashk\u00ebshortin e ndar\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb imazh i ngulitur i tradit\u00ebs<\/span>.<\/p>

Format e shfaqjes s\u00eb Papat\u016b\u0101nukut jan\u00eb dukurit\u00eb konkrete t\u00eb tok\u00ebs: mjegulla ngjitur mbi tok\u00ebn e lagur, e interpretuar si psher\u00ebtima e saj, burimet e ngrohta dhe zjarri vullkanik n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb tok\u00ebs, vegjetacioni n\u00eb rritje q\u00eb prodhon trupi i saj.<\/p>

Edhe vet\u00eb njeriu, sipas nj\u00eb tradite<\/span> t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb formuar nga dheu i kuq, pra drejtp\u00ebrdrejt nga l\u00ebnda e Papat\u016b\u0101nukut, dhe kthehet tek ajo n\u00eb vdekje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Mitologjia dhe tradita<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Miti<\/span> qendror rreth Papat\u016b\u0101nukut \u00ebsht\u00eb ndarja e \u00e7iftit primar t\u00eb prind\u00ebrve. N\u00eb fillim, Papat\u016b\u0101nuku dhe Ranginui shtrihen n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqafim kaq t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb sa nuk mbetet hap\u00ebsir\u00eb midis tyre.<\/p>

F\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre, bij t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm hyjnor\u00eb, jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb ngusht\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe err\u00ebsir\u00ebn midis prind\u00ebrve dhe diskutojn\u00eb se si mund t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb drit\u00eb dhe hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. Ata shqyrtojn\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e vrasjes s\u00eb prind\u00ebrve, por vendosin p\u00ebr ndarjen.<\/p>

Bir pas biri, secili p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb shtyj\u00eb qiellin dhe tok\u00ebn larg nj\u00ebri-tjetrit dhe d\u00ebshton. N\u00eb fund arrin T\u0101ne, per\u00ebndia e pyjeve, i cili shtyn me shpin\u00eb kund\u00ebr tok\u00ebs dhe me k\u00ebmb\u00ebt kund\u00ebr qiellit dhe k\u00ebshtu ngre Ranginuin lart.<\/p>

Vet\u00ebm k\u00ebshtu krijohet bota e drit\u00ebs, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn jeta b\u00ebhet e mundur. Bir tjet\u00ebr, T\u0101whirim\u0101tea, per\u00ebndia e stuhive, nuk e miraton ndarjen dhe ngjitet tek babai i tij, nga ku q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb d\u00ebrgon er\u00ebra dhe stuhie kund\u00ebr v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve t\u00eb tij.<\/p>

Ndarja mbetet e dhimbshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb dy prind\u00ebrit. Ranginui qan, dhe lot\u00ebt e tij jan\u00eb shiu dhe vesa; Papat\u016b\u0101nuku d\u00ebrgon psher\u00ebtim\u00ebn e saj si mjegull ngjitur. Kjo mall i nd\u00ebrsjellt\u00eb shpjegon n\u00eb mit<\/span> lidhjen gjithnj\u00eb t\u00eb re t\u00eb qiellit dhe tok\u00ebs n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet shiut dhe avullit.<\/p>

Rreth ndarjes raporton edhe narracioni i krijimit, t\u00eb cilin dijetari Te Rangik\u0101heke e regjistroi n\u00eb shekullin e 19-t\u00eb p\u00ebr George Grey dhe i cili u b\u00eb nj\u00eb nga versionet m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura. Megjithat\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb variante t\u00eb shumta rajonale, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat rendi, per\u00ebndit\u00eb e p\u00ebrfshira dhe detajet ndryshojn\u00eb.<\/p>

Mitit t\u00eb ndarjes i paraprin n\u00eb shum\u00eb tradita nj\u00eb seri gjendjesh t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat shpalohen para N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs. Narracioni i Te Rangik\u0101hekes l\u00eb t\u00eb paraprijn\u00eb lindjes personale nj\u00eb seri gjenealogjike graduale, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn nga asgj\u00ebja dhe boshll\u00ebku dalin gradualisht nata, k\u00ebrkimi dhe mendimi, para se t\u00eb shfaqen Papat\u016b\u0101nuku dhe Ranginui.<\/p>

N\u00ebna e Tok\u00ebs q\u00ebndron k\u00ebshtu si figura e par\u00eb e kapshme n\u00eb kalimin nga gjendja primare e pandiktueshme n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e renditur, pra ende jo plot\u00ebsisht n\u00eb fillim.<\/p>

