{"id":160824,"date":"2026-09-05T00:26:22","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:26:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/?page_id=160824"},"modified":"2026-09-05T00:47:04","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T00:47:04","slug":"gilgames","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/gilgames\/","title":{"rendered":"Gilgame\u0161"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"160824\" class=\"elementor elementor-160824 elementor-3021 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3e3c3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f3e3c3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbc821e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bbc821e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d188d32 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d188d32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058fd72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058fd72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gilgame\u0161, kralj Uruka in junak epa<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e492cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e492cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je kralj Uruka in kot junak epa osrednja pojava najstarej\u0161ega v klinopisu ohranjenega velikega epa \u010dlove\u0161tva. Gilgame\u0161 je najbr\u017e najslavnej\u0161i literarni junak starodavne mezopotamske izro\u010dila.<\/p><p>Kot pravlji\u010dni kralj Uruka po kraljevih seznamih vlada pribli\u017eno 126 let in postopoma postaja polbo\u017eanska pojava, katere iskanje nesmrtnosti je osrednja tema po njem imenovanega epa.<\/p><p>Ep o Gilgame\u0161u v svoji kanoni\u010dni standardni razli\u010dici dvanajstih tablic sodi med najstarej\u0161a ohranjena dela svetovne literature in obravnava temeljna vpra\u0161anja \u010dlove\u0161kega bivanja.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9ddbb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cc9ddbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6b7fd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f6b7fd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iwg-pill-row\"><span class=\"iwg-klasse-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Bog \/ boginja: Poosebljena najvi\u0161ja mo\u010d v panteonu neke kulture, z jasnimi pristojnostmi \u2014 naravne sile, usoda, vojna, rodovitnost. \u010ca\u0161\u010den s kulti, daritvami in templjanskimi ustanovami.\">Bog<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/mezopotamija\/\" class=\"iwg-kultur-badge\" tabindex=\"0\" data-tooltip=\"Zibelka dokumentirane religije \u2014 Sumer, Akad, Babilon, Asirija (pribl. 3500 pr. n. \u0161t. do 330 pr. n. \u0161t.).\">Mezopotamija<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27e3cd9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27e3cd9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae065e5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ae065e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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8z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tKazalo vsebine\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" 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9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ae065e5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ee736b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ee736b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b44efa iwg-hero-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b44efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-162448\" alt=\"Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 bogovi iz mezopotamske tradicije, zgodovinsko-ilustrativno\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-683x1024.webp 683w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh-768x1152.webp 768w, https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/goetter_mesopotamien_gilgamesh.webp 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f624568 e-con-boxed e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f624568\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-642c4d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"642c4d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e289b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01e289b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mit in izvor<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1063586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1063586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je zgodovinsko najverjetneje povezan s kraljem Uruka iz zgodnjedinasti\u010dnega obdobja za\u010detka 3. tiso\u010dletja pr. n. \u0161t. Njegovo ime se pojavlja v sumerskih kraljevih seznamih kot peti kralj prve dinastije Uruka, med vladarji, ki so delno imeli polbo\u017eanski zna\u010daj.