{"id":160837,"date":"2026-09-05T00:26:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160837"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:47:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:47:26","slug":"buddha-gautama","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/buddha-gautama\/","title":{"rendered":"Buddha (Gautama)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160837\" class=\"elementor elementor-160837 elementor-3035 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f92b4fb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f92b4fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5d5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3d5d5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3046ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3046ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4012a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf4012a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha Gautama, ustanovitelj budizma<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2232c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb2232c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Siddhartha Gautama je kot zgodovinska oseba ustanovitelj budizma. Z religiologijskega vidika je treba razlikovati med biografsko zajemljivo osebnostjo u\u010ditelja in poznej\u0161o mitsko-religiozno nadgradnjo.<\/p><p>Medtem ko je mogo\u010de klju\u010dne to\u010dke njegovega delovanja umestiti v severovzhodno Indijo 5. stoletja pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem, je njegov \u017eivljenjski opis v kanoni\u010dnih besedilih \u017ee mo\u010dno hagiografsko preoblikovan. Sodobno raziskovanje zato sledi dvojnemu branju, ki lo\u010deno obravnava zgodovinsko verjetnost in religiozno pomensko pripisovanje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5797f3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f5797f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2e7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8f2e7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ boginja: Poosebljena najvi\u0161ja mo\u010d v panteonu kulture, z jasnimi pristojnostmi \u2014 naravne sile, usoda, vojna, rodovitnost. \u010ca\u0161\u010den s kulti, daritvami in templjanskimi ustanovami.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/budizem\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Budisti\u010dna tradicija z bodhisattvami, za\u0161\u010ditnimi bo\u017eanstvi, la\u010dnimi duhovi in stra\u017earji pekla.\">Budizem<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27734 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e27734\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-000570b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"000570b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;Na tej strani ni najdenih naslovov.&quot;,&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;fas fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__000570b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7de5d7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7de5d7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b33f15 iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b33f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162427\" alt=\"Buda Gautama - bo\u017eanstva iz budisti\u010dne tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_buddhismus_buddha-gautama.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa2568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fa2568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46c540b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"46c540b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a8204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"29a8204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zgodovinska oseba in datacija<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36e800d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36e800d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Dolgo je veljala tako imenovana \u00bbdolga kronologija\u00ab z mejnimi datumi 563 do 483 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem kot standard.<\/p><p>Heinz Bechert je od 1980. let v ve\u010d knjigah (\u00bbDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00ab, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 do 1997) kriti\u010dno na novo ovrednotil vire in okrepil indice za \u00bbkratko kronologijo\u00ab z \u017eivljenjskimi datumi okoli 480 do 400 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem.<\/p><p>Mednarodno raziskovanje se od tedaj nagiba k datumu smrti med 410 in 380 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem. Hans Wolfgang Schumann (\u00bbDer historische Buddha\u00ab, K\u00f6ln 1982) je pred tem \u0161e zagovarjal dalj\u0161e datume.<\/p><p>Ta razprava ni zaklju\u010dena, vendar je metodolo\u0161ko pokazala, da je datacija odvisna od kronologije mavrijskih kraljev, zlasti A\u0161oke, in je zato relativna in ne absolutno zanesljiva.