Edhe fati i f\u00ebmij\u00ebve pas ndarjes i p\u00ebrket mitit<\/span>. T\u0101ne, ai q\u00eb ndan prind\u00ebrit, k\u00ebrkon m\u00eb von\u00eb elementin fem\u00ebror p\u00ebr t\u00eb prokreuar njer\u00ebzimin dhe, sipas nj\u00eb tregimi t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, formon gruan e par\u00eb nga dheu i kuq, pra nga vet\u00eb l\u00ebnda e Papat\u016b\u0101nukut.<\/p>

K\u00ebshtu mbyllet rrethi: Njeriu lind drejtp\u00ebrdrejt nga trupi i N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs, dhe whakapapa \u00e7on pa nd\u00ebrprerje nga ajo n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet per\u00ebndive deri tek fiset q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb sot.<\/p>

Iwi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, si n\u00eb rajonin e Taranaki ose n\u00eb bregdetin lindor, njohin emra t\u00eb vet p\u00ebr figurat e p\u00ebrfshira dhe theksojn\u00eb bij t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm si protagonist\u00eb kryesor\u00eb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Kulti dhe nderimi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Maori nuk njihnin tempuj<\/span> dhe nuk kishin nj\u00eb prift\u00ebri t\u00eb ngulitur p\u00ebr Papat\u016b\u0101nukun n\u00eb kuptimin e komuniteteve t\u00eb organizuara kulti. Nderimi i saj ishte i integruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb rend ritual gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebs, i cili rregullonte marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnien e njeriut me tok\u00ebn. Qendrore ishte koncepti tapu<\/em>, paprekja rituale e vendeve, veprimeve dhe koh\u00ebrave t\u00eb caktuara, dhe koncepti i kund\u00ebrt noa<\/em>, gjendja e zakonshme.<\/p>

Respekti ndaj Papat\u016b\u0101nukut shfaqej n\u00eb lutje, karakia<\/em>, t\u00eb cilat recitoheshin para punimit t\u00eb tok\u00ebs, para prerjes, mbjelljes dhe korrjes. Ai q\u00eb nd\u00ebrhynte n\u00eb tok\u00eb, pranonte k\u00ebshtu se kishte t\u00eb b\u00ebnte me N\u00ebn\u00ebn e Tok\u00ebs dhe k\u00ebrkonte miratimin e saj.<\/p>

Gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, ofroheshin dhurata t\u00eb para. Lindja dhe vdekja e lidhnin njeriun ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht ngusht\u00eb me Papat\u016b\u0101nukun: Pla\u00e7enta, n\u00eb Maori gjithashtu whenua<\/em> si fjala p\u00ebr tok\u00ebn, kthehej n\u00eb tok\u00eb, dhe t\u00eb vdekurit i besoheshin asaj.<\/p>

N\u00eb t\u00eb tashmen, nderimi i Papat\u016b\u0101nukut ka fituar nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb re publike. Ajo thirret n\u00eb fjalime n\u00eb marae<\/em>, vendin e tubimit, n\u00eb mir\u00ebpritjen e tok\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb ceremoni q\u00eb shprehin nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsie ndaj mjedisit. K\u00ebshtu mendimi i vjet\u00ebr i lidhjes farefisnore me tok\u00ebn bashkohet me preokupimet bashk\u00ebkohore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Praktika mbrojt\u00ebse dhe apotropaika<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mbrojtja n\u00eb lidhje me Papat\u016b\u0101nukun \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak largim i nj\u00eb t\u00eb keqeje sesa ruajtje e nj\u00eb rendi t\u00eb drejt\u00eb. Njeriu, i cili jeton mbi trupin e N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs dhe ushqehet nga ai, duhet t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb balanc\u00ebn midis nd\u00ebrhyrjes dhe respektit. Kur ky rend shkelet, p.sh. duke shkelur respektin e nj\u00eb vendi t\u00eb mbuluar nga tapu, rrezikon fatkeq\u00ebsia, s\u00ebmundja ose tharja e pjellshm\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/p>

Praktika mbrojt\u00ebse konsistonte kryesisht n\u00eb respektimin e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb tapu dhe n\u00eb karakia, me t\u00eb cilat veprimet me rrezik siguroheshin ritualisht<\/span>.<\/p>