<\/p><p>\u017de v starosumerskem izro\u010dilu je veljal za polbo\u017eanskega, ker je bila njegova mati Ninsun, manj\u0161a boginja, povezana z Lugalbando, prav tako pobo\u017eevanim vladarjem.<\/p>\n<p>Starosumerske pripovedi o Gilgame\u0161u niso enoten roman, temve\u010d vrsta posameznih pesnitev. Med njimi so \u00bbGilgame\u0161 in Aga\u00ab, \u00bbGilgame\u0161 in Huwawa\u00ab, \u00bbGilgame\u0161 in nebe\u0161ki bik\u00ab, \u00bbGilgame\u0161ova smrt\u00ab in \u00bbGilgame\u0161, Enkidu in podzemlje\u00ab.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V starobabilonskem obdobju, okoli 1800 pr. n. \u0161t., so te pesnitve zbrali v prvo povezano kompozicijo, tokrat v akadskem jeziku. V srednjeasirskem obdobju, okoli 1200 pr. n. \u0161t., je nastala poznej\u0161a standardna razli\u010dica v dvanajstih tablicah, ki jo pripisujejo duhovniku Sin-leqi-unninniju.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ep sledi najprej nebrzdanemu kralju Gilgame\u0161u, ki svoje podlo\u017enike mu\u010di s prevzetnimi zahtevami. Bogovi ustvarijo Enkiduja, divje \u017eive\u010dega mo\u017ea, ki mu je enak po mo\u010di. Oba postaneta prijatelja in skupaj odideta premagati Humbabo, varuha cedrovega gozda.<\/p><p>Po tej zmagi Gilgame\u0161 u\u017eali boginjo I\u0161tar, ki mu v kazen na mesto poslje nebe\u0161kega bika. Oba junaka bika ubijeta, zaradi \u010desar bogovi kot povra\u010dilo za krivdo prizadenejo Enkiduja z boleznijo. Njegova smrt Gilgame\u0161a potopi v globoko \u017eivljenjsko krizo in ga po\u017eene v iskanje nesmrtnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161 potuje k Utnapi\u0161timu, pre\u017eivelemu velike povodnji, ki mu pripoveduje zgodbo o potopu in mu nalo\u017ei preizku\u0161nje, na katerih spodleti. Na poti nazaj najde rastlino, ki naj bi obrnila starost, vendar mu jo ukrade ka\u010da.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161 se vrne v Uruk in s ponosom zre na obzidje svojega mesta: to je njegova trajna slava. Ta sklepna kompozicija velja za eno najbolj pretresljivih zaklju\u010dnih formulacij anti\u010dne literature.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d601c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"00d601c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-209af5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"209af5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Simboli in atributi<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a25502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a25502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je v likovni umetnosti upodobljen kot visok junak z brado in kodrastimi lasmi. Njegova najpomembnej\u0161a atributa sta bojna kija, pogosto z dvojno glavo, in lok. Na novoasirskih reliefih se v\u010dasih pojavlja z levom pod roko, upodobitev, ki simbolno ponazarja njegovo izjemno telesno mo\u010d.<\/p>\n<p>Ena ikonografska tradicija ga prikazuje kot heroja med dvema pokon\u010dnima levoma, polo\u017eaj, ki v starodavnem mezopotamskem slikovnem programu ozna\u010duje \u00bbgospodarja \u017eivali\u00ab. Ta polo\u017eaj si delijo \u0161tevilne juna\u0161ke pojave in bogovi panteona. Reliefi iz pala\u010de Sargona II. v Khorsabadu ga prikazujejo v tem polo\u017eaju, kar poudarja medkulturno privla\u010dnost te figure.<\/p>\n<p>Njegov spremljevalec Enkidu je poseben ikonografski tip, pogosto prikazan z dolgimi lasmi, ko\u017euhovino in potezami divje \u017eivali. Oba junaka skupaj sta starodavni mezopotamski parni <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span>, ki se pozneje v podobni obliki vra\u010da v gr\u0161kih in perzijskih pripovedih. <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">Motiv<\/span> tesnega juna\u0161kega prijateljskega para je povzel Friedrich Schiller in mnogi drugi avtorji novej\u0161ega \u010dasa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-099eba1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"099eba1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c9a82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"11c9a82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kult in \u010da\u0161\u010denje<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7655e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7655e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 je bil v nasprotju z mnogimi junaki anti\u010dnega sveta dejansko kultno \u010da\u0161\u010den. Napisi iz starosumerskega in starobabilonskega \u010dasa pri\u010dajo o <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Dar bo\u017eanstvu, s katerim se izra\u017ea zahvala, pro\u0161nja ali \u010da\u0161\u010denje.