<\/p>\n<p>Kot biografsko jedro velja: Siddhartha se je rodil v plemenskem obmo\u010dju \u0160akjev v Lumbiniju na ju\u017enem robu Himalaje, njegov o\u010de Suddhodana je bil aristokrat ali izvoljeni plemenski poglavar, ne dedni kralj v poznej\u0161em pomenu. Lumbini le\u017ei v dana\u0161njem Nepalu blizu indijske meje.<\/p><p>Identifikacija kraja izhaja iz A\u0161okovega stebra v Lumbiniju, postavljenega v 3. stoletju pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem, ki poimensko ozna\u010duje rojstni kraj. Klaus-Josef Notz (\u00bbBuddhismus\u00ab, Stuttgart 2002) to <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali izklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">inskripcijo<\/span> ocenjuje kot najzgodnej\u0161e arheolo\u0161ko pri\u010devanje, ki Buddho povezuje s konkretnim krajem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15053dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15053dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7ece3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7ece3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u017divljenjski opis v palijskem kanonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25552a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c25552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najpodrobnej\u0161i kanoni\u010dni vir o koncu \u017eivljenja je Mahaparinibbana-sutta (Digha Nikaya 16). Opisuje zadnje mesece, potovanje iz Rajagrihe v Ku\u0161inagaro in smrt med dvema drevesoma sala. Besedilo velja za kompozicijsko zapleteno, saj zdru\u017euje popotni kronografski zapis z govori nauka in opisom pogrebnih obredov.<\/p><p>Druga besedila, kot je Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26), v prvi osebi pripovedujejo o iskanju spoznanja, odhodu iz star\u0161evskega doma in prelomu z asketskimi u\u010ditelji Alaro Kalamo in Uddako Ramaputto.<\/p><p>Lalitavistara, sanskrtsko besedilo iz 3. do 4. stoletja na\u0161ega \u0161tetja, te zapise razvije v okra\u0161eno hagiografijo s kozmi\u010dnimi \u010dude\u017ei.<\/p>\n<p>Znani \u00bb\u0161tirje izleti\u00ab, ob katerih mladi Siddhartha zagleda starca, bolnika, mrtveca in popotnega asketa, v najstarej\u0161i plasti kanona niso izpri\u010dani v tej strnjeni obliki.<\/p><p>Strnejo teolo\u0161ki <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>, ki soo\u010denje z minljivostjo razlaga kot spro\u017eilec odhoda. Edward Conze (\u00bbDer Buddhismus\u00ab, Stuttgart 1953) je opozoril, da gre za pripovedno kompozicijo, ki prevzema starej\u0161e pripovedne vzorce iz predbudisti\u010dne asketske literature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e46ce5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e46ce5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-604c3f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"604c3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nauk in \u0160tiri resnice<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d6a375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d6a375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Govor iz Sarnatha, Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11), formulira \u0161tiri \u00bbResnice\u00ab: bivanje je zaznamovano s trpljenjem (dukkha), trpljenje ima vzrok v po\u017eelenju (tanha), prenehanje trpljenja je mogo\u010de (nirodha), obstaja pot do tega, osem\u010dlena pot (atthangika-magga).<\/p><p>Osem \u010dlenov so pravi pogled, pravi sklep, pravi govor, pravo dejanje, pravi na\u010din pre\u017eivljanja, pravo prizadevanje, pravo zavedanje in pravo zbranost. Ta razdelitev je ve\u010dkrat izpri\u010dana v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kot zavezujo\u010da priznana zbirka svetih spisov religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> in velja za najstarej\u0161e sistemati\u010dno jedro nauka, ki ga je mogo\u010de verjetno pripisati zgodovinskemu Buddhi.<\/p>\n<p>Volker Zotz (\u00bbGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00ab, Reinbek 1996) ume\u0161\u010da \u0160tiri resnice v starodavno indijsko medicinsko diagnostiko: simptom, vzrok, ozdravljivost, terapija. To zdravstveno ozadje je v palijskem <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kot zavezujo\u010da priznana zbirka svetih spisov religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> ve\u010dkrat izrecno izra\u017eeno, na primer ko se Buddha sam imenuje \u00bbzdravnik\u00ab. Nauk torej ni zasnovan spekulativno, temve\u010d usmerjen v prakti\u010dno osvoboditev.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace9927 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ace9927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b024d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b024d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sangha in u\u010diteljsko delovanje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960cc77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"960cc77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po razsvetljenju v Bodh Gayi se je za\u010delo 45-letno u\u010diteljsko delovanje, ki se je osredoto\u010dalo na obmo\u010dje Magadhe, Kosale in Videhe. Najstarej\u0161e meni\u0161ke skupnosti so nastale v Sarnathu, Rajagrihi (Veluvana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svet gozdi\u010dek dreves, ki je slu\u017eil kot kraj \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">gozdi\u010dek<\/span>) in \u0160ravastiju (Jetavana-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Svet gozdi\u010dek dreves, ki je slu\u017eil kot kraj \u010da\u0161\u010denja.