Prerja e nj\u00eb cope pylli, krijimi i nj\u00eb kopshti ose varrimi i t\u00eb vdekurve shoq\u00ebroheshin me formula q\u00eb duhej ta ruanin njeriun nga pasojat e nd\u00ebrhyrjes n\u00eb trupin e Papat\u016b\u0101nukut. Vende t\u00eb caktuara konsideroheshin ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb fuqishme dhe shmangoheshin ose hyrohej n\u00eb to vet\u00ebm me masa paraprake.<\/p>

Rol i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm luante praktika e r\u0101hui<\/em>, nj\u00eb ndalim i p\u00ebrkohsh\u00ebm, me t\u00eb cilin nj\u00eb territor, nj\u00eb zon\u00eb peshkimi ose nj\u00eb cop\u00eb pyll hiqej nga p\u00ebrdorimi. R\u0101hui mbronte nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht burimin dhe njer\u00ebzit, duke parandaluar shfryt\u00ebzimin e tep\u00ebrt dhe duke rivendosur ekuilibrin e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies me tok\u00ebn.<\/p>

Nga pik\u00ebpamja e shkenc\u00ebs fetare, kjo tregon se mbrojtja n\u00eb mendimin Maori synon marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnien dhe mas\u00ebn, jo objektet magjike. Edhe gur\u00ebt kufitar dhe vendet e sh\u00ebnuara kishin m\u00eb pak funksionin e nj\u00eb amuleti dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb funksionin e nj\u00eb kujtese t\u00eb dukshme t\u00eb rendit ritual.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Whakapapa dhe vendi n\u00eb bot\u00ebkuptim<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Papat\u016b\u0101nuku mund t\u00eb kuptohet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kontekstin e whakapapa<\/em>, rendit gjenealogjik q\u00eb mban t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebkuptimin e Maori. Whakapapa \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se nj\u00eb list\u00eb st\u00ebrgjysh\u00ebsh: nj\u00eb model mendimi q\u00eb rendit gjith\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn n\u00eb linja prejardhje.<\/p>

Malet, lumenjt\u00eb, bim\u00ebt, kafsh\u00ebt, per\u00ebndit\u00eb dhe njer\u00ebzit q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie farefisnore t\u00eb provueshme. Papat\u016b\u0101nuku \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rend nj\u00eb nga figurat e hershme t\u00eb em\u00ebrtueshme dhe k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb st\u00ebrgjiushe e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt e gjith\u00e7kaje q\u00eb banon tok\u00ebn.<\/p>

Nga kjo pozit\u00eb rrjedhin pasoja praktike. Nj\u00eb fis, nj\u00eb iwi<\/em>, nxjerr identitetin e tij nga nj\u00eb mal i caktuar, nj\u00eb lum\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb krahin\u00eb dhe i em\u00ebrton k\u00ebto n\u00eb vet\u00ebprezantimin formulaik, pepeha<\/em>. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb ai thirret nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht n\u00eb Papat\u016b\u0101nukun, sepse mali dhe lumi jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb trupit t\u00eb saj.<\/p>

Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnia me tok\u00ebn nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie pron\u00ebsie, por nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie farefisnore, e cila begaton nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht t\u00eb drejta dhe detyrime.<\/p>

Shkenc\u00ebrisht mbres\u00ebl\u00ebn\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb fakti se kozmologjia<\/span> \u00ebsht\u00eb e pandar\u00eb nga rendi shoq\u00ebror. Miti i krijimit i N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs shpjegon lindjen e bot\u00ebs dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht begaton lidhjen e \u00e7do bashk\u00ebsie me tok\u00ebn e saj konkrete.<\/p>

Koncepte si kaitiakitanga<\/em>, p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsia e kujdesit ndaj nj\u00eb territori, dhe mana whenua<\/em>, autoriteti q\u00eb rrjedh nga lidhja me tok\u00ebn, nuk mund t\u00eb kuptohen pa konceptin e N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs farefisnore. Papat\u016b\u0101nuku \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht figur\u00eb primare kozmologjike dhe themel i nj\u00eb rendi shoq\u00ebror.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Paralele n\u00eb kultura t\u00eb tjera<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00c7ifti primar i prind\u00ebrve prej N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs dhe babait t\u00eb Qiellit \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb gjith\u00eb Polinezin\u00eb. N\u00eb Havai, n\u00eb rajonin e Ishujve Shoq\u00ebria dhe gjetk\u00eb hasen figura t\u00eb ngjashme dhe tregime rreth ndarjes s\u00eb qiellit dhe tok\u00ebs. K\u00ebto p\u00ebrputhje tregojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb trash\u00ebgimi mitologjike t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt polineziane, e cila u p\u00ebrshp\u00ebrnda me vendosjen e njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb Paq\u00ebsor.<\/p>