\" tabindex=\"0\">daritvah<\/span>, ki so jih njegovemu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Breztelesno bitje, ki naj bi imelo u\u010dinek v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duhu<\/span> darovali v mesecu \u017ealovanja za mrtvimi. Klicali so ga zlasti kot bo\u017eanstvo vede\u017eevanja in sodnika v podzemlju, kjer naj bi pozdravljal mrtve in jim kazal pot.<\/p>\n<p>Pomembno <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Sveti kraj, posve\u010den \u010da\u0161\u010denju bo\u017eanstva.\" tabindex=\"0\">sveti\u0161\u010de<\/span> je bilo Eturkalama v Uruku, ki je bilo <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Z verskim dejanjem izro\u010deno svetemu in s tem dvignjeno iz vsakdanjega.\" tabindex=\"0\">posve\u010deno<\/span> njemu in njegovim predhodnikom. Tudi v Nippurju in Babilonu so njegovo ime izrekali v zagovornih besedilih in \u017ealostinkah. Njegov <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Breztelesno bitje, ki naj bi imelo u\u010dinek v svetu.\" tabindex=\"0\">duh<\/span> je pri vede\u017eevalskih praksah veljal za posebej mogo\u010dnega, ker je kot junak dvakrat vstopil v podzemlje: enkrat, da bi vrnil Enkiduja, in enkrat po lastni smrti.<\/p>\n<p>V novoasirskem \u010dasu je njegov literarni sloves ostal neomajan, medtem ko je kultni pomen upadal. A\u0161urbanipal, veliki knji\u017eni\u010dar-kralj, je Ep o Gilgame\u0161u hranil v ve\u010d izvodih v svoji knji\u017enici.<\/p><p>Velik del ohranjenih tablic izvira iz te kraljeve zbirke v Ninivi. Tudi v Hattu\u0161i, glavnem mestu Hetitov, je nastal hetitski prevod, kar ka\u017ee na mednarodno raz\u0161irjenost snovi.<\/p>\n<p>V poznobabilonskem in selevkidskem \u010dasu je literarna tradicija bledela. Vendar se sledovi Gilgame\u0161eve snovi \u0161e pojavljajo v judovsko-aramejskih in sirskih virih, pogosto preneseni na druge junake. Neposredna tradicija se je kon\u010dala \u0161ele s popolnim zasutjem mezopotamske pisne kulture v 1. stoletju n. \u0161t.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722db8b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"722db8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9000838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9000838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pomembni miti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1285d50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1285d50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Glavno delo je Ep o Gilgame\u0161u v standardni razli\u010dici na dvanajstih plo\u0161\u010dicah. Plo\u0161\u010de I in II opisujejo mladega, oblastnega Gilgame\u0161a in stvarjenje Enkiduja s strani boginje Aruru. Sre\u010danje obeh junakov, njun spopad in kasnej\u0161e prijateljstvo so verstvenozgodovinsko izjemni, ker klasi\u010dni konflikt med mestom in stepo spremenijo v vez ljubezni.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u0161\u010de III do V opisujejo potovanje v cedrov gozd in boj s Humbabo, \u010duvajem gozda. Ta epizoda je verstvenozgodovinsko pomembna, ker povezuje kozmi\u010dno geografijo s konkretno trgovino z lesom. Pridobivanje cedrovega lesa v Libanonu je bilo resni\u010dna gospodarska dejavnost mezopotamskih kraljev, ep pa jo mitsko upravi\u010duje.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u0161\u010de VI do VIII vsebujejo epizodo z I\u0161tar, ubitje nebe\u0161kega bika in smrt Enkiduja. Tu so verstvenozgodovinske teme najgostej\u0161e.<\/p><p>Gilgame\u0161ova zavrnitev, da bi I\u0161tar vzel za \u017eensko, in njegovo na\u0161tevanje njenih prej\u0161njih ljubimcev je redek primer polemike proti mogo\u010dnemu <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je znotraj religije \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvu<\/span>. Odziv bogov, ki dovolijo, da Enkidu umre, dajejo pripovedi teolo\u0161ko globino.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u0161\u010de IX do XI so posve\u010dene Gilgame\u0161evi poti obupa. Potuje skozi predore son\u010dnega boga, pre\u010dka vode smrti, dose\u017ee Utnapi\u0161tima in poslu\u0161a pripoved o potopu.