\" tabindex=\"0\">gozdi\u010dek<\/span>). Slednjega naj bi redu podaril trgovec Anathapindika.<\/p><p>Sangha je bila razdeljena v \u0161tiri skupine: menihe (bhikkhu), nune (bhikkhuni), mo\u0161ke in \u017eenske posvetne privr\u017eence. Sprejem \u017eensk, ki sta ga posredovala Ananda in poznana mati Mahapajapati, je izpri\u010dan v Cullavagi (Vinaya-Pitaka). Raziskovanje v tem vidi za staroindijsko religijsko zgodovino nenavaden korak, katerega zgodovinska zanesljivost pa je sporna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8264d71 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8264d71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f189522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f189522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli, ikonografija in relikvije<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c452567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c452567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Najzgodnej\u0161a budisti\u010dna umetnost, na primer reliefi iz Sanchija in Bharhuta (2. do 1. stoletje pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem), ne poznajo antropomorfnega upodabljanja Bude.<\/p><p>U\u010ditelj je simboliziran s praznimi prestoli, odtisi stopal, kolesom nauka (dharmacakra), drevesom bodhi in stupo. \u0160ele gandharska \u0161ola v 1. do 3. stoletju na\u0161ega \u0161tetja, ki jo je zaznamoval vpliv helenisti\u010dne kiparske tradicije, razvije \u010dloveku podobno ikonografijo.<\/p><p>Dvaintrideset \u00abglavnih znamenj\u00bb (mahapurusalaksana) iz poznej\u0161ih besedil, med njimi ushnisha (izboklina na glavi), urna (dlaka med obrvmi), podalj\u0161ane u\u0161esne me\u010dice in odtisi lotosa na podplatih, formalizirajo upodobitev. Kretnje rok (mudra) kodirajo nauke: dotik zemlje (bhumisparsha), gesta brezstrahnosti (abhaya), gesta u\u010denja (dharmacakra) in gesta zbranosti (dhyana).<\/p>\n<p>Po parinirvani so pepel in kostne ostanke razdelili med osem kraljestev in jih shranili v stupe. Ashoka naj bi v 3. stoletju pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem te stupe ponovno odprl in relikvije razdelil na 84.000 novih gradenj.<\/p><p>Ta \u0161tevilka je simbolna, arheolo\u0161ke najdbe pa ka\u017eejo na znatno raz\u0161iritev kulta stupe pod dinastijo Maurya.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c038d14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c038d14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b57e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4b57e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">U\u010dinek in verska nadgradnja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c398bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c398bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V mahajanskem budizmu, ki nastaja od 1. stoletja pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem, se ob zgodovinskem Budi uveljavi nauk o \u00abtreh telesih\u00bb (trikaya): telo preobrazbe (nirmanakaya), v katerem se je Siddharta pojavil kot zgodovinska oseba, telo naslade (sambhogakaya) in <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V indijskih religijah nauk in pravilni red delovanja.\" tabindex=\"0\">dharmovo<\/span> telo (dharmakaya) kot brez\u010dasna resnica.<\/p><p>V Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizmu in budizmu kratko besedilo naukov.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutri<\/span> (Lotosovi <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizmu in budizmu kratko besedilo naukov.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutri<\/span>, pribli\u017eno 1. stoletje na\u0161ega \u0161tetja) je \u0160akjamuni le ena od pojavnih oblik bitja, razsvetljenega pred neizmernimi \u010dasovnimi razdobji. Donald Lopez (\u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001) to premestitev prika\u017ee kot religijsko-zgodovinsko posplo\u0161itev, v kateri posamezna oseba postane kozmi\u010dna funkcija.<\/p>\n<p>Robert Buswell in Donald Lopez (\u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014) poka\u017eeta, da potekata zgodovinsko-kriti\u010dno raziskovanje Bude in versko \u010da\u0161\u010denje Bude v sodobnem azijskem budizmu v veliki meri vzporedno.