P\u00ebrtej Polinezis\u00eb, Papat\u016b\u0101nuku i p\u00ebrket tipusit t\u00eb N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs t\u00eb d\u00ebshmuar bot\u00ebrisht. N\u00eb tradit\u00ebn<\/span> greke, Gaia formon me qiellin Uranos nj\u00eb \u00e7ift t\u00eb krahasuesh\u00ebm, lidhja e ngusht\u00eb e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve zgjidhet me dhun\u00eb nga f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, nj\u00eb motiv<\/span> strukturalisht befasues i af\u00ebrt me tregimin Maori.<\/p>

Edhe n\u00eb mitologji t\u00eb shumta t\u00eb tjera toka shfaqet si n\u00ebn\u00eb ushqyese dhe qielli si baba prokreues.<\/p>

Shkenc\u00ebrisht duhet theksuar se paralele t\u00eb tilla nuk lejojn\u00eb t\u00eb nxirren p\u00ebrfundime rreth kontaktit t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb. Ato tregojn\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se p\u00ebrvoja e tok\u00ebs dhe e qiellit si kund\u00ebrv\u00ebnie themelore dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht si \u00e7ift prokreues i p\u00ebrket modeleve interpretuese m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura t\u00eb kozmologjis\u00eb<\/span> njer\u00ebzore.<\/p>

Versioni Maori dallohet nga t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt kryesisht n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet integrimit n\u00eb whakapapa, rendin gjenealogjik, i cili lidh per\u00ebndit\u00eb, tok\u00ebn dhe njer\u00ebzit pa nd\u00ebrprerje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Recepsioni i sot\u00ebm dhe hulumtimi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Studimi shkencor i Papat\u016b\u0101nukut filloi n\u00eb shekullin e 19-t\u00eb me koleksionet e George Grey si dhe me punimet e gjera etnografike t\u00eb Elsdon Best, i cili dokumentoi fen\u00eb e Maori n\u00eb studime t\u00eb holl\u00ebsishme.<\/p>

Edward Tregear paraqiti nj\u00eb fjalor krahasues, i cili b\u00ebri t\u00eb dukshme lidhjet polineziane. Hulumtues t\u00eb m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm si Margaret Orbell sistemuan dhe komentuan kritikisht mitet dhe vun\u00eb n\u00eb dukje larmin\u00eb e traditave rajonale.<\/p>

Hulumtimi i hersh\u00ebm duhet lexuar me kujdes, pasi redaktor\u00ebt kolonial\u00eb i standardizuan, zbut\u00ebn dhe i p\u00ebrshtaten shpesh tregimet me konceptimet evropiane.<\/p>

Narracioni i krijimit i Te Rangik\u0101hekes u b\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet botimit t\u00eb Grey versioni n\u00eb dukje autoritar, megjith\u00ebse ai p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb nga shum\u00eb traditat fisnore. Hulumtimi i ri prandaj i jep r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi theksimit t\u00eb larmishm\u00ebris\u00eb fisnore dhe z\u00ebrave t\u00eb vet\u00eb Maori.<\/p>

N\u00eb t\u00eb tashmen, Papat\u016b\u0101nuku \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranishme shum\u00eb p\u00ebrtej tradit\u00ebs fetare. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb figur\u00eb qendrore e vet\u00ebkuptimit kulturor dhe thirret n\u00eb arsim, art dhe fjalim publik.<\/p>

V\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ka t\u00ebrhequr koncepti n\u00eb politik\u00ebn mjedisore t\u00eb Zeland\u00ebs s\u00eb Re: Njohja ligjore e lumenjve dhe peizazheve si qenie t\u00eb pavarura me t\u00eb drejta lidhet shprehimisht me konceptin se toka \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb trup farefisni dhe jo thjesht nj\u00eb pron\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu miti<\/span> i vjet\u00ebr i N\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs vepron n\u00eb kontekste t\u00eb reja shoq\u00ebrore.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Literatura (zgjedhje)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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