<\/p><p>Plo\u0161\u010da XI s svojim iz\u010drpnim poro\u010dilom o potopu je zgodovinsko posebej pomembna, ker so jo brali kot vzporednico biblijski zgodbi o vesoljnem potopu in je v 19. stoletju globoko vplivala na razprave o literarni predzgodovini Peteroknji\u017eja.<\/p>\n<p>Plo\u0161\u010da XII, poznej\u0161i dodatek, prikazuje Gilgame\u0161ovo \u017ealovanje za Enkidujem in vrnitev Enkidujevega duha iz podzemlja. Ta del je pravzaprav prevod sumerske pesnitve \u00bbGilgame\u0161, Enkidu in podzemlje\u00ab in ni ume\u0161\u010den v pripovedno zasnovo standardne razli\u010dice, zato ga raziskovalci obravnavajo kot dodatek.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8302448 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8302448\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aae4bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aae4bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Odnosi v panteonu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbbfd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8cbbfd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gilgame\u0161 kot zgodovinska osebnost v o\u017ejem pomenu ni del panteona, po smrti pa so ga \u010dastili kot poluboga in sodnika podzemlja. Njegova mati Ninsun, boginja modrosti in \u017eivinoreje, spada v <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Celota bogov neke religije ali kulture.\" tabindex=\"0\">panteon<\/span> Uruka. Njegov o\u010de Lugalbanda je bil pobo\u017eanjen predhodnik na prestolu Uruka.<\/p>\n<p>Njegov spremljevalec Enkidu ni razumljen kot <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Bitje, ki je znotraj religije \u010da\u0161\u010deno kot bo\u017eansko.\" tabindex=\"0\">bo\u017eanstvo<\/span>, temve\u010d kot divje \u017eive\u010da stvarjena podoba, ki po smrti preide v kraljestvo Ere\u0161kigal. Z Inano (I\u0161tar), mestno boginjo Uruka, je Gilgame\u0161 v konfliktnem razmerju. Z \u0160ama\u0161em, son\u010dnim bogom in bogom prava, pa je v za\u0161\u010ditni\u0161kem odnosu, saj mu \u0160ama\u0161 pomaga pri bojnih nalogah.<\/p>\n<p>Z Utnapi\u0161timom in njegovo \u017eeno ga povezuje sre\u010danje na koncu sveta, s Siduri, to\u010dajko ob vodah smrti, pa filozofski pouk o \u010dlove\u0161kem bivanju. Ta sre\u010danja razvijajo bogato teolo\u0161ko pokrajino, v kateri Gilgame\u0161 vse bolj postaja u\u010ditelj bralca.<\/p>\n<p>Gilgame\u0161evo razmerje z materjo Ninsun je osrednjega pomena. Ninsun, katere ime pomeni \u00bbgospodarica divjih krav\u00ab, je boginja mesta Uruk in je upodobljena kot svetovalka in razlagalka sanj junaka.<\/p><p>V I. plo\u0161\u010di razlaga Gilgame\u0161eve sanje, v katerih se Enkidu prika\u017ee kot bodo\u010di prijatelj. Ta vloga bo\u017eanske matere je arhai\u010den element, ki igra vlogo tudi v drugih mezopotamskih juna\u0161kih epih, na primer pri Lugalbandi in Etani.<\/p>\n<p>Njegov o\u010de Lugalbanda je sam juna\u0161ka figura, kateri sta posve\u010deni dve lastni sumerski pripovedi. Teogonska linija Gilgame\u0161\u2013Lugalbanda\u2013Ninsun povezuje mesto Uruk z bo\u017eansko-kraljevskim rodovnikom, ki se razteza \u010dez tri generacije. Ta rodovnik je bil zapisan v sumerskem kraljevem seznamu in je mestu Uruk dajal teolo\u0161ko dostojnost, ki je presegala preprosto mestno zgodovino.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32f1d5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32f1d5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c880a2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c880a2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recepcija in vpliv<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1467b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1467b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Epos o Gilgame\u0161u je leta 1872 razvozlal George Smith v British Museumu, kar je spro\u017eilo znanstveno senzacijo okoli plo\u0161\u010de s potopom. Od takrat je preveden v desetine jezikov in iz\u0161el v \u0161tevilnih izdajah.<\/p><p>Rainer Maria Rilke ga je imenoval \u00bbeno najve\u010djih del \u010dlove\u0161ke literature\u00ab, Carl Gustav Jung pa ga je v arhetipskem smislu razlagal kot potovanje zavestnega jaza v globino du\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>V sodobni literaturi je bil gilgame\u0161ovski <span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Ponavljajo\u010d se vsebinski element v umetnosti ali pripovedi.\" tabindex=\"0\">motiv<\/span> ve\u010dkrat obravnavan, med drugim pri Hansu Hennyju Jahnnu, Stephanu Grundyju, Robertu Silverbergu in Joan London.