<\/p><p>Zahodne akademske razprave o datiranju, kot je Bechertova, doslej v tradicionalnih samostanih \u0160rilanke, Tajske ali Tibeta niso naletele na velik odziv. Znanstveno je ta napetost sama predmet raziskovanja, saj odpira vpra\u0161anje, kako se biografska resni\u010dnost in verski pomen razmerata drug do drugega v izro\u010dilu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fea99b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7fea99b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e63532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e63532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sprejemanje v Evropi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bde59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b3bde59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Evropsko poznavanje Bude se za\u010dne s prevodi iz palija in sanskrta v 19. stoletju. Eug\u00e8ne Burnouf je s delom \u00abIntroduction \u00e0 l&#8217;histoire du buddhisme indien\u00bb (Pariz 1844) postavil temelj. Hermann Oldenberg je z delom \u00abBuddha. Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb (Berlin 1881) povezal filologijo in zgodovino religij.<\/p><p>Schopenhauer je budisti\u010dne motive sprejel iz druge roke in tako vplival dale\u010d onkraj akademske indologije. V 20. stoletju theravadski menih Nyanatiloka (Anton Gueth) zaznamuje nem\u0161ko govore\u010do budisti\u010dno naukoslovje s sistemati\u010dnimi prevodi iz palija. Ta linija u\u010dinkuje vse do dana\u0161njega akademskega in meditacijsko-prakti\u010dnega ukvarjanja z Budo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffc6968 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ffc6968\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73c461c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73c461c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Viri in dodatna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8545b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8545b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><div data-nosnippet=\"true\"><p>Primarni viri: Mahaparinibbana-sutta (Digha Nikaya 16); Ariyapariyesana-sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 26); Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (Samyutta Nikaya 56.11); Vinaya-Pitaka, Cullavagga; Lalitavistara; Saddharmapundarika-<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizmu in budizmu kratko besedilo naukov.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span> (Lotosova <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"V hinduizmu in budizmu kratko besedilo naukov.\" tabindex=\"0\">sutra<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>Sekundarna literatura:<\/p><ul><li>Heinz Bechert (izd.), \u00abDie Datierung des historischen Buddha\u00bb, 3 zvezki, G\u00f6ttingen 1991 do 1997.<\/li><li>Hans Wolfgang Schumann, \u00abDer historische Buddha\u00bb, K\u00f6ln 1982.<\/li><li>Klaus-Josef Notz, \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 2002.<\/li><li>Volker Zotz, \u00abGeschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie\u00bb, Reinbek 1996.<\/li><li>Edward Conze, \u00abDer Buddhismus\u00bb, Stuttgart 1953.<\/li><li>Donald Lopez, \u00abThe Story of Buddhism\u00bb, San Francisco 2001.<\/li><li>Robert Buswell in Donald Lopez, \u00abPrinceton Dictionary of Buddhism\u00bb, Princeton 2014.<\/li><li>Hermann Oldenberg, \u00abBuddha.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde\u00bb, Berlin 1881.<\/p><\/div><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c2b84 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4c2b84\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff18585 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff18585\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zgodnja skupnost menihov in nastajanje \u0161ol<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3a5d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f3a5d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>U\u010diteljsko delovanje Bude je \u017ee v njegovem \u017eivljenju pripeljalo do oblikovanja precej heterogene skupnosti. \u017de v prvi generaciji po parinirvani so se pokazale razlike v razlagalni praksi, ki so na tako imenovanem drugem koncilu v Vaishaliju (pribli\u017eno 100 let po parinirvani) pripeljale do prvega razkola.<\/p><p>Theravadini (\u00abu\u010ditelji starej\u0161ih\u00bb) in mahasanghike (\u00abvelika skupnost\u00bb) se lo\u010dijo, sporna vpra\u0161anja so zadevala deset disciplinskih vpra\u0161anj, med njimi ravnanje z denarjem in razlago pravil vinaje.<\/p><p>Iz mahasanghik so se skozi ve\u010d stoletij razvile predoblike mahajane, medtem ko se je linija theravade utrdila predvsem na \u0160rilanki. Heinz Bechert je v ve\u010d razpravah pokazal, da se ta zgodnji razkol \u0161ol metodolo\u0161ko dotika najpomembnej\u0161ega problema datiranja zgodnje budisti\u010dne zgodovine, saj ponuja relativno referen\u010dno to\u010dko za \u017eivljenjske podatke Bude.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb2de5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"acb2de5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc2480 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc2480\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ashokini stebri kot zgodovinski mejniki<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4773f11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4773f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Napisi mavrijskega cesarja A\u0161oke (vladal pribli\u017eno od 268 do 232 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem) so najstarej\u0161e nesporne zgodovinske pri\u010de o budisti\u010dni zgodovini.<\/p><p>Omenjajo Budo po imenu, opisujejo romanja k njegovim rojstnim in u\u010diteljskim krajem ter dokumentirajo cesarsko podporo sanghi. Steber iz Lumbinija (<span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali vklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> Rummindei, 250 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem) ozna\u010duje kraj njegovega rojstva.<\/p><p>Drug <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Besedilo, vrezano ali vklesano v trden nosilec.\" tabindex=\"0\">napis<\/span> v Nigali Sagarju se nana\u0161a na prej\u0161njega Budo z imenom Konagamana, kar ka\u017ee, da je A\u0161oko \u017ee tedaj zanimalo zaporedje Bud, v katero je vpet \u0160akjamuni.<\/p><p>Ti napisi so metodolo\u0161ko klju\u010dni, saj zanesljivo dokazujejo obstoj organizirane budisti\u010dne skupnosti in Budove geografije v 3. stoletju pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem. S tem je potrjen tudi obstoj osebe Bude pred tem datumom, ne da bi bilo s tem natan\u010dno dolo\u010deno njegovo \u017eivljenjsko obdobje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00e2b0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c00e2b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ed5a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66ed5a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Budov nauk o bogovih<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b6ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b6ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pogosto podcenjeno vpra\u0161anje v sodobnem raziskovanju se nana\u0161a na Budov odnos do bogov (deva) vedske tradicije. Palijski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zavezujo\u010de priznana zbirka svetih spisov neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> bogov ne prikazuje kot neobstoje\u010dih, temve\u010d jih uvr\u0161\u010da v hierarhi\u010dno urejen kozmos, v katerem so tudi oni podvr\u017eeni ponovnemu rojstvu in s tem trpljenju.<\/p><p>Indra (v paliju Sakka), Brahma, ni\u017eja bo\u017eanstva in bitja vi\u0161jih svetov se v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zavezujo\u010de priznana zbirka svetih spisov neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> ve\u010dkrat pojavijo kot sogovorci Bude.<\/p><p>Niso mu nadrejeni, temve\u010d ga prepoznajo kot svojega u\u010ditelja. To razmerje je z religiofenomenolo\u0161kega vidika posebno, budizem ni niti ateisti\u010den niti teisti\u010den v obi\u010dajnem pomenu besede. Klaus-Josef Notz je to konstelacijo v delu \u00abBuddhismus\u00bb opisal kot \u00abateisti\u010dno religijo s svetom bogov\u00bb. Bogovi imajo svoje funkcije, niso pa poslednja referen\u010dna to\u010dka.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3b1717 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3b1717\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e64bc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e64bc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vinaja in meni\u0161ka skupnost<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dbfa07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dbfa07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Disciplinarna pravila (vinaja), ki urejajo vsakdanje \u017eivljenje menihov in nun, se pripisujejo samemu Budi. Dejansko je Vinaja-pitaka postopoma nastajajo\u010da zbirka, katere najstarej\u0161e jedro sega v \u010das Budovega u\u010denja. 227 pratimoksha pravil za menihe (311 za nune) ureja obla\u010denje, prehranjevanje, bivalne razmere, spolno abstinenco in odnos do lai\u010dne skupnosti.<\/p><p>Berejo se dvakrat na mesec na zboru uposatha, kar zagotavlja stalno ozave\u0161\u010danje o disciplini. Ta praksa je neprekinjeno izpri\u010dana od 3. stoletja pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem in predstavlja tako eno najstarej\u0161ih religijskih disciplinarnih oblik na svetu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99198a5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"99198a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c9f48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c9f48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prvi koncili in kodifikacija nauka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2749d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2749d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po Buditovem parinirvani je po <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Prena\u0161anje znanja in pripovedi skozi generacije.\" tabindex=\"0\">izro\u010dilu<\/span> v Rad\u017eagrihi potekal prvi budisti\u010dni koncil, ki ga je sklical Mahakasjapa. Ananda je recitiral govore (Sutta-pitaka), Upali pa disciplinarna pravila (Vinaja-pitaka).