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Skladatelj Bohuslav Martin\u016f je napisal \u00bbThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00ab, kantato za soliste, zbor in orkester, ki je bila prvi\u010d izvedena leta 1958 v Baslu. V stripih, filmih in igrah se junak pojavlja v \u0161tevilnih priredbah, pogosto z veliko svobode do anti\u010dne snovi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>V zgodovini religij ima ep osrednjo vlogo pri primerjalnem raziskovanju junaka, smrti in vesoljnega potopa. Vzporednice z biblijsko Genezo so od odkritja standardna tema teolo\u0161kih in znanstvenih u\u010dbenikov. Vpra\u0161anje, ali gre za zgodovinsko odvisnost ali skupni izvor, je predmet razprav \u0161e danes.<\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>V sodobni zgodovini religij je Ep o Gilgame\u0161u temeljito spremenil razpravo o izvoru biblijskega potopa. Hermann Gunkel je v delu \u00bbGenesis\u00ab (1901) postavil tezo, da mezopotamska tradicija jezikovno in motivsko oblikuje biblijsko pripoved.<\/span><\/p><p>To tezo je prevzel Claus Westermann v svojem obse\u017enem komentarju h Genezi, danes pa velja za splo\u0161no sprejeto. Natan\u010den na\u010din prenosa, bodisi neposredno prek babilonskega ujetni\u0161tva bodisi prek ustnih izro\u010dil na Bli\u017enjem vzhodu, ostaja predmet razprave.<\/p>\n<p>V sodobni literaturi je Gilgame\u0161 postal simbol iskanja smisla po izgubi prijatelja.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Najpomembnej\u0161e literarne priredbe so \u00bbDas Buch von Gilgamesch\u00ab (1972) Stefana Heyma, \u00bbGilgamesh\u00ab (2001) Joan London in roman \u00bbGilgamesh the King\u00ab (1984) Roberta Silverberga. V filmu je Andrej Tarkovski v \u00bbStalkerju\u00ab (1979) uporabil gilgame\u0161ovske motive, kar je izrecno omenil v svojih zapiskih.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3751e1a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3751e1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede18c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ede18c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Religiologska umestitev<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1cbef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1cbef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Andrew George je v svoji kriti\u010dni izdaji \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb rekonstruiral rokopisno izro\u010dilo in analiziral epos v njegovem starovzhodnem kontekstu. Njegovo delo velja za standardno referen\u010dno delo in je odlo\u010dilno oblikovalo znanstveno razumevanje snovi. Stefan Maul je v ve\u010d \u0161tudijah analiziral magijsko-obredne vidike epa.<\/p>\n<p>Thorkild Jacobsen v Gilgame\u0161evi snovi vidi starodavno mezopotamsko obliko razmi\u0161ljanja o smrti in umiranju. Po njegovem mnenju epos ni predvsem juna\u0161ki roman, temve\u010d teolo\u0161ki spopad s kon\u010dnostjo. Jean Bott\u00e9ro poudarja dru\u017ebeno funkcijo besedila, ki so ga v \u0161olah prepisovali pisarski vajenci in je tako postalo temelj izobrazbe starodavne mezopotamske elite.<\/p>\n<p>Stephanie Dalley in Wilfred Lambert sta pripravila prevode in komentarje, ki so delo pribli\u017eali \u0161ir\u0161i javnosti. Walther Sallaberger je rekonstruiral starosumerske predhodnike. Raziskovalci danes v Gilgame\u0161u vidijo eno najpomembnej\u0161ih pri\u010devanj starodavne mezopotamske visoke kulture o sami sebi in klju\u010dno besedilo za vpra\u0161anje, kako je zgodnja visoka kultura razmi\u0161ljala o smrtnosti, prijateljstvu in slavi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d2adc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d4d2adc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1926c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d1926c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Standardna verzija in Sin-leqi-unninni<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf00aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf00aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Literarno najbolj znana oblika Gilgame\u0161ovega epa je tako imenovana standardna verzija, akadska kompozicija na dvanajstih plo\u0161\u010dicah, ki je bila sestavljena sredi 2. tiso\u010dletja pr. n. \u0161t. pod naslovom \u00abSha naqba imuru\u00bb, \u00abTisti, ki je vse videl\u00bb.<\/p><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">Anti\u010dno<\/span> izro\u010dilo redakcijo pripisuje u\u010denemu Babilonci po imenu Sin-leqi-unninni, \u010darovniku in pisarju, ki je verjetno deloval v srednjebabilonskem obdobju (12. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.).<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Njegovo ime se v pisarskih seznamih iz Niniv navaja kot \u00bbtisti, ki je sestavil plo\u0161\u010dice\u00ab. Andrew George je v svoji monumentalni izdaji \u00abThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00bb (Oxford, 2003) natan\u010dno rekonstruiral zgodovino besedila in primerjal vire iz Niniv, Sultantepeja, Babilona, Uruka in Mezopotamije.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Standardna verzija je razdeljena na dvanajst plo\u0161\u010dic. Plo\u0161\u010dici I in II obravnavata nastanek Enkiduja in njegovo sre\u010danje z Gilgame\u0161em. Plo\u0161\u010dice III do V opisujejo potovanje v cedrov gozd in boj s Humbabo. Plo\u0161\u010dica VI pripoveduje o sre\u010danju z I\u0161tar in ubitju nebe\u0161kega bika.<\/p><p>Plo\u0161\u010dica VII vsebuje smrt Enkiduja in Gilgame\u0161evo \u017ealovanje. Plo\u0161\u010dice VIII do XI pripovedujejo o Gilgame\u0161evem iskanju nesmrtnosti, vklju\u010dno s sre\u010danjem z Utnapi\u0161tijem, mezopotamskim Noetom, in pripovedjo o potopu. Plo\u0161\u010dica XII je sumerski dodatek, ki kot priloga navaja izvle\u010dek iz besedila \u00abGilgame\u0161, Enkidu in podzemlje\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Pripoved o potopu na plo\u0161\u010dici XI je ena najbolj znanih epizod svetovne literature. Utnapi\u0161ti Gilgame\u0161u pripoveduje, kako ga je Enki posvaril pred veliko povodnjo, ki jo je bog Enlil naklonil \u010dlove\u0161tvu. Utnapi\u0161ti je zgradil ladjo, v katero je re\u0161il svojo dru\u017eino, vsa \u017eiva bitja in znanje.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Po sedmih dneh povodnji je ladja pristala na gori Nisir, bogovi pa so Utnapi\u0161tija naredili nesmrtnega. Pripoved je leta 1872 prvi objavil George Smith v Britanskem muzeju, kar je spro\u017eilo znanstveno in teolo\u0161ko senzacijo, saj je nakazovala mo\u017eno mezopotamsko predlogo biblijske pripovedi o potopu.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf92d0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bf92d0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5377 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f5377\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Starobabilonske verzije in Bilgame\u0161evi teksti<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a698770 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a698770\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pred standardno verzijo je obstajalo ve\u010d starobabilonskih verzij iz 18. stoletja pr. n. \u0161t., med njimi Pennsylvanska in Yaleska plo\u0161\u010dica, ki so ju v obeh primerih kot vaje v pisanju prepisovali u\u010denci akademij.<\/p><p>Te starobabilonske verzije so ponekod bolj skopo besedne in liturgi\u010dno bolj gibljive kot standardna verzija ter vsebujejo razli\u010dice, ki nakazujejo sre\u010den konec razmerja med Gilgame\u0161em in Enkidujem. Pennsylvanska plo\u0161\u010dica se za\u010dne s sanjsko napovedjo Enkiduja, ki jo izre\u010de Gilgame\u0161eva mati Ninsun, prizor, ki je v standardni verziji povzet v skraj\u0161ani obliki.<\/p>\n<p>Pred starobabilonskimi verzijami obstaja sumersko izro\u010dilo, v katerem Gilgame\u0161 pod imenom Bilgame\u0161 nastopa v petih samostojnih pripovedih.<\/p><p>Ti Bilgame\u0161evi teksti so: \u00abBilgame\u0161 in Aga\u00bb, opis obleganja Uruka s strani kraljevega soseda Age; \u00abBilgame\u0161 in Huwawa\u00bb, predhodnik epizode s Humbabo; \u00abBilgame\u0161 in nebe\u0161ki bik\u00bb; \u00abBilgame\u0161, Enkidu in podzemlje\u00bb; ter \u00abSmrt Bilgame\u0161a\u00bb.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Teh pet sumerskih besedil je starej\u0161ih od akadskega izro\u010dila in segajo v \u010das tretje dinastije Ura (21. stoletje pr. n. \u0161t.). Popolno izdajo z angle\u0161kim prevodom je pripravil Andrew George v knjigi \u00abThe Epic of Gilgamesh\u00bb (Penguin Classics, 1999).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Posebej pomemben vir je \u00abSmrt Bilgame\u0161a\u00bb, besedilo, ki opisuje smrt junaka in njegov pogreb. Gilgame\u0161 je v podzemlju postavljen za sodnika, funkcijo, ki jo pozneje prevzame tudi v besedilih zarotitev.