<\/p><p>To izro\u010dilo je zapisano v Culavagi. \u00c9tienne Lamotte (Histoire du bouddhisme indien, Louvain 1958) koncilsko izro\u010dilo ocenjuje kot poznej\u0161o pripoved o legitimaciji, ki pa vsebuje zgodovinsko verjetno jedro: ohranjanje ustno izro\u010denega nauka s standardiziranimi recitacijami.<\/p><p>Drugi koncil v Vai\u0161aliju (pribli\u017eno 380 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem) je obravnaval deset spornih disciplinarnih vpra\u0161anj. Tretji koncil v Pataliputri pod A\u0161oko (pribli\u017eno 250 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem) v teravadski tradiciji velja za zaklju\u010dek kanonizacije Tipitake.<\/p><p>Mahasanghika linija te tretje skup\u0161\u010dine v tak\u0161ni obliki ne poznam, kar \u017ee v zgodnji fazi ka\u017ee na \u0161olsko pogojeno zgodovinopisje.<\/p>\n<p>Dokon\u010dna pisna utrditev palijskega kanona je bila izvedena \u0161ele na \u0160rilanki pod kraljem Vattagamanijem Abhajo v 1. stoletju pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem. Na \u010detrtem koncilu v Aluviharu so bila besedila prvi\u010d zapisana na palmovih listih.<\/p><p>Ta prelomnica je religijsko-zgodovinsko pomembna, saj ozna\u010duje prehod od \u010diste kulture spomina k pisni kulturi. Do tedaj so specializirane skupine menihov (bhanaka) posamezne besedilne sklope izro\u010dale na pamet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adc2a29 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adc2a29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c6626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buda v primerjavi s sodobnimi u\u010ditelji<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26118f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26118f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Buda je \u017eivel in deloval v obdobju verske pluralnosti, ki ga palijski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Zavezujo\u010de priznana zbirka svetih spisov neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span> opisuje kot \u010das \u00ab\u0161estih drugih u\u010diteljev\u00bb. Mednje so sodili Mahavira, ustanovitelj d\u017eainizma, Makhali Gosala (ad\u017eivika), Purana Kasapa, Pakudha Ka\u010d\u010dajana, Ad\u017eita Kesakambali in Sand\u017eaja Belathiputa. Samannaphala-sutta (Digha Nikaja 2) podaja primerjalni prikaz njihovih naukov.<\/p><p>Raziskovalci so te vire preu\u010dili, da bi rekonstruirali duhovnozgodovinski profil indijske osne dobe. Karl Jaspers je to konstelacijo v svojem delu \u00abVom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\u00bb (1949) uvrstil v globalno osno dobo, v kateri so hkrati na Kitajskem, v Indiji, Iranu in Gr\u010diji nastajala nova filozofska gibanja.<\/p>\n<p>Bli\u017eina z Mahaviro je posebej opazna. Oba sta u\u010dila v isti pokrajini, oba sta privr\u017eence pridobivala iz k\u0161atrijske aristokracije, oba sta kritizirala vedski \u017ertveni kult. Padmanabh Jaini (The Jaina Path of Purification, Berkeley 1979) je sistemati\u010dno razdelal podobnosti in razlike med njima.<\/p><p>Medtem ko so d\u017eainisti zagovarjali strogo askezo in kvazi-materialni nauk o karmi, je Buda oblikoval \u00absrednjo pot\u00bb med \u010dutnim naslajanjem in samomu\u010denjem ter substancialni nauk o du\u0161i nadomestil z na\u010delom anatta.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-331b0f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"331b0f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81e52c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"81e52c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dvanajst glavnih motivov Budove hagiografije<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189913c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"189913c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Poznej\u0161a hagiografija je Buddhovo \u017eivljenje strnila v dvanajst normativnih glavnih dogodkov, ki so kot \u00bbdvanajst dejanj\u00ab (mdzad pa bcu gnyis) kodificirani zlasti v tibetanski tradiciji.<\/p><p>Obsegajo spust iz nebes Tu\u0161ita, spo\u010detje, rojstvo, spretnosti mladosti, poroko in bogastvo, odhod, askezo, zmago nad Maro, doseganje razsvetljenja, u\u010diteljsko delovanje in parinirvano.<\/p><p>Ta standardizacija je v mahajani in vad\u017erajani nastala \u0161ele po 7. stoletju na\u0161ega \u0161tetja. Najpodrobnej\u0161o predlogo ponuja Lalitavistara. Steven Collins (\u00bbSelfless Persons\u00ab, Cambridge 1982) je pokazal, da ima ta kodifikacija religiosociolo\u0161ko funkcijo: ustvarja meditativno vizualizacijsko shemo, ki se lahko reproducira v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dolo\u010deni red bogoslu\u017eja neke verske skupnosti.\" tabindex=\"0\">liturgiji<\/span> in samostanskem pouku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62ba234 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62ba234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c61e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddha kot u\u010ditelj bogov in ljudi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-293d475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"293d475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>V pali <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kot zavezujo\u010d priznan zbir svetih spisov neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanonu<\/span> Buddha nosi naslov \u00bbsatthadevamanussanam\u00ab, \u00bbu\u010ditelj bogov in ljudi\u00ab. Ta naslov odra\u017ea kozmolo\u0161ki polo\u017eaj Razsvetljenega znotraj indijskega modela \u0161estih podro\u010dij (bogovi, polbogovi, ljudje, \u017eivali, la\u010dni duhovi, bitja pekla). Tudi Indra (Sakka), Brahma Sahampati in ni\u017eja bo\u017eanstva veljajo za Buddhove u\u010dence.<\/p><p>Ta hierarhizacija ne slu\u017ei polemiki proti vedskemu nebesnemu panteonu, temve\u010d njegovi vklju\u010ditvi v budisti\u010dno shemo. Lambert Schmithausen (\u00bbBuddhism and Nature\u00ab, Tokio 1991) opozarja na strategijo \u00bbinkluzivizma\u00ab, ki je bila zna\u010dilna za zgodnjeindijsko versko tekmovanje.<\/p><p>Tudi Mara, sku\u0161ajo\u010di nasprotnik pod drevesom bodi, se ne razlaga kot ontolo\u0161ko zlo bitje, temve\u010d kot psihi\u010dno-kozmi\u010dna personifikacija zapletenosti v postajanje.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a752db3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a752db3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-342dca2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"342dca2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Buddhova smrt in vpra\u0161anje Cunde<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c68b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c68b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Mahaparinibbana-sutta poro\u010da, da je Buddha pred smrtjo pri kova\u010du Cundi zau\u017eil jed, imenovano \u00bbsukara-maddava\u00ab.<\/p><p>Prevod je sporen: \u00bbne\u017eno svinjsko meso\u00ab (Rhys Davids), \u00bbgobe, ki jih izkopavajo pra\u0161i\u010di\u00ab (Walpola Rahula), \u00bbmladi bambusovi poganjki\u00ab. Raziskovalci se strinjajo, da je Buddha po tem obroku utrpel hudo trebu\u0161no krizo, verjetno bakterijsko zastrupitev s hrano ali epizodo mezenterialnega infarkta.<\/p><p>Buddha je Cundo javno branil, reko\u010d, da sta darovani obrok, ki predhodi razsvetljenju, in obrok pred parinirvano dve najvi\u0161ji zaslugi.<\/p><p>Ta gesta je v raziskavah dele\u017ena velike pozornosti, ker simboli\u010dno prestavlja odgovornost za u\u010diteljevo smrt in razbremenjuje vpra\u0161anje krivde. Hellmuth Hecker je v ve\u010d razpravah o Cundi izpostavil medicinski in religiofenomenolo\u0161ki vidik.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9283984 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9283984\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220b27b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"220b27b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pogosto zastavljena vpra\u0161anja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a83b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a83b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kdaj je \u017eivel zgodovinski Buddha?<\/strong> Starej\u0161e raziskave so ga datirale med 563 in 483 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem.<\/p><p>Raziskave Heinza Becherta so pokazale, da \u00bbkratka kronologija\u00ab z \u017eivljenjskimi podatki okoli 480 do 400 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem bolje ustreza stanju virov. Mednarodne raziskave danes bolj nagibajo k datumu smrti med 410 in 380 pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kje je bil Buddha rojen?<\/strong> V Lumbiniju v dana\u0161njem ju\u017enem Nepalu. Kraj je poimensko identificiran z A\u0161okovim stebrom iz 3. stoletja pred na\u0161im \u0161tetjem.<\/p>\n<p>Kak\u0161na je razlika med zgodovinskim Buddho in Buddho v mahajani? V teravadskem budizmu je \u0160akjamuni zgodovinski u\u010ditelj tega svetovnega obdobja. V mahajani je ena od mnogih manifestacij kozmi\u010dno razumljenega Buddhovega principa. Obe koncepciji obstajata vzporedno in se v znanstvenih raziskavah obravnavata lo\u010deno.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kateri jezik je govoril Buddha?<\/strong> Z veliko verjetnostjo staroindoarijski ljudski jezik, domnevno tesno sorodno z dana\u0161njim magadhijem. Pali, v katerem je izro\u010den najstarej\u0161i <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Kot zavezujo\u010d priznan zbir svetih spisov neke religije.\" tabindex=\"0\">kanon<\/span>, je literarno glajena oblika, ki ni identi\u010dna z magadhijem, vendar je z njim sorodna.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3273,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Buddha Gautama","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Buddha Gautama \u2013 ustanovitelj budizma | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Siddhartha Gautama, zgodovinski Buddha, ustanovitelj budizma, \u0160tiri resnice in Osem\u010dlena pot. \u017divljenje, nauk in 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