<\/p><p>Ta dvojna vloga junaka preteklosti in sodnika mrtvih je za mezopotamske juna\u0161ke figure zna\u010dilna zasnova. Aage Westenholz in Antoine Cavigneaux sta v ve\u010d razpravah analizirala pomen tega besedila za mezopotamsko eshatologijo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6f9cf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f6f9cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93f2f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93f2f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Zgodovina raziskav in linije vpliva<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83b2656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83b2656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Odkritje Epa o Gilgame\u0161u se je za\u010delo leta 1853 z izkopavanji Hormuzda Rassama v knji\u017enici A\u0161urbanipala v Ninivi. Glinene plo\u0161\u010dice so odpeljali v British Museum, kjer jih je razvozlal George Smith.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Njegovo predavanje \u00bbThe Chaldean Account of the Deluge\u00ab pred Society of Biblical Archaeology 3. decembra 1872, ki ga je sofinanciral Daily Telegraph, velja za za\u010detek moderne asiriologije.<\/span><\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>Smith je nato odpotoval v Ninivo in leta 1873 na\u0161el nadaljnje fragmente, ki so delo dopolnili. Njegova izdaja \u00bbThe Chaldean Account of Genesis\u00ab (1876) je ep pribli\u017eala \u0161ir\u0161i javnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-nosnippet>Sodobne izdaje v veliki meri sledijo izdaji Andrewa Georgea iz leta 2003, z dodatnimi najdbami iz Sultantepeja (objavil Jeffrey Tigay 1982), iz Ugarita (objavil Daniel Arnaud 2007) in iz Hattu\u0161e (Bo\u011fazk\u00f6y, v hetitskem in hurijskem prevodu).<\/span><\/p><p>Te najdbe iz \u0161ir\u0161ega obmo\u010dja pri\u010dajo, da je ep v 2. tiso\u010dletju kolal v ve\u010d jezikih in v \u0161tevilnih kulturah Bli\u017enjega vzhoda, od Levanta do Anatolije.<\/p>\n<p>Odmevnost dela je zelo raznolika. V bibli\u010dni vedi je razprava o vzporednicah med Gilgame\u0161em in hebrejsko Biblijo od Georgea Smitha naprej stalna tema. Frank Moore Cross, John Day in Othmar Keel so sledi gilgame\u0161ske snovi zaznali v pripovedi o potopu, v Knjigi o Jobu in v Psalmih.<\/p><p><span data-nosnippet>V moderni knji\u017eevnosti so ep sprejeli Rainer Maria Rilke (v pismih), Jorge Luis Borges (v pripovedih) in Philip Roth (v \u00bbThe Counterlife\u00ab). Nem\u0161ki prevod Alberta Schotta in Wolframa von Sodena (Reclam 1958) je delo uveljavil v nem\u0161ko govore\u010dem prostoru.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ddfd6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"64ddfd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d322b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d322b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Viri in dodatna literatura<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2699353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2699353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<footer class=\"iwg-literatur\"><p><span class=\"iwg-fachbegriff\" data-tooltip=\"Obdobje gr\u0161ke in rimske kulture, pribli\u017eno od 800 pr. n. \u0161t. do 600 n. \u0161t.\" tabindex=\"0\">Antika<\/span> Viri: sumerske pesnitve o Gilgame\u0161u (\u00bbGilgame\u0161 in Huwawa\u00ab, \u00bbGilgame\u0161 in nebe\u0161ki bik\u00ab, \u00bbGilgame\u0161eva smrt\u00ab), starobabilonski fragmenti, standardna verzija Epa o Gilgame\u0161u v 12 plo\u0161\u010dicah, hetitski prevod iz Hattu\u0161e, ninivske plo\u0161\u010dice iz knji\u017enice A\u0161urbanipala.<\/p>\n<ul><li><span data-nosnippet>Raziskovalna literatura: Andrew George, \u00bbThe Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic\u00ab, Oxford 2003.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Thorkild Jacobsen, \u00bbThe Treasures of Darkness\u00ab, New Haven 1976.<\/span><\/li><li><span data-nosnippet>Jean Bott\u00e9ro, \u00bbMesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods\u00ab, Chicago 1992.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<p class=\"iwg-bib-more\"><span data-nosnippet>Nadaljnja temeljna dela v <a href=\"https:\/\/iwell-guard.com\/sl\/literatura\/\">seznamu literature<\/a>.<\/span><\/p><\/footer>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3250,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"Gilgame\u0161","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Gilgame\u0161 \u2013 kralj Uruka in junak epa | iWell Guard","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Gilgame\u0161 je mezopotamski heroj in kralj Uruka. 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